考研英语写作技巧讲义

如何准备考研英语写作（田育英）英语写作对许多考生来说是令人头痛的难题。究其原因，造成写作困难的因素很多，根据我们对考生的了解, 可归结为以下两个主要方面。 第一，在外语学习五项能力听、说、读、写、译的训练方面，学生从中学到大学在听、说、读三项能力方面得到的训练比较多，而在写的能力上得到的培养最少， 有时最基本的写句训练都是靠做选择项的形式来完成的，很少有真正动手写的机会；因而很多学生在做语法题或改错时有敏锐的辨别力，能够找出很复杂的语法错误，可是一旦自己真正动笔写，却错误多得不得了，而且很多都是最简单最基本的语法错误。所以，平时写的少，练的少，是构成写作困难的主要原因。 第二，不少学生缺乏对写作知识和写作技巧的了解和学习。他们一写作文，就感到脑子空空，不知如何下笔，写起来也是想到哪儿，写到哪儿，有时还东拼西凑，因而写作文时，常常是低水平上的重复，提高不快。如果能了解和学习一些英语写作知识，加上适当的指导和训练，写作水平会很快得到提高。 全国硕士生入学英语考试大纲对短文写作做了明确的规定。考生要根据所给题目、素材、写作提纲、规定情景或图表等在分钟内写出不少于词的短文。要求内容切题，表达清楚，意义连贯，语言比较规范。 根据大纲的要求，考生要想在短文写作中取得高分，首先要具备两方面的英语基本功：一是较强的句子表达水平，句子要写正确、表达准确到位，要有一定的英语修辞知识。二要具备英语语篇写作知识，这样才能适应不同类型的命题，主动灵活有条理地运用自己的语言知识和能力写好短文。此外，考生还应对作文考题有一定的了解，知己知彼才能稳操胜券。考题特点：（） 作文选材均为热门话题并贴近生活作文选题范围均为当今社会的热门话题，从电视广告到希望工程，从父母与子女的关系到拥有健康的重要性，从世界烟民现状到近年盛行一时的“承诺”，环境保护，无不反映了当前公众最为关注的事。（） 文体多为说明文与议论文说明文和议论文用途较广，我们平时接触的文章、报纸、信件等等多为这两种体裁。在工作岗位上所撰写的材料大多也是说明或议论文。因而考这种体裁的写作比较符合实际需要。 （） 出题形式趋于多样化 年至年的作文题一直呈一种模式，直到年才被打破。这一变革显示了国家教委对提高考生的实际运用语言能力的重视，同时也要求考生要在多写多练上下功夫，这样才能在作文考试中夺取高分。提高笔头表达能力是关键： 我们希望广大考生要在切实提高英语写作水平上下功夫，不能靠扣题、押题或背诵一些短文应付考试，其结果必然与希望的相差甚远。背诵是学习英语的一种好方法，但仅靠背诵来提高英语写作水平是不够的。写作水平的提高还是要靠亲自动笔写，多写多练，把学到的语言知识运用在写作中去。考生可以参考以下方法进行写作练习。1 多读范文多读范文能使考生了解写作方法，写作的常用词汇，记住其中一些比较好的用法。2 多写作文12月前应该每周写一篇作文并且要把每一篇写好，不要在一个水平上反复重复，要力争写好每一篇，这样写几篇后就会有收获。临近考试，可以按照规定时间写作，此时写作的题目要广泛，各种话题都要写一些，以增强适应性。3 写作时可以多查字典，不看范文。写作时遇到不会写的词句要多查字典，还要看该词的用法，这样才能保证正确使用；写前不要看范文，看了范文会影响自己的思路，写完后再参看范文。4 注意书写整齐平时写作就要注意书写整齐，规范，要在平时养成良好习惯，在考场上才能发挥得好。字迹潦草，卷面不干净会影响成绩。考研短文写作的基本模式(朱泰祺)（一）议论文(1)It is generally believed that . . is a hot topic which is widely talked about both at home and abroad .Now our government attaches great importance to solving this problem. Scientists in this field have put forward a number of suggestions tending to relieve it. To begin with, we should . . Furthermore, . . It is clear that . . People, however, differ in their opinions on this matter. Some people think that . . According to them, all of us should . . Others argue that . . In their opinion, nobody can . . without . . There is no doubt that . . As a consequence . . In short, I firmly support the view that. . It is because. . So my conclusion is that . . (107 words) (2)There is no denying the fact that is popular topic which is much talked about not only by , but also by It is generally thought that The reasons for are as follows. To begin with, Secondly , Therefore, we should attach great significance to solving the problem.There are , I think ,at least two possible ways to cope with it .The first way to tackle it is to appeal to the authorities to take drastic measures to (do) The other policy that is worth adopting is to work out new regulations to (do) Only in this way can we succeed in dealing with the problem in the near future.To conclude ,it seems obvious So the prospect we are looking forward to will be both bright and encouraging.(127 words)（二）图表作文As is shown in the table (or in the pictures) , dropped from in 1996 .According to the figures given in the table, has greatly increased ( or decreased ) in the past years ( or decades ), reaching in 1996.From the table we can also see that there has been a sharp decline ( or rise ) in It is clear that There are at least two good reasons for On the one hand, Lets have an example to illustrate the great increase in On the other hand, is due to the fact that In addition, is responsible for Maybe there are some other reasons to show But it is generally believed that the above mentioned reasons are commonly acceptable.As far as I am concerned, I believe that I am sure my opinion is both sound and well-grounded.(126 words几种典型的作文开头引述方法Type1引述他人观点（为提出自己观点铺垫）1 It is widely(commonly) accepted(hold)+THAT2 A widely accepted (commonly) hold idea(point of view, viewpoint, opinion, assumption)is +THAT/NP 3 A/The dominant (prevalent, prevailing) idea (see 2) is NP/to DO4 It is taken for granted THAT(or: We often/frequently take it for granted THAT)5 People (The majority) seem to get accustomed to the idea(see 2),without questioning, THAT6 People are willing to regard NP1 as NP2/ADJ 7 People are willing to DO, while reluctant to DOType2提出异议1 However (But),2 Such idea(see1-2),if not entirely ADJ1,is somewhat ADJ2 and needs careful consideration. ADJI=unreasonable, unacceptable, inappropriate, improper, undesirable,Etc;ADJ2=misleading, doubtrul, etc3 In fact(As a matter of fact),(follow2)4 However, it is not (quite, necessarily)the case.5 This (It) is not (quite, necessarily) the case and needs to be further considered/discussed.(or: further consideration/discussion)Type3论述的展开：说明原因和理由，层进，举例，转折1 The reason lies in several aspects,2 The reason why clause+1, underlined 3 There are several remarkable reasons.4 层进in addition, besides, furthermore, whats more, on the other hand, meanwhile, for one thingfor another; Finally, above all, in short.5 举例for example, for instance, such (general term) as (specific terms),a typical (striking) example is that, a case in point6 转折however, but, nevertheless,on the contrary7 条件if , provided that, unless, as long as,etcType4 就而言；关于1 as far as is/are concerned: As far as current situation is concerned2 as to: the problem as to NP有关的问题Type5问题1 Although much effort has been made, the situation is far from satisfactory (or: the problem remains unsolved, little improvement has been achieved)2 There is a tendency, as recent study (investigation) has pointed out (shown, revealed, indicated),+THAT3 There is growing concern about +NP4 It will inevitably (is likely to) result in (lead to) unwanted (serious) consequence (or NP)5 Unfortunately,6 We will not be able to afford the risk of overlooking the seriousness of the matter.7 The process, once initiated, is most likely irreversible.8 We are constantly (frequently) faced with NPTYPE6重要与必要；（应）注意与重视1 NP1 is of great importance (necessity, value) in NP2 (or: NP is of enormous significance)2 The importance (necessity) of NP (to do sth.) lies in (the fact) that3 NP1 plays, as is known, an irreplaceably important role in NP24 The irreplaceably important role NP1 plays in NP2 is significant (obvous)5 NP1 is an indispensable part of NP26 It is important (necessary) to DO (or:THAT)7 Special attention should be pay to (or: We should pay special attention to)8 What we should take into consideration is +NPType7行动1(immediate, emergent, effective) Measures are being taken (has been taken, should be taken) to DO3 We have made much effort, there is still more we need to make (cf. We have learnt a lot, there is much more we need to learn.)Type8二择其一1 If it were left for me to decide whether (wh-clause),I would, without hesitation, choose+to DO (or: I would prefer the former/the latter)2 To DO/NP is a matter of present.3 It is difficult to make a choice for one can hardly gain most without losing any.4 The difficulty lies in the fact that the advantages and disadvantages of both cases are equally obvious.5 In fact, we may well preserve a delicate balance or compromise between the two than go to extreme.6 It is not sensible to exclude one of the choices completely7 (of two conflicting ideas, concepts) Though conflicting to one another, they are so closely associated that understanding one will be impossible without discussing the other.8 The benefits of NP are varied9While disadvantages are unavoidable, it is the advantages that prevail.朱泰祺的考研短文写作常用句型和练习“引言”段落中的常用句型：1is a very popular topic which is much talked about not only by but also by 家庭人口多好还是家庭人口少好是一个非常通俗的主题，不仅是城里人，而且农民都经常谈论这个问题。Weather a large family is a good thing or not is a very popular topic that is often talked about not only by city residents but by farmers as well.2.There is no denying the fact that无可否认，空气污染是一个极其严重的问题：城市当局应该采取有力措施来解决它。There is no denying the fact that air pollution is an extremely serious problem: the city authorities should take strong measures to deal with it.3.As is known to all,众所周知，假冒伪劣商品损害了消费者的利益。As is known to all, fake and inferior commodities harm the interests of consumers.(=do a lot of harm to the interests of consumers)4.More and more people are realizing the importance of 现在越来越多的人认识到法制教育的重要性。为了维护社会治安，我们每人都应该接受法制教育。Today an increasing number of people have realized that law education is of great importance .In order to keep law and order, very one of us is supposed to get (=receive) a law education.5.From what I have mentioned above we can see clearly that从上面我所提到的，我们可以清楚地看到，电视暴力对青少年的影响是极其深远的。From what I have mentioned above, we can see clearly that violence on TV has (a) great influence on young adults behaviour.(或 teenagers behavior 或 youngsters behavior)“正文”段落中常用的句型：1There are some good reasons for(分析原因)two possible人民生活状况的改善原因有两点。首先，我们一直在贯彻执行改革开放政策。其次，国民经济正在迅速发展，而且出生率已经得到控制。There are two reasons for the improvement in peoples living conditions. In the first place, we have been carrying out the reform and opening-up policy. Secondly, there has been a rapid expansion of our national economy. Further more, the birth rate has been put under control.2.My suggestions to deal with the problem are as follows. In the first place, Secondly,Finally solvetacklerelieve （提出建议）我对解决这个问题的建议如下。首先，迫在眉睫的是建立自然保护区。其次，有些濒临灭绝的珍稀野生动物应该收捕、人工喂养并繁殖。最后，对于捕猎珍稀野生动物的人必须严惩。My suggestions to deal with the problem are as follows .To begin with, it is urgent to create nature reserves. Secondly, certain rare wild animals that are going to be extinct should be collected, fed and reproduced artificially. Finally, those who hunter them must be punished severely.3.Different people have different opinions on this question. Some people believe that Others Problem.Matter.argue that Still others assert that（论述不同看法）人们对失败持有不同的态度。面对失败，有人能够经得起考验，从失败中汲取教训，并努力去完成他们下定决心要做的事情。然而，另一些人却丧失信心并退却了。People differ in their attitudes towards failure. Faced with it, some of them can stand up to it. Draw useful lessons from it and try hard to fulfill what they are determined to do. Others, however, lose heart and give in.4.It is important (necessary, urgent, difficult, easy, expensive, desirable, advisable, convenient, comfortable) for sb. to do sth. （发表意见）人们希望建立更多的医院、购物中心、娱乐中心、电影院和其他公用设施来满足人民日益增长的需求。It is desirable to build more hospitals, shopping centers, recreation centers, cinemas and other public facilities to meet the growing needs of people.5.As a popular saying goes “Everything has two sides.” (分析利弊)常言道：“事物总是一分为二的”。如今人们从科技发明中得到越来越多的好处。另一方面，科技进步也给我们带来了许多麻烦。现在许多国家的人民饱尝公害之苦。As a popular saying goes, “Everything has two sides.” Now people (the public)are benefiting more and more from scientific and technological inventions. On the other hand, the progress of science and technology is bringing us a lot of trouble. People in many countries are suffering from public hazards.6.For example, （举例阐述）For instance, Lets take for example.就拿汽车为例。汽车不仅污染城市空气，而且使城市拥挤不堪。此外，汽车造成许多交通事故。汽车所产生的噪音使居住在街道两旁的居民日夜不得安宁。Less take cars for example. They not only pollute the air in cities, but make them crowed. Furthermore, they cause a lot of traffic accidents. (, they are responsible for a lot of traffic accidents.) The noise made by cars disturbs the residents living on both sides of streets all day and night.7.It is generally believed that accepted （引证观点）thoughtheld普遍认为，在发达国家人口增长的主要原因与其说是出生率的上升，还不如说是由于医疗保健的改善的使死亡率下降了。It is generally believed (=thought) that the chief reason for the increase in population in developed countries is not so much the rise in birth ra