四六级应试技巧：写作训练.ppt

大学英语四、六级考试 写作知识与技巧,四、六级答题顺序,作文,完型填空,翻译,听力,快速阅读,选词填空,传统阅读,在答题纸1上作答, 完成后交答题纸1.剩下题目在答卡2上作答.,四、六级答题顺序时间,作文(30),完型填空(15),翻译(5),听力(35),快速阅读(15),选词填空,传统阅读,在答题纸1上作答, 完成后交答题纸1.剩下题目在答卡2上作答.,25,125分钟,四、六级的分值分布,四、六级作文的考试要求,1. 考生应在30分钟内，根据题目要求及写作提纲或规定情节，图表等写出120/150字以上，语言比较规范的短文。 2. 要求“内容切题，包括提纲的全部要点，表达清楚，文字连贯。句式有变化，句子结构和用词正确。”,2分条理不清，思路紊乱，语言支离破碎或大部分句子均有错误，且多数为严重错误。 5分基本切题。表达思想不清楚，连贯性差。有较多的严重语言错误。 6 8分基本切题。有些地方表达思想不够清楚，文字勉强连贯；语言错误相当多，其中有一些是严重错误。 9- 11分切题。表达思想清楚，文字连贯，但有少量语言错误。 14分切题。表达思想清楚，文字通顺，连贯性好。基本上无语言错误，仅有个别小错。,评分标准,句子写作训练,正确无误的句子标准,1. 保持句子结构完整。 2. 首字母要大写。 3. 结尾要有句号或问号或感叹号或省略号。 4. 句子应表达一个完整的意思。 5. 句子前后要符合逻辑推理。 6. 主语为代词时要指代明晰。 7.句子时态要正确，主要指前后一致或符合 上下文场景。,常见问题,1. 句子不完整 Because smoking will do harm to ones health. People should try not to smoke. People should avoid smoking cigarettes because it will do harm to their health.,2. 主谓不一致 例如: Average number of hours a student spend on the Internet keeps increasing very fast. 应改为：The average hours a student spends on the Internet keep increasing rapidly.,3.句子不间断 I have a brother, he thinks that “6” and “8” are lucky numbers to Chinese people. 两个分句之间缺乏关联此，仅用逗号连接。尽管在现代英语中，用逗号连接两个分句的情况越来越常见，但是在正式的文体中，还是要尽量避免出现此类句子。 I have a brother who thinks that “6” and “8” are lucky numbers to Chinese people.,4. 时态混乱 There are almost no car on the road. Maybe the drivers got careless. There was almost no car on the road at that time, so the driver must have been very careless.,5. 逻辑混乱 1）修饰语错位 She put the scarf around her neck that she bought yesterday. She put around her neck the scarf that she bought yesterday.,2) 悬垂修饰语 所谓悬垂修饰语是指句首的短语所修饰的成分没有明确指出，造成句子逻辑关系的混乱。 To do well in college, high marks are essential. To do well in college, a student needs high marks.,6. 中式英语 考生作文中经常出现英语汉化的现象，即中式英语的问题。比如Man is iron, and food is steel, Women are half side sky 等说法。如何克服中式思维带来的影响，关键在于动笔前先思考一下类似的英文句式，尽量找到规范的英语表达方式，不能随心所欲。 This is because fake commodities can make a lot of money. 中文口语中，我们用“假货可以赚很多”来表达“通过生产或销售假货，人们可以赚很多钱”的意思。但这不符合英语的表达习惯，fake commodities 作make a lot of money 的逻辑主语，会让人难以理解。 This is because one is likely to make a lot of money by producing or selling fake commodities.,四级作文使用率最高的12个基本句式,1表示原因 1）There are three reasons for this 2）The reasons for this are as follows 3）The reason for this is obvious 4）The reason for this is not far to seek 5）The reason for this is that 6）We have good reason to believe that ,2表示好处 1）It has the following advantages 2）It does us a lot of good 3）It benefits us quite a lot 4）It is beneficial to us 5）It is of great benefit to us,3表示坏处 1）It has more disadvantages than advantages 2）It does us much harm 3）It is harmful to us,4表示重要、必要、困难、方便、可能 1）It is important（necessary，difficult，convenient， possible）for sbto do sth 2）We think it necessary to do sth 3）It plays an important role in our life,5表示措施 1）We should take some effective measures 2）We should try our best to overcome（conquer）the difficulties 3）We should do our utmost in doing sth 4）We should solve the problems that we are confronted（faced）with,6表示变化 1）Some changes have taken place in the past five years 2）A great change will certainly be produced in the worlds communications 3）The computer has brought about many changes in education,7表示事实、现状 1）We cannot ignore the fact that 2）No one can deny the fact that 3）There is no denying the fact that 4）This is a phenomenon that many people are interested in 5）However，thats not the case,8表示比较 1）Compared with A，B 2）I prefer to read rather than watch TV 3）There is a striking contrast between them,9表示数量 1）It has increased（decreased）fromto 2）The population in this city has now increased （decreased）to 800，000 3）The output of July in this factory increased by 15 compared with that of January,10. 表示看法 1）People have（take，adopt，assume）different attitudes towards sth 2）People have different opinions on this problem 3）People take different views of（on）the question 4）Some people believe thatOthers argue that,11表示结论 1）In short，it can be said that 2）It may be briefly summed up as follows 3）From what has been mentioned above，we can come to the conclusion that ,12套语 1）Its well known to us that 2）As is known to us， 3）This is a topic that is being widely talked about 4）From the graph（table，chart）listed above，it can be seen that 5）As a proverb says，“Where there is a will，there is a way,Practice,Rewrite the following sentences.,1.句子成分残缺不全,We always working till late at night before taking exams. （误） We are always working /We always work till late at night before taking exams （正） We should read books may be useful to us. （误） We should read books which may be useful to us. （正）,2.句子成分多余,This test is end， but there is another test is waiting for you. （误） One test ends ， but another is waiting for you.（正） The driver of the red car was died on the spot. （误） The driver of the red car died on the spot. （正）,3.主谓不一致,Someone/Somebody think that reading should be selective.（误） Some think that reading should be selective.（正） My sister go to the cinema at least once a week.（误） My sister goes to the cinema at least once a week.（正）,4.动词时态、语态的误用,I was walking along the road， and there are not so many cars on the street. （误） I was walking along the road and there were not so many vehicles on the street. （正） We have little time to read some books which we interest. （误） We have little time to read some books in which we are interested. （正） I am a student who has studying in the college for two years. （误） I have been studying in the college for two years （正）,5.词类混淆,It is my point that reading must be selectively.（误） In my opinion ， reading must be selective. （正） Honest is so important for every person. （误） Honesty is so important for everyone. （正） The old man was hit by a car when he across the street. （误） The old man was hit by a car when he was crossing the street. （正）,6.名词可数与不可数的误用,Too much tests are disadvantage for students study. （误） Too many tests are disadvantageous to students. （正） In modern society ，people are under various pressures （误） In modern society ，people are under various kinds of pressure.,7.动词及物与不及物的误用,The traffic accident was taken place at the junction of two highways. （误） The traffic accident took place at the junction of two highways. （正） Because of his excellent performance， the boss rose his salary. （误） Because of his excellent performance， the boss raised his salary. （正）,8.介词to和不定式符号的混淆,Too many tests will do harm to cultivate our independent thinking.（误） Too many tests will do harm to the cultivation of our independent thinking. （正） All these contributed to solve the serious problem. （误） All these contributed to the solution to the serious problem. （正）,9.情态动词的误用,It may not good to our health.（误） It may be not good to our health. （正） They should spent much time.（误） They should spend much time.（正）,10. There be句型的误用,There exists some new problems such as being dishonest. （误） There exist/arise some new problems such as being dishonest.（正） There are many way to solve the tuition and fees of college education.（误） There are many ways to raise the money for the tuition and fees for college education.（正）,11. 动宾搭配不当,We must pay attention to it and make solutions to the problem.（误） We must pay attention and find a solution to the problem. （正） It also may help you to make success. （误） It may also help you succeed/obtain your goal.（正）,12. 根据中文逐字硬译,If someones family situation is not well， he can apply for loan to bank.（误） If ones family is not well off， he can apply to the bank for a loan. （正） Let alone touch the outside world of campus/keep a good body health（误） Let alone get in touch with the world outside of the campus/keep fit（正）,Passage Writing,Opening,常用与开头的短语、句式,(1) With the（rapidly）growing popularity of （computers,/private cars/,our lives has been considerably changed ） in China，the quality of （2）With the（rapid）growth of（our economy/ population)，many problems such as （water shortages / waste of energy/lack of professionals and chaotic management）are begging to surface,(3) With the development of （science and technology/market economy），more and more/ an increasing number of people come to realize that (4) Currently there is a widespread/serious concern over (illegal publication/drug abuse /negative influence of western cultures). (5) Nowadays ,a heated debated/discussion aboutis under way in China .some people believe that ,whereas others argue that,中间段的写作,1.列举法 通过列举一系列论据对论点进行多方面的陈述、解释 列举的顺序可按照内容的重要性、时间顺序、空间层次等确定。,2.举例法 举出具体事例阐述或说明论点（主题句）的内容 与列举法的区别：前者侧重罗列事实，力求全面；而举例法侧重举出典型事例，事例可多可少,3.对比比较法 同类事物按照某种特定的规则进行比较分析 异同、优缺点,4.因果分析法 逻辑性 One reason is that.Another reason is that.,主题句,主题句（topic sentence）是表达段落主题的句子。它用以概括段落大意，要求全段其他文字都围绕它展开。请看下例：,主题句的位置,主题句通常放在段落的开端，其特点是开门见山地摆出问题，然后加以详细说明。其作用是使文章的结构更清晰，更具说服力，便于读者迅速地把握主题和想象全段的内容。主题句可以放在段中起到承上启下的作用，或放在段尾起概括全段的作用。但初学者比较难于掌握，因而在四级考试中，考生应尽量采用将主题句放在段落开头的写作手法。,（主题句）No one can avoid being influenced by advertisements. （推展句1）Much as we may pride ourselves on our good taste, we are no longer free to choose the things we want, for advertising exerts a subtle influence on us. （推展句2）In their efforts to persuade us to buy this or that product, advertisers have made a close study of human nature and have classified all our little weakness.,Practice,Write a paragraph based on the above topic sentence: Group purchasing has many advantages.,末段的写作,概括全文内容，进一步强调或肯定文章的中心思想 展望未来 提出解决方案或令人深思的问题,1.结论法 From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that_. In summary/In a word/On balance, it is more valuable that_.,2.建议法 While it cannot be solved immediately, still there are ways. The most popular is _. Another method is _. Still another one is _. Awareness/Recognition of the problem is the first step toward the situation.,3.方向性结尾法 Many solutions are being offered here, all of which make some sense, but none is adequate enough. The problem should be recognized in a wide way. There is no quick method to the issue of _, but _might be helpful/beneficial.,常用于结尾的短语、句式,（1） It is hoped that we should place much emphasis on/pay more attention to （2） To conclude，we can see that （the best way/the possible solution）is （3） In short，（shortages of water，decrease of fertile fields and environmental pollution）are the major problems to be solved to（increase rain production）,（4） In order to make our world a better place in which to live we should make great efforts to （5） In a word ，there are three suggestions we must follow ，only in this way can we（achieve a great success） （6） It is time for us to take an active part in （7） Let us work hand in hand in hand to（solve these social problems）,12句作文法,(1)Nowadays,many universities are opening various electives for the students to choose, which has aroused great concern. (2)Optional courses provide a good chance for the students to make better use of their spare time. (3)In addition, they are a beneficial supplement to the limited required courses. (4)There are many different factors deciding what electives the students choose.,(5)Among all