《名词性从句复习》PPT课件.ppt

连词,连词是一种虚词， 它不能独立担任句子成分而只起连接词与词，短语与短语以及句与句的作用。连词主要可分为两类：并列连词和从属连词。,并列连词用来连接平行的词、词组和分句。,1）表示转折意思: but , yet , however , 2）表示因果关系: for , so , therefore , hence 3）表示并列关系: and , or , eitheror , neithernor , not onlybut (also) , bothand , as well as,1.并列连词 and 与or 判断改错： (错) They sat down and talk about something. (错) They started to dance and sang. (错) I saw two men sitting behind and whisper there.,2) both and 两者都 She plays (both) the piano and the guitar.,3) not onlybut (also), as well as She plays not only the piano, but (also) the guitar. 注意： not only but also 关联两个分句时，一个分句因有否定词not 而倒装。 Not only does he like reading stories, but also he can even write some.,4) neithenor 意思为:既不也不谓语动词采用就近原则，与nor后的词保持一致。 Neither you nor he is to blame. 2. 比较and和or 1) 并列结构中，or通常用于否定句，and用于肯定句。 2) 但有时and 也可用于否定句。请注意其不同特点： There is no air or water in the moon. There is no air and no water on the moon. 在否定中并列结构用or 连接，但含有两个否定词的句子实际被看作是肯定结构，因此要用and.,-I dont like chicken _ fish. -I dont like chicken, _ I like fish very much. A. and； and B. and； but C. or； but D. or；and 答案C。否定句中表并列用or, but 表转折。,(错) We will die without air and water. (错) We cant live without air or water. (对) We will die without air or water. (对) We cant live without air and water.,3. 表示选择的并列结构 1) or 意思为“否则“。 I must work hard, or Ill fail in the exam. 2) eitheror 意思为“或者或者“。注意谓语动词采用就近原则。 Either you or I am right. 4. 表示转折或对比 1) but表示转折，while表示对比。 Some people love cats, while others hate them.,典型例题 - Would you like to come to dinner tonight? - Id like to, _ Im too busy. A. and B. so C. as D. but 答案D。but与前面形成转折，符合语意。而表并列的and， 结果的so，原因的as都不符合句意。 5. notbut 意思为“不是而是“ not 和but 后面的用词要遵循一致原则。 They were not the bones of an animal, but (the bones) of a human being.,从属连词 从属连词是用来引导从句的，它在主句和从句中间起连接作用。具体地说，从属连词主要引导名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句）和状语从句，不能引导定语从句引起名词性从句的连词： that , whether , if .引起状语从句的连词： 时间状语从句： when , whenever , as , while, before , after, until, till, since, ever since, once, as soon as, every time, the moment, instantly, directly.,地点状语从句： where , wherever 原因状语从句： as, because, since, seeing(that) , considering (that) , now that , not thatbut that 目的状语从句： that , so that , in order that , lest , for fear that , in case 结果状语从句： that , so that , such that 条件状语从句： if , unless , suppose , supposing ,so/as long as, so far as, on condition(that ) ,provided ( that ),让步状语从句： though , although , no matter , even if , even though , however , whatever 比较状语从句： than , as 方式状语从句： as , as if , as though. 表原因关系 1) for： 判断改错： (错) For he is ill, he is absent today. (对) He is absent today, for he is ill. for是并列连词，不能置于含两个并列分句的句子的句首，只能将其放在两个分句中间。,2) so, therefore He hurt his leg, so he couldnt play in the game. 注意： 两个并列连词不能连用，但therefore, then, yet.可以和并列连词连用。 You can watch TV, and or you can go to bed. He hurt his leg, and so / and therefore he couldnt play in the game.,3). although yet，但although不与 but连用。 (错) Although he was weak, but he tried his best to do the work (对) Although he was weak, yet he tried his best to do the work 4) 比较so和 such 其规律由so与such的不同词性决定。such 是形容词，修饰名词或名词词组，so是副词，只能修饰形容词或副词。so 还可与表示数量的形容词many，few，much， little连用，形成固定搭配。,名词性从句,名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组。按句法功能，名词性从句可以分为主语从句，表语从句，宾语从句和同位语从句。引导名词性从句的有连接词that, whether和if，连接代词who, whom, what, which, whatever, whichever, whoever以及连接副词when, where和how。,主语从句（Subject Clause）,用作主语的从句叫主语从句。,一、that引导的主语从句,1that引导的主语从句既可以放在句首，也可以放在句后。但是为了保持句子的平衡，常常用it作形式主语，把真正的主语放在句后。,That he survived the accident is a miracle. =It is a miracle that he survived the accident. 他在这场事故中幸免于难，真是奇迹。,That he is a doctor is true. =It is true that he is a doctor. 千真万确，他是个医生。,2用it作形式主语的从句有的已经形成固定的用法和译法。常见的有四种句型。,1）It + be +名词 + that从句 It is a fact that 事实上是 It is a pity that可惜的是,2）It + be +形容词 + that从句 It is certain that 很肯定 It is clear that 很清楚,3）It + be +过去分词 + that从句 It is said 据说 It must be pointed out 必须指出,注意：以上句型在表示建议，要求，命令等意义的时候，从句中谓语动词要加should或用动词原形。（属于虚拟语气的用法）,It is important that we should speak English. It is necessary that a high school student should master a foreign language.,4）It +不及物动词 + that从句 It seems that 好象是 It happened that 碰巧是 It follows that 由此可见,二、wh-引导的主语从句,When he will come has not been clear. =It is not clear when he will come. 他何时来还不清楚。,Whether she comes or not doesnt concern me. 她来不来不关我的事。,What he is looking for is his watch. 他正在找的东西是他的表。,What, whatever, whoever等引导的主语从句通常不用it作形式主语。,Whoever wants to see the film may get a ticket free. 凡是想看这部电影的人都可以免费得到一张票。,三、whether与if引导的主语从句之间的区别。,whether引导的主语从句既可以放在句首，也可以放在句后，if引导的主语从句只可放在句后。,Whether she comes or not makes no difference. 她来不来没关系。(不能用if),It is doubtful whether/if President knew the details of the plan. 总统是否知道这个计划的细节这一点颇有疑问。,表语从句（Predicative Clause）,在系动词后面也可以跟一个由连接词引导的句子，这种结构被称为表语从句。引导表语从句的关联词有疑问代词，疑问副词，缩合连接代词，从属连词等。,一. that引导的表语从句,结构：主语 + 系动词 + that从句,The fact is that he did not even take the exam. 事实上是他连考试都没参加。,The trouble is that I have lost the book. 麻烦的是我把书弄丢了。,二. wh-疑问词引导的表语从句,wh-疑问词引导的从句作“This is”和“That is”的表语的时候，他们通常不含有疑问意义，而是分别表示具体的地点，时间，原因，方式等等。,This is why he was late for an hour. 那就是他迟到一个小时的原因。,This is where the great man once lived. 这是那个伟人曾经居住过的地方。,She is no longer what she was five years ago. 她不再是五年前的她了。,三、从属连词as if, as though, because, just as等引导的表语从句,It looks as if we will be late. 看起来我们似乎会迟到。,It may be because I did not have a good sleep yesterday morning. 那可能是因为我昨晚没睡好。,四、使用表语从句应注意的问题,1. 主句的主语是reason时，表语从句要用that，不能用because。,The reason why he was dismissed was that he was careless. 他被开除的原因是他工作马虎。,The reason why he was absent was that he was ill. 他没有来的原因是他病了。,2引导表语从句时可以用whether，不能用if。,His first question was whether Tom had arrived yet. 他的首要问题是汤姆是否已经到达。,同位语从句（Appositive Clause）,同位语从句用于对名词作进一步的解释，具体说明名词的实际内容。它与定语从句相似。二者都有先行词。但同位从句与先行词是同位或等同关，定语从句与先行词是修饰关系。同位语从句的先行词多为fact, news, idea, thought, question, reply, report, remark等, 关联词多用that。,一、同位语从句与定语从句的区别,They were all shocked at the news that Germany had declared war on Russia.,他们都为德国向俄国宣战的消息而感到震惊。（同位语从句，that只起引导作用，在句中不作任何成分。）,They were all shocked at the news that was announced on the radio.,他们都为收音机中宣布的消息而震惊。（定语从句，that在从句中作主语，省略了句子成分不全）,二、同位语从句通常由that引导,1.He had to face the fact that he was laid off his job. 他不得不面对下岗的事实。,The news that the team won the game is exciting.球队赢了这场比赛的消息令人兴奋。,2同位语从句有时和先行词分开,The fact remains that he accepted the money. 他收了那笔钱的事实依然存在。,An idea occurred to him that he might go there by air. 他突然想起他可以乘飞机去那里。,三、wh-疑问词引导的同位语从句,疑问代词who, which, what和疑问副词where, when, why, how都可以引导同位语从句。,I have no idea how soon they are coming. 我不知道他们多久后来。,The problem, why you are going to give up the plan, has not been answered yet.你为什么要放弃这个计划，对这个问题你还没有回答。,四、whether引导的同位语从句,引导同位语从句，通常用whether，不用if。,They are faced with the problem whether they should continue the work. 他们面临是否还继续这项工作的问题。,五、that 和wh-引导的名词性从句的区别,that在名词性从句中只起引导词的作用，不作任何成分；wh-（除了whether, if外）在名词性从句中既起引导词的作用，又在句中作一定的成分。,We believe that he is honest. 我们相信他是程诚实的。（that引导宾语从句）,That they will be dismissed is a fact. 他们将被开除是一个事实。(that引导主语从句),The morning is when I am busiest. 早上我是最忙的时候.(when引导表语从句）,宾语从句（Object Clsuse） 用作宾语的从句叫作宾语从句。引导宾语从句的关联词有从属连词，疑问代词，疑问副词，缩合连接代词，缩合连接副词。,一、that引导的宾语从句,1. that常常用来引导宾语从句，而且在很多的情况下，that可以省略。 The teacher taught us that we should always do our best. 老师教导我们要时刻尽己所能。,Mother asked me that I would finish the housework. 母亲要求我下午做完家务。 2. 在表示“决定”，“要求”，“命令”，“建议”等意义的动词之后，从句中常常用“should+动词原形”，或省略直接用动词原形。这属于虚拟语气. The teacher suggested that we (should) read the novel. 老师建议我们读那篇小说。,二、that引导的宾语从句的其他几种情况。 1如果宾语从句后跟有补语，常常用it做形式宾语，而将从句放到补语之后. They kept it quite that he was dead. 他们对他的死很保密。 I t