《商务英语翻译技巧》PPT课件.ppt

Translation Techniques,1. 加词21=2（加词不加意） 2. 减词21=2（减词不减意） 3. 换词2+2=3+1（变换符号不变换意思） 4. 移词1+2=2+1（前后移位） 5. 分译4=2+2（一分为二） 6. 合译2+2=4（合二为一） 7. 深化1：2=2：4（具体化） 8. 浅化2：4=1：2（抽象化） 9. 等化2+2=22（寻求灵活对象） 10. 一分为四4=1+1+1+1 （莎士比亚戏剧中的woe译成离合悲欢。） 11. 合四为一1+1+1+1=4 （鲁迅的“管它冬夏与春秋”译成 I dont care what season it is.）,许渊冲：,Part 1 词义的选择与表达(diction),first, look up the word in your dictionary but when you can not find the equivalent word for original meaning, you need to make it out according to its part of speech or the context or its collocation.,1. According to the part of speech,Tears welled in my eyes. 热泪涌上我的眼眶。 The children behaved well. 孩子们都表现得很好。 The villagers get their water from a well. 该村村民吃井水 Is she well enough to travel? 她身体康复，能够旅行了吗？,她着凉了。 She has caught a cold. 你猜着了。 Youve guessed right. 他走错了一着。 He has taken a wrong step. 这些孩子穿着整齐。 These children are all neatly dressed. 老王说他没着了。 Lao Wang said he was at the end of his tether.,With over 1.3 billion people, a united, prosperous China will dwarf her Asian neighbors. 一个拥有13亿多人口，统一的、繁荣的中国将雄居亚洲，令其所有邻国相形见绌。 The union had very little say in the new pay agreement. 工会在新的工资合同中几乎没有发言权。,2. According to the Context or collocation,We hope Mr. White will not forget himself, gone are the days when a representative of a large country in UN may do whatever he likes. （根据上下文，说话人对Mr. White的态度是贬意的，语气是警告的） 译为：我们希望怀特先生不要忘乎所以，在联合国里一个大国代表可以为所欲为的日子已经一去不复返了。,We hope that our most respected Secretary General will not forget himself, his poor health is known to everybody. （根据上下文，说话人对Secretary General的态度是褒意的，语气是关怀的） 译为：我们希望最为可敬的秘书长先生不要过于操劳，要多多保重，他的健康状况欠佳是众所周知的。,More examples,He once again imparted to us his great knowledge, experience and wisdom. 我们又一次领受了他那渊博的的知识、丰富的经验和高深的智慧. great 这个词词义有很多，如果简单地把great knowledge, experience and wisdom译为“他那很多的知识、经验与智慧”就使译文不符合汉语的表达习惯，显得枯燥，没有文采。,He halted in the district where by night are found the lightest street, hearts, vows and librettos. 译文1：他到了一个市区才停步，在那里晚上有最轻的街道，最轻的心情，最轻的盟誓和最轻的歌曲。 译文2：他到了一个市区才停步，在那里晚上有最明亮的街道，最愉快的心情，最轻易出口的盟誓和最轻松的歌曲。 译文1中有几个偏正词组显然不搭配，而译文2按照汉语的表达习惯，对原文进行了一些调整，译文贴切地道,3. Embodiment and abstraction,在英汉翻译过程中我们常常会发现：英语中有时用抽象的概念来描写具体的事物，有时也会用具体的词语来修饰抽象的事物。如果在词典上找不到适当的词义而任意照搬死译，就会使译文生硬拗口，晦涩难懂，甚至可能造成误译。这时就要根据其基本意思，结合语篇语境，按照汉语的表达习惯进行引申处理。对前者作具体化的引申，对后者作抽象化的引申。 而汉译英则反之。,But I suspected that if I tried to release the wolf, she would turn aggressive and try to tear me to pieces. 可是我想，要是我去放这只狼，它会凶狠地扑过来，把我撕成碎片的。（把aggressive作具体化处理，引申为“凶狠地扑过来”） Every life has its roses and thorns. 人人都有苦与乐。（把roses and thorns 作抽象化处理，引申为“乐与苦”）,我们呼吁犹如石沉大海。 Our appeal remained a dead letter. 这真是九死一生。 It is a near miss. 她对他讲的话，虽然逆耳，却是忠言。 She talked to him with brutal frankness. 他怀疑自己那么心直口快，会否使他朋友背上思想包袱。 He wondered whether his outspokenness might be a liability to his friend. 她总是抱怨鸡毛蒜皮的事. She always complains the thing of trifles.,Part 2 The basic translation techniques applied in translation,Conversion,Amplification,Omission,Negation,Division,增译法,减译法,词类转换法,反译法,分译法,Restructuring,Repetition,Voice changing,词序调整,重复法,转态译法,Transplanting 移植法 （e.g. microwave),Transliteration 音译法 ( clone),Combination 合译法 ( a grim and tragic Christmas 一个惨淡的圣诞节),Explanation 释义法 （a throwaway society 一个大手大脚、浪费成风的社会),Other techniques,Amplification,Amplification , also called addition, means supplying necessary words in our translation on the basis of accurate comprehension of the original.,为了使译文忠实地表达原文的意思与风格并使译文合乎表达习惯,必须增加一些词语,这就叫增译法. 增词义增加虚词为多，也可酌量增加实词。 英译汉时经常增加的词有结构词、数量词、概念词、语气词等。 从增补的功能来看，可以分为结构增补、意义增补和修辞增补。,1. Amplification by supplying words omitted in the original ( n. v. a. ad. interj.),1) She was more royal than the royals.,她比皇室成员更有皇家气质。,2) He was wrinkled and black, with scant hair.,他满脸皱纹，皮肤很黑，头发灰白稀疏。,Amplification in English-Chinese Translation,2. Amplification by supplying words to fill the gap between different grammar,2.1 to convey the concept of plurality,When the plants died and decayed，they formed layers of organic materials.,植物腐烂后，形成了一层层有机物。,2.2 to convey the tense,The high-altitude plane was and still is a remarkable bird.,高空飞行的飞机过去是而且现在仍还是一种了不起的飞行器。,3. Amplification by logical thinking,3.1 Supply necessary connectives,Could you imagine what a fool I would make myself without that sum of money on me?,你能想象我要是身上没带那笔钱，该显得多傻吗?,3.2 Amplification for purpose of coherence,He stepped to the platform and paused: a little dingy station, a small crowd of travelers.,他跨到月台上，停了停，只看见一个阴沉沉的小车站和一小群旅客。,4. Amplification by supplying words to make an abstract concept clear,Your dejection will do no good to your health.,你的沮丧情绪对你的身体不利。,5. Amplification by supplying words of generalization,The thesis summed up the new achievements made in electronic computers，artificial satellites and rockets.,论文总结了电子计算机、人造卫星和火箭三方面的新成就。,6. Amplification by supplying necessary background words,Those were the words that were to make the world blossom for me, “like Aarons rod, with flowers“.,后来就是这些词把一个美好的世界展现在我的面前，就像圣经上说的“亚伦的魔杖开了花“一样,1. Amplifying by adding necessary pronouns,1) 大作收到，十分高兴。 2) 没有调查就没有发言权。,I was very glad to have received your writing.,He who makes no investigation has no right to speak.,Amplification in Chinese-English Translation,2. Amplifying by adding necessary articles,红日从风平浪静的海面冉冉升起。,A red sun rose slowly from the calm sea.,3. Amplifying by adding necessary connectives,老师在等我，我得走了,The teacher is expecting me, so I must be off now.,4. Amplifying by adding necessary prepositions,你是白天工作还是夜间工作。,Do you work in the daytime or at night?,5. Amplifying by adding necessary background words,别班门弄斧。,Dont try to show off your proficiency with the ax before Lu Ban the master carpenter.,Omission,增译法的反面 减译法是指原文中有些词在译文中不译出来,因为译文中虽无其词而已有其意, 或者在译文中是不言而喻的; 减译法是删去一些可有可无的, 或者有了反而累赘或违背译文习惯表达法的词, 并不是把原文的某些思想内容删去。,Omission in English- Chinese Translation,Generally speaking, omission in English-Chinese translation is used to achieve the effect of succinctness, especially in dealing with excessive use of English pronouns and such functional words as the article, the preposition, the conjunction, etc.,1. Omission of the pronoun,These homing pigeons begin their training when they are about four weeks old.,信鸽在出生大约满4周时就进行训练,2. Omission of the article,Any substance is made up of atoms whether it is a solid，a liquid，or a gas.,任何物质，无论它是固体、液体或气体，都是由原子构成的。,3. Omission of the preposition,The density of air varies directly as pressure，with temperature being constant.,温度不变，空气的密度和压力成正比。,4. Omission of the conjunction,Like charges repel each other while opposite charges attract.,同性电荷相斥，异性电荷相吸。,Omission in Chinese-English Translation,Omission as a translation technique is also used in Chinese- English translation, and in most cases it is used to avoid unnecessary repetition. Omission in Chinese- English translation is generally employed in 3 circumstances:,1)redundant words in original Chinese, such as unnecessary repetition and wordy expressions 2) the original meaning that has already been implied in the context of the English version 3) the original meaning obviously shown in the English version without further elaboration.,1. Omission of redundant words,我已经提前完成了交给我的工作, 他也提前完成了交给他的工作。,I have fulfilled my assigned work ahead of schedule, so has he.,2. Omission of words of conceptual category,她的朋友们听到她家中的困难情况后，都主动伸出援助之手。,After her friends heard about her family difficulties, they offered her a helping hand.,3. Omission of meticulous description,花园里面是人间的乐园，有的是吃不完的大米白面，穿不完的绫罗绸缎，花不完的金银财宝。,The garden was a paradise on earth, with more food and clothes than could be consumed and more money than could be spent.,Conversion,英译汉时词类转换的核心是根据需要将具有动作性的名词转换为汉语的动词，或者将可表示概念的动词转换为汉语名词。 汉译英时则反其道而行之。,Conversion in English- Chinese Translation,Generally speaking, conversion of parts of speech in English-Chinese translation takes the following forms: conversion into verbs/nouns/adjectives/adverbs,英语很多名词既有名词功能又有丰富的动词含义，所以在英译汉时将其译为动词更符合汉语的表达习惯。 1.一些习语中的主体名词往往可以转译成动词。（英语后重）如: I wasnt sleepy, and I hadnt the faintest desire either to dance or to stuff myself. 我不困。我一点儿也不想跳舞或者去填肚皮。 2.含有动作意味的英语名词可转译成动词，如：A glance through his office window offers a view of mountains. 从他办公室窗户可以看到山。,3由动词派生出来的英语名词可译成动词。如：Her own tension was not lessened by the knowledge that her parents might return at any moment. 她知道父母随时可能回来，这使她紧张的心情不能放松。 Rockets have found application for the exploration of the universe. 火箭已经用来探索宇宙。,4英语中有些由动词er构成的名词，有时在句中并不指其身份和职业，而是含有较强的动作意味，在汉语中没有恰当的对应名词时，往往可以译成动词。如： Londoners are great readers. 伦敦人很喜欢阅读。 I am no drinker, nor smoker. 我既不喝酒，也不抽烟。 O. Henry is the creator of a new short story genre in literature. 欧亨利在文学上创造了短篇小说的一种新题材。,1. Conversion into Verbs,prep. /adj. /adv. converted into Verbs 1.英语中许多形容词可以转译为动词，尤其是表示知觉、情感、欲望等心理状态的形容词作表语用时，往往可转译成汉语动词。这类形容词有：able, afraid, angry, ashamed, aware, anxious, careful, cautious, certain, concerned, confident, doubtful, glad, grateful, ignorant, sorry, thankful等。,It was a very informative meeting. 会上透露了许多信息。 Such criticisms have become familiar in his later commentaries on America. 类似的批评在他后来写的评论美国的文章中屡见不鲜。 prep-Verb Have you ever been at sea in a dense fog? 不知你有没有于浓雾中在海上航行的经历 Adv-Verb The sea thundered on, over and past, and as it roared by it revealed a hideous sight. 海浪狂啸着滚来，如泰山压顶一般，又怒吼着滚远，巨浪过处，一片狼藉。,More examples,He was always an unwelcome intruder. 他经常冒冒失失地闯进人家的家里。 Their refusal to attend the conference embarrassed the chairman. 他们拒绝参加会议，这使主席很为难。 He can see beyond the simple happenings to their farthest implications. 他能透过简单的事件看到其最深远的含义。 They went on across the desert and into China. 他们越过沙漠，然后到达中国。,2. Conversion into Nouns,1)英语中有许多由名词派生出来的动词，以及由名词转用的动词如characterize, symbolize, personify, design,figure, impress, behave, witness, etc. ，这些动词如直接译成汉语动词，很难符合汉语的表达习惯。这时要将其还原成名词来进行翻译。,v. /adj. /pron. converted into nouns,She stood in front of the window, silhouetted against the dawn sky. 她站在窗前，晨空衬托出她的轮廓。,The giraffe is characterized by its very long neck. 长颈鹿以其长颈为特征。,3) 英语副词转译成汉语名词 根据上下文，有些副词也可以转译为名词。如： The paper said editorially that the Olympic spirit is transcendent. 这家报纸的社论说，奥林匹克精神是永世长存的。 He is physically weak but mentally sound. 他身体虽弱，但思想健康。,2) 形容词前加定冠词表示一类人或事物，这些形容词的功能就相当于名词，汉译时常常译成名词。如： You had better bow to the inevitable. 你最好顺应必然趋势。,3. Conversion into Adjectives,1) Independent thinking is an absolute necessity in study.,学习中的独立思考是绝对必须的。,n. /adv. converted into adjectives,2) The pressure inside equals the pressure outside.,内部的压力和外部的压力相等。,4. Conversion into Adverbs,1) Only when we study their properties can we make better use of the materials.,只有研究这些材料的特性才能更好地利用它们。,adj. / n. /v. converted into adverbs,2) I have the honor to inform you that your request is granted.,3) Rapid evaporation at the heating-surface tends to make the steam wet.,我荣幸地通知您，您的请求已得到批准。,加热面上的迅速蒸发，往往使蒸汽的湿度更大。,5. 非生物主语句的转换,A sigh stole from Maria at his words. 玛丽亚听了他的话，不禁暗自叹了口气。 Anger and bitterness preyed upon him for days. 几天来，他又气又恨，感到非常苦恼。 Painting has been meat and drink to him for many years. 他多年来一直酷爱绘画。 The years are dealing kindly with you! 你一点也不显老！ His passion carried him astray. 他因感情冲动而误入歧途。,Neither sorrow nor regret followed my passionate outburst. 我发一阵怒后，并不难过，也不后悔。 Memories of that historic and happy occasion still linger. 人们对那次历史性的盛会记忆犹新。 An idea suddenly struck him. 他突然想起一个主意。,The sight of the orphan always reminds me of the parents. 我看到这孤儿就会想起他的父母。 The most notable is the further willingness of people to speak their minds. 人们更愿意畅所欲言，这是最值得注意的。 Her illness kept her in hospital four weeks. 她因病在医院住了四个星期。,Conversion in Chinese-English Translation,Conversion is also a common practice in Chinese-English translation. As mentioned above, the Chinese language abounds with verbs and its sentences are comparatively short and straightforward. When translated into English, many Chinese verbs have to be converted into other parts of speech such as nouns, adjectives, prepositions or prepositional phrases, and so on .,1. Verbs converted into other parts of speech,徐悲鸿画马画得特别好。,获悉贵国遭受地震，我们极为关切。,Xu Beihongs drawings of horses are exceptionally good. (v.-n.),We are deeply concerned at the news that your country has been struck by an earthquake. (v.-adj.),他们不顾一切困难、挫折，坚持战斗。,They kept on fighting in spite of all difficulties and setbacks. (v.-prep. phrase),2. Conversion between other parts of speech,该厂产品的主要特点是工艺精湛，经久耐用。,The products of this factory are chiefly characterized by their fine workmanship and durability. (adj.+n.-v.),街中的一切逐渐消失在灰暗的暮色里。,Everything in the street was gradually disappearing into a pall of gray. ( adj. n.),我们的教育方针，应该使受教育者在德育、智育、体育几方面都得到发展，成为有社会主义觉悟、有文化的劳动者。,Our educational policy must enable everyone who receives an education to develop morally, intellectually and physically and become a worker with both socialist consciousness and culture. (n.-adv.),Negation,反译即通常所说的反面着笔译法，是指突破原文形式的束缚，变换语气，把原文中肯定的表达形式译成否定形式，把原文中否定的表达形式译成肯定形式。,英语词句中含有 “never”, “no”, “non-”, “un-”, “im-”, “ir-”, “-less” 等成分； 汉语词句中含有 “不，没，无，未，甭，别，休，莫，非，勿，毋” 等成份,1. Affirmative in English , but Negative in Chinese,I have read your article. I expect to meet an older man.,拜读了你的大作，没想到你这样年轻。,2. Negative in English, but Affirmative in Chinese,He carelessly glanced through the note and got away. (adv.)(不注意地),他马马虎虎地看了看那张便条就走了。,3. Same English words, with Either Affirmative or Negative Equivalents in Chinese,He is free with his money.,他花钱大手大脚。（他花钱从不吝啬）,4. Double Negative for emphasis,There is no rule that has no exception.,任何规则都有例外。,5. Roundabout Affirmative,not half 非常 nothing but 只是 not a little 非常 none other than 正是 not until 直到才 can not help/but 只好 not half bad 相当不错 no less than 和一样 couldnt better 再好不过了 leave nothing to be desired 毫无缺点 It goes without saying that 不用说.,1）He didnt half like the girl. 2）I couldnt agree with you more. 3) He cant see you quick enough.,他非常喜欢那姑娘。,我太赞成你的看法了。,他很想尽快和你见面。,6. Some traps in Negative Structure,1）notbecause The engine didnt stop because the fuel was finished. 2）cannottoo (不至于过度, 越.越好) You cannot be too careful in proofreading. all/everynot All that glitters is not gold. 4）bothnot Both the instruments are not precision ones.,引擎并不是因为燃料耗尽而停止运转。,校对时，越仔细越好。,发光的不一定都是金子。,这两件东西不都是精密仪器。,5）for all:in spite of 虽然,尽管 He seemed as fresh as ever, for all that I never saw him drink or eat. for all I know/care, etc. : used to show ignorance or indifference,(表示不知情或不开心)谁知道;亦未可知(与我何干等) You may leave at once for all I care. 6）It be +adj. +n. +that It is a good workman that never blunders.,你尽可立即离开，我才不管呢。,尽管我从未见到他喝点什么或吃点什么，他似乎仍然精神饱满。,智者千虑，必有一失。,He was absent from his own country last year. 他去年不在自己的国家。（对absent进行反说） I do think that it is beyond his power to fulfill the task. 我的确认为要完成这项任务是他力所不及的。（对beyond进行反说） He returned home with no hope on his face. 他满脸灰心绝望地回到了家。（此处也可反说，但没有正说的表达效果好） She is not a little interested in Asian literature. 她对亚洲文学有着浓厚的兴趣。,You cant come too early. 你来得越早越好。（too 与can的否定式连用，在句 中构成一种特殊结构，表示怎么也不过分） We cannot pay too high a price for our national security. 为了国家的安全花再大的代价也值得。（我们不能为国家的安全而花太大的代价） It is eight months since she taught English. 她不教英语已有八个月的时间了。（她教英语已有八个月的时间了）,It is two years since I smoked. 我戒烟已有两年了。 I havent written to her since she lived in Beijing. 自从她离开北京以来，我一直没有给她写信。（lived是持续性动词的过去式，与since连用时表示动作的完成，也就是说过去住在北京，现在不住了。试与since从句中短暂动词的过去式相比较。She hasnt written to me since I came to Shanghai.）,It is a wise man that never makes mistakes. 再聪明的人也会犯错误。（永不犯错误的人才是聪明的。） Its a good machine that works without power. 再好的机器没有动力也不能工作。（没有动力也能工作的机器才是好机器。） All his letter were not received. 他的信并没有全收到。（他所有的信都没有收到。）（部分否定） Everything doesnt cause cancer. 并非所有的东西都致癌。（任何东西都不致癌。） I am too glad to visit your country. 我十分高兴访问你们的国家。 （我太高兴了，不能访问你们的国家。）,常需要正说反译的词和短语有：动词fail，grudge，miss，deny，形容词last，short，absent，final，介词beyond, past, against, off, from, but, except，固定搭配far from，tooto，wiserthan，live up to ones expectations，divert attention from，be at a loss，rather than以及neither, seldom, rarely, differently等表示否定的词，等等。,常需要反说正译的词和短语有：含no或not的一些短语，如：no less than，no lessthan，no other than，none other than，nothing but，no choice but，以及一些带有否定词缀的词，如：carelessly，dislike，unpleasant，等等。,1. Negation according to usage,俗话说，“男儿有泪不轻弹，皆因未到伤心处”嘛。,As the saying goes, “Men only weep when deeply hurt.”,Negation in Chinese-English Translation,3. Negation to Convey Exactly the Original Meaning,“我找老王说句话，马上就回来。”,“Just to have a word with Wang, I wont be long!”,No comrade in the Party must ever forget this bitter lesson and we must all take warning from it,这个惨痛的历史教训，我们全党同志一定要永远记取，引以为鉴。,2.Negation for Emphasis or Rhetorical Effort,Repetition,重复也属于增词。翻译和写作一样。 本应力求简练，尽量省略一些可有可无的词；有时为了明确、强调或生动， 却往往需要将一些关键性的词加以重复。,He became an oil baronall by himself.,他成为一个石油大王， 一个白手起家的石油大王。,为了强调，英语句子中往往重复关键性的词，以使读者留下深刻印象，英译汉时往往可以采用同样的重复手段。汉译英亦然。,Blood must atone for blood.,血债要用血来还。,（二）为了强调重复,（一）为了明确重复,英语原文中即使没有词的重复，翻译时为了使译文生动，有时也可以采用各种重复手段。 1运用两个四字词组成或四字对偶词组。 汉语中有大量四字词组，这是汉语的一在特点。四字词组比较精炼，念起来顺口，有节奏感，如运用恰当，可使文字生动活泼，增强修辞效果。,But there had been too much publicity about my case.,但我的事现在已经搞得满城风雨，人人皆知了。,（三）为了生动重复,2运用词的重叠,词的重叠是汉语中常用的一种手段。英译汉时，可适当采用词的重叠，特别是四字重叠词组，使译文生动活泼，通顺达意。,His children, too, were as ragged and wild as if they belonged to nobody.,他的那些孩子，也是穿得破破烂烂，粗野不堪，就象没有父母似的。,Restructuring,Restructuring, as one of the translation techniques, means the necessary or inevitable change of word order in a sentence according to the usage of the target language. It is also called rearrangement or inversion.,1. Different sequences in customary word combinations,heart-warming 暖人心的 north and south, east and west 东西南北 rain or shine 无论晴雨 inconsistency of deeds with words 言行不一 food, clothing, shelter and transportation 衣食住行 you,he and I 我、你、他 back and forth, to and from 前前后后，来来去去,2. Different sequences in customary sentence arrangement,He had to quit the position and went to exile, having been deprived of his power. We had been dismayed at home while reading of the natural calamities that followed one another for three years after we left China in 1959.,他被剥夺了权力之后，只好离职，流落他乡。,我