非谓语动词(王瑞华).ppt

非谓语动词 The Non-predicative Verbs,2012年高考语法复习,汉寿一中 王瑞华,过去分词,不定式,V.-ing 形式,非谓语动词,不能单独作谓语，没有人称和数的变化，可以有自己的宾语和状语。还有时态和语态的变化。,动词不定式的基本形式,被动语态,一般式,进行式,完成式,to be done,to be doing,to have done,to have been done,/,to do,ing-form 的基本形式,doing,being done,doing,having done,having been done,having done,I.非谓语动词时态、语态形式对照表：,1.非谓语动词大都可在句中作 主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、定语、状语.,1.To see you is glad. =Its glad to see you. 2.I want to see you. 3.I want him to see you. 4.My hope is to see you. 5.He is the man to see you. 6.Im glad to see you. 7.I went to see you. 8.He went so early as to see you,（作主语）,（作宾语）,（作宾补）,（作表语）,（作定语）,（作原因状语）,（作目的状语）,（作结果状语）,1.Swimming is his favourite sport. 2.He enjoys swimming. 3.I found him swimming in the river. 4.His favourite sport is swimming. 5.He is the man swimming in the river just now. 6. Swimming in Summer ,we can get cool.,(作主语),(作宾语),(作宾补),(作表语),(作定语),(作状语),1.This cup is broken. 2.This is a broken cup. 3.I found the cup broken. 4.Broken by Tom, the cup cant be used. 过去分词一般不作主语、宾语.,(作表语),(作定语),(作宾语补足语),(作状语),非谓语动词功能比较,3.分词的用法比较 A.在时态上 1.China is a developing country =a country which is developing. 2.Japan is a developed country =a country which has developed. 3.I found him gone. =I found that he had gone.(表完成）,ing分词表“进行” ed分词表“完成”, ing分词表“主动”， ed分词表“被动”（多为及物动词）,1.I saw him writing a short novel. = I saw that he was writing a short novel. 2.He was reading a novel written by Charles Dickens. = a novel which was written by Charles Dichens.,B.在语态上:, ing.表“抽象、习惯”,不定式表“具体、偶然、将来”. *Swimming (抽象) is my favourite sport and I like swimming (习惯) every day, but I dont like to swim (具体) today, I would like to swim (将来) tomorrow.,C 在概念上,D.分词的完成式一般不用来作定语，只能用作状语.,The platform having been built will be used to perform on. 1.The platform built will be used to perform on. The platform which has been built will be used to perform on. 2. Having given her opinion about the building, she left the meeting. Having been used for a long time, the computer needs repairing.,作 定 语,作 状 语,E.ed+主句（不强调时间先后）; Being + ed +主句（强调主句和从句动作同时发生）; Having been +ed +主句（强调时间先后）如不强调时间先后可用ed一般式来代替.,1.Used as a means of traffic in China ,the bike is very useful. 2.Written in simple English, the book is easy to read. 3. Being used by me now, the bike cant be lent to you. 4. Having been used for many years, the bike needs repairing. 5. Having been told several times, 可以写成=Told several times,he couldnt,understand what I meant.,1. _ (equip) himself with necessary knowledge and skills, he went to the job market with confidence. 2. _ (equip) with necessary knowledge and skills, he went to the job mark with confidence.,Having equipped,Equipped,练习,1.a) _from the tower, our Tianjin city looks more beautiful. b) _ from the tower, we can see our beautiful Tianjin city . A. Seeing B. Seen C. To see D.Having seen 2. a) The sports meet _ now is very important b)The sports meet _ last week is of great importance. A. holding B. being held C. to be held D. held,3.a)The man _ Zhaosan used to live here. b)The man _ himself Zhaosan used to lived here. A. called B. calling C. to call D. call 4. (1)I dont enjoy _ fun of others. (2)I dont enjoy _ fun of by others. A. to make B. to be made C. making D. being made,练习,1.a) _from the tower, our Tianjin city looks more beautiful. b) _ from the tower, we can see our beautiful Tianjin city . A. Seeing B. Seen C. To see D.Having seen 2. a) The sports meet _ now is very important b)The sports meet _ last week is of great importance. A. holding B. being held C. to be held D. held,B,A,B,D,3.a)The man _ Zhaosan used to live here. b)The man _ himself Zhaosan used to lived here. A. called B. calling C. to call D. call 4. (1)I dont enjoy _ fun of others. (2)I dont enjoy _ fun of by others. A. to make B. to be made C. making D. being made,A,B,C,D,现在分词与动名词,V.-ing 形式,现在分词与动名词功能比较,动名词: 作主语/宾语,1.Teaching is my full-time job.,2.Writing an English composition is not easy. 3.Its useless taking this kind of medicine. 4.I like swimming.,只接动名词作宾语的常见动词有很多。牢记以下口诀：考虑建议盼原谅，承认推迟没得想。避免错过继续练，否认完成就欣赏。禁止想象才冒险，不禁介意准逃亡。 （见五- 三第七十一页左半页。）,作表语,（1）动名词 My job is teaching. = Teaching is my job. Her full-time job is laying eggs. =Laying eggs is her full-time job.,（2）现在分词 The play is exciting. Exciting is the play. The story he told us was very interesting. Interesting was the story he told us.,动名词作定语表示性质或用途。 a swimming pool 现在分词作定语表示动作。 a sleeping boy The man talking with my father is Mr. Wang. = the man who is talking with my father is Mr.Wang.,作定语,= a pool for swimming, a boy who is sleeping,作定语,现在分词作定语表示动作。如果是单词，放在被修饰的名词前；如果是短语，放就放在被修饰的名词之后。 The man talking with my father is Mr. Wang. China is a developing country.,非谓语动词的用法区别,1.不定式、现在分词、过去分词作宾补的区别,1.)感官动词 see, watch, observe, look at, hear,listen to, notice等和使役动词have后面的宾语补足语有三种形式，即动词原形（不带to的不定式）、现在分词和过去分词。动词原形表示主动或完成，现在分词表示主动或正在进行，过去分词表示被动或已经完成。不过，在被动语态的句子中，如果是不定式作主语补足语，不定式要带to。 hear sb. do sth. hear sb. doing sth hear sth. done sb. be heard to do sth.,1.不定式、现在分词、过去分词作宾补的区别,I heard her _ (sing ) an English song when I passed by her room yesterday. I heard the English song _ (sing ) when I passed by her room yesterday. I heard the English song _ many times. I heard her _ an English song just now. The boy was heard _ just now.(主语补足语) The guests left most of the dishes,singing,sung,sing,to sing,being sung,2.) leave后接三种形式作宾语补足语时，其词义应为“使处于状态”。 Its wrong of you to leave the machine_ (run). (意为“让一直做某事”，表示正在进行) The guests left most of the dishes_ (untouch), because they didnt taste delicious. (意为“留下某事未做”，表示被动/完成) He left, leaving me _ (do) all the rest work. (意为“留下某人做某事”， 示主动/将来) We hurriedly ended our meeting, leaving many problems_ (settle). (意为“留下某事要做”，表示被动，将来),running,untouched,to do,to be settled,3.) have,get后接三种形式作宾语补足语时，表示“使、让、叫”之意。 使/叫某人（物）持续地做某事/开始行动起来 have sb. do sth. = get sb. to do sth. 使/叫某人（物）持续地做某事/开始行动起来 have sb./sth. doing sth. = get sb./sth. doing sth. （若用于否定句，have有“容忍”之意）； I wont have you speaking to your Dad like that.,让/使某事由别人去做（使/叫某人做某事）；使遭受,have sth. done =get sth. done,4)以下动词常用不定式作宾补。 Allow, advise, ask, beg, cause, encourage, expect, forbid, force, get, intend, like, love, order, persuade, teach, tell, want, wait for, call on, depend on等。 The teacher asked us not to make so much noise. 5）在sb./sth. be said /believed/reported/considered/believed/ known / found等+ 不定式 结构中不定式作主补。 He is said to have gone to abroad.,即时巩固练习,用所给动词的正确形式填空： 1)I meant to buy an evening paper, but I didnt see anyone _(sell) them. 2)I know that _(be) a fact. 3)Paul doesnt have to be made _(learn). He always work hard. 4)The patient was warned _(not eat) after the examine. 5)Just now I saw a man_ (walk) in the street, with a little girl _(seat) on his shoulder,selling,to be,to learn,not to eat,walk,seated,6)The lady loved to have her luggage _(weigh). 7 )Who did the teacher have _(clean) the blackboard just now? 8)Businesses are beginning _ (develop) new methods of reaching customers. 9)The thief was caught_ (steal) goods in the supermarket again 10)-What happened to Mr. White early this morning ? -Oh，he was seen_ (knock) down and the driver_ (drive) away,weighed,clean,to develop,stealing,knocked,drove,非谓语动词的用法区别,不定式、分词和动名词作定语的区别,不定式、分词和动名词作定语的区别：,(1)动词不定式作定语通常放在被修饰的名词后面 I have something important to tell you The poor children had little to eat (2) 它和被修饰的名词有时有动宾，主谓等关系。 He was the first man to do the job Id like to get something to drink,(3) 如果这这个作定语的不定式是一个不及物动词，注意不可忽略不定式短语中的副词或介词。 I need a pen to write with (可看成：to write with the pen) She now has nothing to worry about (可看成：to worry about nothing) 注意不定式所修饰的名词如果属于time, place或way方面时，不定式后面的介词习惯上省去。 He had no money and no place to live (in).,（4）当作定语的不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的承受者时，不定式既可以用主动语态，也可用被动语态，但含义有所不同。 Have you anything to type? 你有什么要打印的东西吗？ （不定式的逻辑主语是句子的主语） Have you anything to be typed? 你有什么要（我或别人）打印的东西吗？ （不定式的逻辑主语是我或别人，不是句子的主语）,（5）不定式可用来修饰被序数词、最高级或no,all,any等限定的中心词。 She is always the first one to come to school. He was the best man to do the job.,(6)现在分词和动名词作定语的区别,现在分词和被修饰的名词有逻辑上的主谓关系。单个分词作定语放在被修饰的名词的前面，分词短语放在被修饰的名词的后面。 A fishing boy was seen sitting at the end of the boat. (a fishing boy =a boy who was fishing) The soldier riding a horse was my brother (the soldier riding a horse =the soldier who was riding a horse) 动名词用来说明用途，和被修饰的名词在逻辑上无主谓关系。动名词作定语只能放在被修饰的名词的前面。 There was only one fishing boat on the river (a fishing boat=a boat used for fishing) The old man needs a walking stick when he goes out (a walking stick=a stick used for walking),(7)不定式、现在分词和过去分词作定语有时在时态上有区别：,不定式作定语表示将来的动作。 The bridge to be built next month is the third bridge across the river 现在分词作定语表示正在进行的动作。 The bridge being built now is the third bridge across the river 过去分词作定语表示已完成的动作。 The bridge built last year is the third bridge across the river,即时巩固练习,用所给动词的正确形式填空： 1)The man_ (question) in the police station now is a spy 2)A man_ (respect) others will be respected 3)she can find no one _(make) friends with 4)Is there anybody _ (answer) the question ? 5)Half of the guests _(invite) to the conference were foreigners.,being questioned,respecting,to make,to answer,invited,6)She would be the best _(agree) the opinion 7)The matter _(discuss) is very important 8)That is the way _(operate) the machine 9)She was then a professor _(love) by all her students 10)With much money _(spend)，the boy formed a bad habit,to agree,being discussed,to operate,loved,to spend,非谓语动词的用法区别,不定式和动名词作宾语的区别,1.不定式作宾语。 She pretended not to see me when I came in. 她假装没有看到我进来。 注意有些动词之后要用不定式作宾语，表示某次具体的动作或行为。类似的动词有hope,agree,choose,manage,promise,expect,determine,decide,seek,refuse,arrange,desire等。 2.动名词作宾语。 Would you mind my opening the window? 你介意我打开窗户吗？ 注意 有些动词（词组）后接动名词形式，表示动作的经常性、习惯性或已经完成。类似的词有enjoy,keep,admit,avoid,escape,consider,delay,put off 等。,2.动名词作主语。 Walking after supper is good for both young and old. 晚饭后散步对老人、小孩都有益。 若表示抽象的、习惯性的动作时常用动名词。 注意不定式与动名词作主语的比较： （1）表示抽象概念时，二者可以互换。 Reading/To read good books makes us happy. （2）在It is useless/no use/no good+主语等句型中，用动名词。 It was no use sending him to hospital.,(3)下列动词接不定式与接ing形式意义相近：,like，love, hate, dislike, begin, start, prefer，continue, intend，attempt等. I prefer making (to make) an outline before I do my oral composition We all like playing (to play) table tennis 但也有细微区别： 指具体某次的行为常用不定式，指惯常的行为常用ing形式. I like reading books of this kind(惯常行为) I hate to say so，but really I cant go with you(具体某次行为),I prefer to stay at home today(具体某次行为) He prefers walking to cycling(惯常行为) *一般说来，不能用于进行时的动词如： realize，know，understand，see，lose等，多用不定式 I began to realize I had been wrong. We hate to lose the chance . Now we are beginning to see it more clearly.,有些动词或词组既可接动名词也可接不定式作宾语，但意义上有区别,regret to do regret doing remember to do remember doing forget to do forget doing,对要做的事遗憾（未做） 对做过的事遗憾、后悔（已做）,记着要做某事（未做） 记得做过某事（已做）,忘记要做某事（未做） 忘记做过某事（已做）,mean to do mean doing stop to do stop doing try to do try doing cant help doing cant help (to) do,打算去做某事 意味着某事 停下来去做另一件事 停止做某事 试图做某事 试着做某事 情不自禁做某事 不能帮着做某事,4.动词allow, advise, forbid, permit等后面直接跟动名词作宾语， 但如果它们后面已有宾语，则要用不定式作宾语补足语。 We dont allow smoking here. We dont allow students to smoke. 5.动词need,require,want后接不定式被动式、动名词一般式都可以，表示事情需要做。be worth后面必须用动名词的主动形式表示被动意义。但be worthy of除了接名词，还可接动名词的被动式或用作be worthy to be done。,need/ want/ require + be worth doing sth. of sth. be worthy to be done of being done,to be done doing sth,The window needs/requires/wants repairing (=to be repaired). The place is worthy of a visit /of being visited/to be visited.,6.动词不定式在介词but,other than后面时，如果介词之前有行为动词do的某种形式，那么介词后面的不定式to要省略，否则要带to。另外在cant choose but,cant help but后面的不定式to也要省略。 We couldnt do nothing but wait. other than wait We had nothing to do but wait. other than wait. We cant choose but laugh.,即时巩固练习 用所给动词的to do 或doing 形式填空：,1)Little Tom regretted _(waste) so much time playing computer games . 2)They were expecting _(get) the results of the examination. 3)Will you advise me which of them _(buy) ? 4)On the bus the young man pretended _(not see) the old woman standing beside him.,having wasted,to get,to buy,not to see,5)We all consider John_ (be) an honest boy. 6)Our boss forbids_ (chat) during office hours . 7)The rules do not permit players _(step) out of bounds. 8)The boy begged to permit him_ (explain). 9)The young man imagined _(live) on a lonely island. 10) It was useless to forbid children _(play) here.,to play,living,to explain,to step,chatting,to be,非谓语动词的用法区别,现在分词和过去分词作表语在意义上的区别,(1)现在分词和过去分词作表语在意义上的区别。,过去分词作表语表示人的感觉，主语通常是人。现在分词作表语表示事物本身的特点，主语通常是事物。 Im interested in English (我的感觉，觉得有趣. ) The film is interesting (电影本身的特点是使人有趣.) 类似情况还有：surprising surprised, exciting excited, tiring tired , disappointing disappointed, encouraging encouraged ， interesting interested ，amazed amazing , bored boring , pleasing pleased, astonishing astonished.,(2) 注意-ing作表语与现在进行时的区别。 His view is very alarming (-ing分词作表语表示主语的性质) What he likes to do is staying at home alone and reading . (-ing分词作表语表示的是某一件事情) He is watching the football game on TV. (现在进行时表示某动作在进行) (3) 过去分词作表语与被动语态的区别。 My bike is broken . (broken 形容词作表语，表示“状态”)。 My bike was broken by Jim (动词过去分词构成被动语态，表示“动作”),即时巩固练习,用所给动词的to do或doing形式填空： 1)The journey was quite_(tire) 2)The story is very_We are_ in it(interest) 3、The result of the exam made me _ (disappoint) 4)This was really an _moment(excite) 5)The _boy couldnt believe his ears(astonish),tiring,interested,disappointed,exciting,astonished,interesting,即时巩固练习,6)It was a _ storyWe didnt want to listen again(bore) 7)He seemed quite _at the idea(delight) 8)The problem was quite_(press) 9)The present situation is _(encourage) 10)I was _at what she said(puzzle),boring,delighted,pressing,encouraging,puzzled,非谓语动词的用法区别,不定式和分词作状语的区别,不定式和现在分词作状语的区别： 不定式作状语表示：原因，结果，目的； 分词作状语表示：原因，结果，时间，伴随情况,(1)不定式和分词表示原因时的区别： 不定式表示原因通常跟在某些表示感情的形容词后，用来说明产生 这种感情的原因。 I was so excited to hear the news (不定式to hear the news表示激动的原因。) We were surprised to see such great changes in that village (不定式to see such great changes in that village表示惊讶的原因。) 分词表示原因时，它相当于一个原因状语从句。 Being a monitor, she takes lead in everything (Being a monitor=As she was a monitor) Knowing some English, he offered to be an interviewer for us. (Knowing some English= As he knew some English),(2)不定式和分词表示结果时的区别： 不定式表示结果，含有没有预料到的情况的意味。 I got up only to find it was raining outside (起来时没有料到在下雨。) He was too excited to say a word (太激动了说不出话，是没有预料到的情况。) 分词表示结果包含着一种必然发生的情况。 His parents died，leaving him a lot of money (父母去世，钱留给儿子。这是自然的事。) The output of iron decreased by 23last year, reaching 80，000 tons (产量下降，到了80，000吨，这是必然结果。),3.独立成分作状语 有些分词或不定式短语作状语，其形式的选择不受上下文的影响，称作独立成分。常见的有:generally speaking一般说来；frankly speaking坦白地说；judging from/by.根据来判断；considering./o consideration考虑到；to tell you the truth说实话；seeing.考虑到；supposing假设，如果；providing如果；save除了；given考虑到，鉴于；provided that如果；compared to/with与相比。 Judging from his accent, he is from the south. Considering your health, youd better have a rest. To tell you the truth, I am a little tired.,即时巩固练习,用所给动词的正确形式填空： 1)-Why was the official meeting called? -_(select) new officers 2)_(get) back my story, he refused the invitation 3) The beautiful girl tried to kill herself only _(save) 4)When_(face)with a strong enemy, they had always retreated 5)_(wear)out after a long walk, Henry called and said he couldnt come,To select,To get,to be saved,faced,Worn,6)He was said to have refused a gift from her, _(know) that it meant a bribe. 7) The president expressed his satisfaction with the co-operation,_ (add) that he had enjoyed his stay here 8)The president promised to keep all the board members_ (inform) of how the negotiations were going on 9)_(allow)to develop his talent, he could become an excellent artist 10)_(invite)to go to camping, Paul ordered a new sleeping bag,knowing,adding,informed,Having been allowed,Having been invited,使用非谓语动词的 注意事项,使用非谓语动词的注意事项：,1)动词不定式可以和疑问代词或副词when，what, where, why, who, whom, which, how一起构成不定式短语，但不说why to do (Why not do?，它表达一种建议，和此部分所说的to do无关。)“疑问代词或副词+to do”的作用相当于一个名词性从句。 My teacher didnt tell me what to do next (=what I should do next) He said he knew how to do it (=how he should do it) This is the first time I have come to this dryI dont know which way to go (=which way I should go),使用非谓语动词的注意事项：,2)形式主语和形式宾语 形式主语：当作主语的不定式或动名词短语过长，谓语部分太短，常用it作形式主语，而把真正的主语放到后面，以保持句子的平衡。 It is easy to work out this problem It is my duty to help the people who are in trouble 形式宾语：当作宾语的不定式或动名词短语过长，宾补部分太短，常用it作形式宾语，而把真正的宾语放到宾补后面，亦为保持句子的平衡。 I found it easy to answer this question We think it no good giving little children too much money,3)不定式符号的省略,(1)两个不定式并列时，后一个常省去to。 I told her to stay and wait for me to come back 但表示对比关系时，要带to。 He hasnt decided to stay at school or to go home. (2)在下列句型中不定式符号to常省去。 *Why not do? * would rather dothan do *Youd better do. *do nothing but do/have nothing to do but do (3)简短回答中的不定式符号to后的动词常省去，有时to亦省去。 -Would you like to have dinner with us ? -Id love to .,被省略的不定式是作助动词用的have或be时，要保留这些助动词。 He is not what he used to be -Did he tell you to attend the meeting ? -No，I ought to have (4)有些动词后面作宾语补足语的不定式不带to。这些动词是：see, watch, notice，look at，hear, listen to, feel，make，have, let等感官动词和使役动词。 这些动词如果用于被动语态，后面的不定式要带to。 His father made him write twenty more sentences He was made to write twenty more sentences by his father help后面作宾语补足语的不定式可以带to。也可以不带to。 I often help( t