某公司基层作业队常用安全操作规程

长城钻探第一国际钻井分公司 基层作业队常用安全操作规程基层作业队常用安全操作规程 二零零八年四月二十一日 Contents 目录目录 1.PICKING UP AND LAYING DOWN SINGLE JOINTS （SINGLING IN / SINGLING OUT） （吊拉和甩下钻杆单根的安全操作规程）.1 2.RUNNING IN AND LAYING DOWN DRILL COLLARS（吊拉和甩下钻铤单根的安全操作规程）4 3.MAKE-UP AND BREAK-OUT PROCEDURES USING RIG TONGS （使用吊钳进行钻具上扣和卸扣的安 全操作规程）.11 4.SAFETY WHILE MAKING UP AND BREAKING OUT BOTTOM HOLE ASSEMBLIES AND BITS （连接和卸开下部钻具组合及钻头的安全操作规程）.15 5.MAKING CONNECTIONS WHILE DRILLING（钻进时接单根的安全操作规程）19 6.WORKING IN THE DERRICK AND OVERHEAD OPERATIONS （井架工作业和高空作业的安全操作规 程）.24 7.TRIPPING（起下钻的安全操作规程）.28 8.RUNNING SURVEY TOOL WITH RIG WIRELINE UNIT （使用测斜绞车下入测斜工具的安全操作规程） .38 9.OPERATIONS WITH TOP DRIVE SYSTEMS（顶驱的安全操作规程）41 10.OPERATING THE EDDY CURRENT BRAKE（电磁涡流辅助刹车的安全操作规程） .47 11.SLIPPING AND CUTTING DRILLING LINE（钻井大绳滑割程序） .50 12.CONDUCTING LEAK-OFF TEST（地层漏失试验的安全操作规程）54 13.SLOW CIRCULATING RATE SCR（ALSO SLOW PUMP RATE - SPR） （低泵速试验的安全操作规程） .57 14.PERFORM FLOW CHECK（溢流检查安全操作规程）59 15.NIPPLE UP AND NIPPLE DOWN BOP（安装和拆卸防喷器组的安全操作规程）.62 16.CHANGE OUT BOP RAMS（更换闸板的安全操作规程）69 17.WELL CONTROL EQUIPMENT AND MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENTS（井控设备的维护规程）73 18.PRESSURE TEST PROCEDURE FOR THE HIGH PRESSURE TEST PUMP（使用高压试压泵的规程）78 19.PRESSURE TESTING THE BOP AND THE BOP SYSTEM（防喷器系统的试压安全操作规程）80 20.SHUT-IN PROCEDURE（关井安全操作规程） 89 21.KILLING PROCEDURE STEP BY STEP（压井程序）.94 22.CLEANING MUD TANKS AFTER DRILLING H2S ZONE（钻完含硫化氢地层后清理泥浆罐的安全操作规 程）.99 23.OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF THE STABBING BOARD（套管扶正台的使用和保养）102 24.RUNNING CASING / LINER / TUBING（下套管、尾管和油管的安全操作规程）105 25.CEMENTING CASING / LINER（套管和油管固井的安全操作规程）.115 26.INSTALLING THE X-MAS TREE（安装采油树的安全操作规程）127 27. Picking Up and Laying Down Single Joints （Singling In / Singling Out） （吊拉和甩下钻杆单根的（吊拉和甩下钻杆单根的 安全操作规程）安全操作规程） 1.SPECIAL TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT 特殊工具和设备特殊工具和设备 Drillpipe lifting cap（appropriate size） 钻杆提丝（尺寸合适） Drillpipe drift （appropriate size） 钻杆通径规（尺寸合适） Soft brush and Cleaning solvent 软刷和清洗剂 Pin and Box protectors 公、母接头护丝 Kelly cock with Wrench 方钻杆旋塞和扳手 Circulating sub 循环头 Drillpipe dope 钻具丝扣油 Tape measure 卷尺 Inside BOP 内防喷器 Correct size Rig tongs 大钳 2. SAFETY INFORMATION 安全注意事项安全注意事项 (1) Ensure that escape routes （ doors, stairs, etc. ） are accessible at all times and are not obstructed by hoses, tools, etc. 随时保证逃生路线可以使用（门，梯子等），不被管线、工具所阻挡。 (2) Special attention must be paid while lifting the drillpipe from the catwalk onto the rig floor with the air tugger and lowering the travelling block at the same time. 当用气动绞车把钻杆从猫道吊到钻台并同时下放游车时，要特别注意。 (3) Nobody is allowed to stand between the single being brought in / laid down and the joint in the rotary table. Nobody is allowed to stand with their back to the V-door, during these activities. 严禁站在正在提升或甩掉的钻杆和钻盘内单根之间，严禁背对井架大门。 (4) The Floormen guiding the single across the rig floor must keep feet well clear of the pin end of the single. Winch operators must not lower singles until they are completely sure that feet are well clear of the pin end. 钻台上的钻工必须注意使双脚离开单根公接头的下方，气动绞车操作者必须确认钻工双脚远离公扣 下放后再下放单根。 (5) Keep feet well clear of the drillpipe pin end when the drift is still in the pipe and the pipe is vertical. 当通径规还在钻杆内并且钻杆处于垂直位置时，保持双脚远离钻杆公扣下方。 3. STANDARD OPERATIONAL CONSIDERATIONS （DOS AND DONTS） 标准操作注意事项标准操作注意事项 （1）This operation requires a Toolbox Talk, covering equipment use and positioning of personnel. 这项操作要求召开工作前安全会，会议内容包括使用的设备和人员的位置。 （2）Ensure that all hoisting / lifting equipment, wires and lifting caps are in a safe condition and conforms with the current GWDC colour coding and have valid inspection certificates. 确保提升设备，钢丝绳和提丝工作状态良好，符合当前GWDC的颜色识别编号和有效的检验证书。 （3）The air winch Operator shall ensure that the winch wire is moving freely in the derrick （possibly guided by pulleys） to avoid any damage to the steel structure, especially the fingerboard. 气动绞车操作者要确认气动绞车钢丝绳和井架不干涉（可以用滑轮导向），以避免损伤井架的钢结 构，特别是指梁。 （4）Ensure that the correct grade of pipe is being picked up. 确认吊起的钻杆级别是正确的。 （5）When installing the lifting cap, ensure it is tight. 一定要旋紧提升提丝。 （6）Before and after operation, count the drillpipe （DP） on the pipe rack to verify tally figures. 操作前后，数一下钻杆架上的钻杆数量，和钻杆记录表核实。 （7）Any damaged DP is to be painted red （highlighting the damage） and reported to the Toolpusher for change of inventory status and transport back to base / warehouse. 任何损伤的钻杆要喷上红漆，并报告带班队长变换钻具库存记录，运回基地或库房 （8）When singling in, ensure pipe tally is updated as DP is being picked up. Number as per GWDC DP numbering system. 当逐根下入钻具单根时，钻杆记录表要更新，并根据GWDC的程序进行编号。 （9）If pipe is 5“ in diameter or greater, tail the pipe using a rope as it clears the top of the V-door and enters the rig floor. The use of a rope to tail in pipe of a smaller diameter is at the Toolpushers discretion. 直径是或大于5的钻杆，从坡道见到钻台上时，要拴牵引尾绳；直径5以下的钻杆，由带班队长 决定是否拴尾绳。 （10）When singling out, ensure pipe tally is adjusted to reflect the pipe being laid down. 当逐根甩掉单根时，确认钻杆记录表经过调整并反映出被甩的钻杆 4. INSTRUCTIONS 指令指令 4.1 Singling In 吊拉单根吊拉单根 （1）Verify the size and current colour coding of the lifting cap. 核实提丝的大小和颜色编码。 （2）Clean and examine the threads and shoulders on box and pin ends, and inform the Driller of any damage. 清洗和检验公、母扣的丝扣、台肩，发现损伤报告司钻 （3）Verify the grade of the drillpipe, measure length, record and inform the Driller. 验证钻杆的等级，测量长度，记录并报告司钻 （4）Remove the protector from the box end, apply dope （thread compound）, and install the drift and lifting cap, ensuring the lifting cap is tight. 卸掉母扣护丝，抹上丝扣油，装上通径规和提丝，确保上紧提丝。 （5）Attach the air tugger to the lifting cap and lift the pipe off the catwalk. 挂上提丝把钻杆吊离猫道。 （6）Tail the drillpipe with a rope as it swings through the V-door. 因为钻杆经过井架大门坡道时来回摆动，要在钻杆上拴上尾绳。 （7）Remove the pin protector and retrieve the drift, keeping feet well clear. 卸掉公扣护丝，取出通径规，保持脚下利索。 （8）Lower the drillpipe joint into the mouse hole, and remove air tugger and lifting cap. 下放单根进小鼠洞，摘掉气动绞车和提丝。 （9）If the rig is equipped with a top drive, the Driller activates the linktilt towards the joint in the mouse hole and the Floormen latch the elevators. 如果钻机配备了顶驱，司钻打前伸按钮使吊卡靠近小鼠洞中的单根，钻工扣上吊卡。 4.2. Singling Out 甩掉单根甩掉单根 （1）After the connection has been broken out the Floormen pull the single over the mouse hole. 卸开扣后，钻工把单根推向小鼠洞。 （2）The Floormen dope the pin and install a pin thread protector. 钻工给公扣抹上丝扣油，戴上护丝 （3）If a top drive is used, after the single has been broken out, the Driller uses the linktilt to move the single towards and into the mouse hole. 如果配备了顶驱，卸开扣后，司钻打前伸按钮，并把单根推向、放入小鼠洞。 （4）The elevators are opened when the joint stands up and then are held back from swinging across the rig floor. 下放吊卡，单根接头离开吊卡时，打开吊卡并后摆。 （5）The Floormen dope the box and install the lifting cap, attach the air tugger and lift the joint clear of the mouse hole. 钻工给母扣抹上丝扣油，带上护丝，挂上气动绞车把单根提离小鼠洞。 Note: The drillpipe can be cleaned and doped after it has been rolled off the catwalk. 注意：注意：钻杆被滚离猫道后要清洁丝扣和涂抹丝扣油。 （6）Tail / push pipe out of the V-door keeping feet well clear. Winch operator must ensure that the last joint laid down is no longer on the catwalk and that the catwalk is clear of personnel before slowly lowering the pipe out of the V-door. 保持脚下利落，把钻杆推出或用绳子牵引出大门坡道。气动绞车操作者在慢放钻杆出大门坡道前， 要确认猫道上没有钻具和人员。 Note: When running in or laying down a large amount of drillpipe, special attention must be paid while working around the mouse hole. The Mouse hole shall be covered at all times when not in use. 注意：注意：当吊拉或甩掉大量钻杆时，在小鼠洞周围工作时要特别注意，小鼠洞不用时要一直盖着。 （7）Remove the lifting cap, install the box protector and roll the joint onto the pipe rack. 卸掉提丝，带上母扣护丝，把钻杆滚到管排架上。 4.3 Special Considerations 特殊事项特殊事项 （1）When breaking out singles, any problem connection must be marked, recorded in the Tally Book and reported to the Toolpusher. 当卸扣时，有问题的接头要划上记号，记录在钻具记录本上，并向带班队长汇报。当卸扣时，有问题的接头要划上记号，记录在钻具记录本上，并向带班队长汇报。 Running In and Laying Down Drill Collars （吊拉和甩下钻铤单根的安全操作规程）（吊拉和甩下钻铤单根的安全操作规程） 1. SPECIAL TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT 特殊工具和设备特殊工具和设备 Single sling with Hook 带钩子的单绳套 Double sling and Hook 带钩子的双绳套 Drill collar Dope and Brush 钻铤丝扣油和刷子 OD and ID Calliper 内外卡尺1 Tape measure 卷尺 Chalk or Marker 粉笔或信号笔 Lifting subs 提升短接 Elevators 吊卡 Rig tongs大钳 Thread protectors 护丝 Sledge hammer 大锤 Drill collar Slings 钻铤绳套 Drill collar Drift 钻铤通径规 Safety clamp 安全卡瓦 Bar or Cheater bar撬杠或加长撬杠 Tag lines 牵引线 Slips 卡瓦 Crane 吊车 2. SAFETY INFORMATION 安全规程安全规程 （1）Never stand or work under a suspended load 悬吊物下，严禁站人和工作。 （2）Do not block the view of the Driller or the Crane Operator. 要挡住司钻和吊车司机的视线。 （3）A greater degree of care and attention is required to ensure the safety of new personnel working on the rig during this operation. 此类操作期间，密切关注井队新工人的安全。 （4）During drifting of the drill collars ensure that the drift does not drop out of the end of the joint and cause personal injury. 通径钻铤期间，要确保通径规不要从接头端掉出来，以免造成人员受伤。 （5）Always use tag line to guide the drill collar. 用牵引绳来控制钻铤。 （6）Ensure that all equipment and slings are in good condition with current colour code. 确保所有的设备和绳套状态良好并且有颜色编码。 （7）Check the weight of the loads. Ensure the correct Working Load Limit （WLL） of each sling, hook and air winch. 检查吊物的重量。确保绳套，钩子和气动绞车的额定工作载荷与之相配。 3. STANDARD OPERATIONAL CONSIDERATIONS （DOS AND DONTS） 标准操作规程标准操作规程 （1）Before starting the job, hold a Toolbox Talk with the crew and the Crane Operator, to discuss equipment, procedures and safety. 开始工作前，召开安全会，井队人员及吊车司机讨论设备、操作规程和安全事项。 （2）Prior to picking up any drill collar （DC）, clean and inspect all lifting sub pins. Damaged lifting subs will be marked and set aside. Notify the Driller and the Toolpusher. 起吊钻铤前，清洁和检查提升短节公扣，丝扣损伤的提升短节要标上记号并停用，通知司钻和带班 队长。 （3）Check the condition of the winch line and slings for wear and colour code identification. Report any damage or equipment with wrong colour code. 检查气动绞车绳索和吊索的麽损情况及颜色编码，及时报告受损及颜色编码错误的设备。 （4）When lifting 9” collars or larger with the elevators, use the winch to restrain the movement of the DC. 当用吊卡吊拉9以上的钻铤时，用气动绞车来控制钻铤的摆动。 （5）After latching elevators always check and ensure the safety latch is engaged. 扣上吊卡后，要检查和确 认安全销。 （6）Prior to picking up a DC joint, visually inspect the pin and box threads, the shoulders and faces. Any problems and damage observed on threads or shoulders must be recorded in the pipe tally book and reported to the Toolpusher 吊钻铤前，目测检查公母扣、台肩和表面。观察到丝扣和台肩有任何问题和损伤，必须记录在钻具 本上并报告给带班队长。 （7）Measure and record DC features, outside diameter （OD）, inside diameter （ID）, length, thread type, serial number and fishing neck in the pipe tally book. 测量、记录钻铤特征数据，内外径，长度，丝扣类型，系列号，打捞颈尺寸。 （8）Prior to making up a lifting sub to a DC, dope the pin of the sub and the box of the DC with proper dope （thread compound）. 连接提升短节到钻铤前，两者相连的公、母扣涂上适当的丝扣油。 （9）After making up the lifting sub to the DC in the V-door or mouse hole, tighten the sub with a bar or a cheater bar. 在坡道上或小鼠洞内，将提升短节连接到钻铤上后，用撬杠或加长撬杠上紧。 （10）Ensure that all threaded connections are cleaned, properly doped and thread protectors installed. Ensure that the pin protector OD is not larger than the drill collar OD 确保所有的连接丝扣清洁，涂上合适的丝扣油，带上护丝。确保公扣护丝外径不大于钻铤外径。 （11）All DC connections are to be “walked in” with chain tongs. Rig tongs will be used for final make up torque before run in the hole. 所有的钻铤丝扣用链钳引扣或磨扣，入井前用大钳紧扣。 （12）Never rotate the rotary table to spin in or out a drill collar joint. 不要用钻盘上、卸钻铤扣。 （13）Ensure that the box end protector is installed when the lifting sub is removed. 卸下提升短节时，要带上母扣护丝 4. INSTRUCTIONS 指令指令 4.1 Handling Drill Collars with the Air Tugger 用气动绞车操作钻铤用气动绞车操作钻铤 4.1.1 Running In DC with the Air Tugger 用气动绞车提拉钻铤用气动绞车提拉钻铤 （1）The Driller ensures that the air tugger capacity is within the Working Weight Limit of the drill collar to be picked up. 司钻要确保吊起的钻铤重量不超过气动绞车的工作负荷。 （2）A Floorman inserts the DC drift into the box end of the drill collar on the catwalk, dopes the box and installs a protector with a lifting eye or a lifting sub with the correct thread. 钻工把通径规放进猫道上钻铤的母扣端，母扣内抹上丝扣油并安装带有提升孔的提丝或提升短接 （扣型要正确）。 （3）The Floormen attach and secure the air tugger line to the shackle fitted into the hole of the lifting sub or cap. 钻工把气动绞车的吊绳连上提升短节或提丝上的卸扣内。 （4）A Floorman attaches the catwalk winch to the lift eye on the pin protector. 钻工把猫道除的气动绞车连到公扣护丝的提升环内。 （5）The Air tugger Operator engages the air tugger and carefully raises the drill collar up and through the V- door as the Catwalk winch Operator snubs the drill collar. 使用猫道气动绞车的牵引下，钻台上气动绞车操作者操作气动绞车小心的提升钻铤通过井架大门口。 （6）Once the drill collar is over the mouse hole, a Floorman removes the catwalk winch from the eye of the pin protector. 一旦钻铤到达小鼠洞上方，摘掉猫道的气动绞车。 （7）The air tugger Operator lowers the drill collar into the mouse hole. 使用气动绞车慢放钻铤进小鼠洞。 （8）The Floormen remove the air tugger line and the lifting eye from the drill collar and insert the lifting sub. 从钻铤上摘掉气动绞车绳和提丝，并装上提升短节。 （9）Using a bar or a cheater bar through the hole of the lifting sub, the Floormen screw the lifting sub into the drill collar and tighten. 通过提升短节上的提升孔，钻工们用撬杠或加长撬杠将扣上紧。 （10）At the Drillers instruction, the Floormen latch the elevator around the lifting sub. 在司钻的指导下，钻工用吊卡扣上提升短节。 （11）If using a top drive, the Driller activates the linktilt toward the joint in the mouse hole and the Floormen latch the elevator. 如果用顶驱，司钻把吊卡支向小鼠洞，钻工把吊卡扣上。 Note: If picking up recessed drill collars, ensure that the drill collar elevator is the correct size and the safety latch is engaged. 注意注意：如果钻铤有吊卡槽，确保钻铤吊卡尺寸合适，安全销灵活好用。 （12）The Driller engages the drawworks and lifts the drill collar up and out of the mouse hole. 司钻操作绞车提升钻铤出小鼠洞 （13）The Floormen remove the drill collar pin protector and recover the drift. 钻工卸掉钻铤公扣护丝并取出通径规 Note: Keep feet away when the drift is removed to prevent injury. 注意注意：取出通径规时，双脚叉开以免受伤 （14）If using a top drive, the Driller retracts the linktilt and positions the drill collar over the rotary table. 如果用顶驱，司钻要收回伸缩臂，使钻铤位于转盘正上方。 Note: If this is the bottom drill collar, then make up the bit （or other downhole tools, such as hole opener, mud motor, core barrel, etc.）, and remove the rotary bushings if necessary. 注意：如果是最后一根钻铤，接着要连接钻头（或其它井下工具，如：扩眼器、泥浆马达、取心筒 等），如果有必要，吊出钻盘补心。 （15）The Driller opens the blind rams （if BOP is installed）, and lowers the drill collar through the rotary table. 司钻打开全封闸板（如果安装了），通过转盘下放钻铤。 （16） The Floormen reinstall the rotary bushings （if removed）, set the DC slips at the Drillers instruction, and secure the DC with the safety clamp. 钻工在司钻的指导下重新装上钻盘补心（如果取出）,坐上卡瓦，并卡上安全卡瓦 Note: The elevators must never be opened before the safety clamp has been fitted and secured. 注意：在安全卡瓦没有卡好前，一定不要打开吊卡。 （17）The Driller lowers the elevators and the Floormen unlatch the elevators. 司钻下放吊卡，钻工打开吊卡。 （18）The Floormen remove the lifting sub and apply dope to the box. 钻工卸掉提升短节，在钻铤母扣内抹上丝扣油。 （19）Repeat the steps （2） through （18） until all drill collars are picked up. 重复以上步骤直到吊完所有的钻铤 4.1 1.2 Laying Down DC with Air Tugger 用气动绞车甩钻铤用气动绞车甩钻铤 （1）The Driller ensures that the air tugger capacity is within the Working Weight Limit of the drill collar to be picked up. 司钻要确保吊起的钻铤重量不超过气动绞车的额定工作负荷。 （2）Break out the DC connection, install a pin protector with a lifting eye, and put DC in the mouse hole. 卸开钻铤，安装一带吊装孔的公扣提丝，并把钻铤放进小鼠洞 （3）A Floorman screws the lifting cap or sub into the box end of the drill collar and attaches the air tugger line to the shackle inserted in the hole of cap or sub. 钻工把提丝旋进钻铤母扣内并用卸扣把气动绞车绳和提丝上的吊装孔相连。 （4）The Air tugger Operator raises the drill collar until it is removed from the mouse hole. 气动绞车操作者从小鼠洞内提出提起钻铤。 （5）The Floormen attach the catwalk winch to the shackle to the pin end. 钻工用卸扣把猫道气动绞车和公扣护丝相连 （6）The Catwalk winch Operator pulls the pin end of the drill collar out the V-door as the Air tugger Operator lowers the drill collar. 当钻台上气动绞车操作者下放钻铤时，猫道上的气动绞车把钻铤拉出大门口 （7）The Air tugger Operator continues lowering as the Catwalk winch Operator pulls the collar until the drill collar is resting on the catwalk. 钻台上气动绞车操作者继续下放，同时猫道上的气动绞车拉动钻铤，直到钻铤放在猫道上。 （8）The Floormen remove the winch line and the air tugger line from the pin and the box protectors. 钻工卸掉钻台上气动绞车和猫道上的气动绞车绳。 （9）The Floormen exchange the lifting protectors with ordinary protectors. 钻工把提升护丝换成普通护丝。 （10）Remove the drill collar from the catwalk before the next joint of drill collar is laid down. 下一个钻铤甩下前，把猫道上的钻铤移走。 （11）Repeat steps （2） through （9） until all drill collars are laid down. 重复以上动作直到钻铤甩完。 4.2 2. Handling Drill Collars with a Crane 用吊车提升和下方钻铤用吊车提升和下方钻铤 4.2 2.1 Running In DC with a Crane 用吊车提升钻铤用吊车提升钻铤 （1）The crane must be positioned where it can be well supported and give a safe and level lift to the rig floor. 吊车要打在能够良好支撑的地方，能够为钻台上做安全、平稳的起吊操作。 （2）A Floorman inserts the DC drift into the box end of the drill collar on the catwalk, dopes the box and installs a protector. 钻工把通径规放进猫道上钻铤的母扣端，母扣内抹上丝扣油并安装上护丝。 （3）The Floormen attach and secure one crane line to the sling wrapped near the pin end of the drill collar and attach a tag line. 钻工把吊车钩子挂到绑在公接头附近的绳套上，并拴上尾绳。 （4）The Floormen attach and secure the other crane line to the sling wrapped near the box end of the drill collar. 钻工把吊车钩子挂到绑在母接头附近的绳套上。 （5）Upon the Drillers instruction, the Crane Operator carefully lifts the drill collar up and into the V-door. 在司钻的指导下，吊车司机小心的吊起钻铤并送进大门坡道。 （6）While the Floormen, guide the drill collar onto the rig floor and the Floorman at the catwalk holds the tag line, the Crane Operator then rests the drill collar safely on the V-door. 钻工在钻台上引导钻铤，猫道上的钻工拉住牵引绳，同时吊车司机安全的把钻铤放在大门坡道。 （7）The Floormen remove the box protector and insert the lifting sub and tighten. 钻工卸掉母扣护丝，装上提升短节并上紧。 （8）The Driller lowers the travelling block and elevator over the lifting sub, and upon his signal, the Floormen latch the elevators. 司钻下放游车和吊卡到提升短节，发指令，钻工扣上吊卡。 （9）If using a top drive, the Driller activates the linktilt and the Floormen will latch the elevators 如果用顶驱，司钻前伸吊臂，钻工扣上吊卡。 （10）The Floormen remove the crane sling and the tag line from the box end. 钻工去掉母扣端的吊车绳套和牵引绳。 Note: Do not remove the crane sling from the pin end. Leave it on for added safety and snubbing when DC is lifted with the travelling block. 注意：注意：当游车吊起钻铤时，不要去掉绑在公扣末端的绳套，留下作为安全绳。 （11）The Driller e