世纪商务英语阅读第四版基础篇U2.ppt

CENTURY BUSINESS ENGLISH,,大连理工大学出版社,阅读教程（基础篇2）（第四版）,世纪商务英语,主编：王洗薇,Unit 8 Business Conference,,大连理工大学出版社,Whatever your position in your organization, you will undoubtedly participate in and even lead meetings in your organization. The most productive meetings stated in Text A start on time, end on time, and accomplish their agenda. At a meeting, you may have to deal with different characters analyzed in Text B to achieve high efficiency. To conduct effective meetings ultimately, Practical Reading gives hints on presiding over or participating in a meeting. Besides, you are going to learn a new reading technique on how to recognize the writers attitude which will influence the ways of ideas or information being presented in texts.,Reading Skill Focus,Words and Expressions,Practical Reading,Comprehensive Reading,Recognizing the Writers Attitude Writers are not necessarily neutral or objective when they write, particularly if they are trying to persuade readers to agree with their opinions. It is very important to watch for the attitude of the writer toward the subject discussed in writing. This is because such attitudes can influence the ways of the ideas or information being presented in the text. The writers attitudefeelings or beliefs about the subjectis part of the total meaning, even though it is stated in just a few words or not stated at all. If it is not stated, the reader must“read between the lines”to dig it out.,Reading Skill Focus,The writer may reveal his approval or disapproval of something by carefully selecting and arranging words to create desired effects. Attitudes are reflected in tone. If a persons attitude is one of bitterness, his tone will be bitter or sarcastic ( 讥讽的, 讽刺的). If he understands a situation, his attitude will reflect understanding, pity, or sympathy.,Different Types of Attitude,Sample 1 I had supposed that no one would ever produce a book on this subject with which I would find myself in complete agreement; but Professor Smith has now done the impossible. 在阅读过程中，注意识别作者对文中讨论的问题所持的态度，如赞同、反对、理解和 同情等，对于正确理解文章至关重要。从本段的字里行间，如“find myself in complete agreement”和“done the impossible”可见作者所持的态度是赞同的。,AGuided Practice,Sample 2 There is little in Professor Smiths latest book that is new, and there is much that recent scientific studies have shown to be untrue. 根据句中“There is little. that is new”和“to be untrue”可得知，作者所持的态度是 不赞同的。,The entire state of Louisiana is within a damp, subtropical zone. The average annual temperature of the state is 67 degrees Fahrenheit, and monthly mean temperatures vary from 52 degrees in January and December to 82 degrees in July and August. The length of the growing season is usually between 220 and 250 days in the northern half of the state, and between 250 and 275 days in the southern half.,Sample 3 Christmas is supposed to be a time to express our love and good will. For others, it is supposed to be a time when we perform acts of kindness for people less unfortunate than ourselves. But, do we think of other people when we sit down to our Christmas dinner? Of course not. Were too busy eating those delicious foods associated with Christmas. We are too busy wondering whether the presents we gave were better than the ones we received. We forget to think of the sick and the homeless. The whole idea of Christmas now is completely unchristian. 这段文字中，带有主观意义的词语，如“is supposed to be”，“but”，“of course not”， “too busy eating”，“completely unchristian”等，透出了作者对现在人们过圣诞节的方式持 反对态度。,B. Challenge Yourself Read the following paragraphs and see if you can recognize the writers attitude toward his topic, and then finish the exercises that follow. I was once shocked to read on the bottom of a sensitive piece of writing about a personal experience:“This work is terrible! There are far too many spelling errors and your writing is illegible.”It may have been a sharp criticism of the pupils technical abilities in writing, but it was also a sad reflection on the teacher who had neglected to read the essay, which contained some beautiful expressions of the childs deep feelings.,The teacher was not wrong to draw attention to the errors, but if his priorities had centered on the childs ideas, an expression of his disappointment with the presentation would have given the pupil more motivation to seek improvement. The authors attitude toward what the teacher did is_. approving B. positive C. critical D. indifferent,答案,C,Challenge 2 Figures can be deceiving. For example, Times magazine recently reported that the average Yale graduate of the class of 1944 was making $35,111 a year. Well, good for them! But what exactly does that figure mean? Is it proof that if you send your child to Yale you wont have to work in your old age and neither will he? What kind of sample is it based on? You could put one Texas oilman with two hundred hungry writers and report their average income as $35,111 a year. The figure is exact, but it has no meaning. In ways similar to this, the facts and figures pour forth every day. They are used to point out the truth, when in fact they inflate, confuse, and over-simplify the truth. The result is“number nonsense”.,The authors comment,“Well, good for them!”as a response to the average yearly salary of a Yale graduate is meant to show_. humor B. disagreement C. praise D. indifference,答案,B,2. In this selection the author uses tone to_. be scientifically objective B. create sympathy for writers C. condemn Yale graduates D. reject the theory of averages,答案,D,3. The tone in this passage can best be described as_. scientific B. sentimental C. Concerned D. impersonal,答案,C,Nursing at Beth Israel Hospital produces the best patient care possible. If we are to solve the nursing shortage, hospital administration and doctors everywhere would do well to follow Beth Israels example. At Beth Israel hospital each patient is assigned to a primary nurse who visits at length with the patient and constructs a full-scale health account that covers everything from his medical history to his emotional state. Then she writes a care plan centered on the patients illness but which also includes everything else that is necessary.,The authors attitude towards the nursing system at Beth Israel Hospital is_. Negative B. neutral C. critical D. positive,答案,D,Getting the Most of Meetings 1 One aspect of business life which many managers are unhappy with is the need to attend meetings. Research indicates that managers will spend between a third or half of their working lives in meetings.,译文,让会议发挥最大作用 1 很多经理对商务活动不满的一点就是开会。调查结果发现经理三分之一或一半的工作时间都耗费在开会上。,Comprehensive Reading,Although most managers would agree that it is hard to think of an alternative to meetings, as a means of considering information and making collective decisions, their length and frequency can cause problems with the workload of even the best-organized executives.,译文,尽管大多数经理都认为很难找到别的方式来取代开会这一交流信息和做出集体决策的方法，但是长时间频繁的会议给最井井有条的高级经理也造成工作负担。,Comprehensive Reading,Meetings work best if they take place only when necessary and not as a matter of routine. One example of this is the discussion of personnel or career matters between members of staff and their line and personnel managers. Another is during the early stages of a project when the team managing it needs to learn to understand and trust one another.,译文,会议只有在必要时，而不是作为例行公事，才能起到最佳的作用。员工与其一线经理和人事部经理之间讨论人事或职业问题的会议就是个例子。再比如项目初期，负责项目管理的团队成员之间需要相互了解和信任的时候要召开会议。,Comprehensive Reading,3 Once it has been decided that a meeting is necessary，decisions need to be taken about who will attend and about the location and length of the meeting. People should only be invited to attend if they are directly involved in the matters under discussion and the agenda should be distributed well in advance.,译文,一旦决定有必要开会，就要决定与会者、会议地点和时长。只有与议题直接相关的人才应被邀请，会议议程也应提前发放。,Comprehensive Reading,An agenda is vital because it acts as a road map to keep discussion focused and within the time limit allocated. This is also the responsibility of the person chairing the meeting, who should encourage those who say little to speak and stop those who have a great deal to say from talking too much.,译文,会议议程至关重要，因为它就像一张路线图，使讨论的内容得到关注并在限定的时间内完成议程。这也是会议主持人的责任，他要鼓励那些较沉默的人多发言，阻止那些滔滔不绝的人讲得过多。,Comprehensive Reading,At the end of a well-organized meeting, people will feel that the meeting has been a success and be pleased they were invited. They will know not only what decisions were made but also the reasons for these decisions.,译文,一场组织有序的会议结束时，与会者应感到会议很成功，并因为自己被邀请而感到很高兴。他们不仅要知道在会上做出了哪些决策，而且知道做出这些决策的理由。,Comprehensive Reading,Unfortunately, at the end of a badly-organized meeting those present will leave, feeling that they have wasted their time and that nothing worthwhile has been achieved.,译文,令人遗憾的是，一场组织得很差的会议结束时，与会者离开时会觉得开会浪费了时间，没得到任何有意义的结果。,Comprehensive Reading,Much thought has been given over the years to ways of keeping meetings short. One man who has no intention of spending half his working life in meetings is Roland Winterson, chief executive of a large manufacturing company. He believes that meetings should be short, sharp and infrequent.,译文,几年来人们一直在思考缩短开会时间的方法。作为一家大型制造公司总经理的罗兰德温特森不想把一半工作时间花在开会上。他认为会议应该简短、明确、不要过于频繁。,Comprehensive Reading,infrequent.“I try to hold no more than two or three meetings a week, attended by a maximum of three people for no longer than half an hour.” he says.“They are clearly aimed at achieving a specific objective, such as making a decision or planning a strategy, and are based on careful preparation.,译文,他说：“我一周召开的会议尽可能不超过两三次，与会者最多三个人，开会时间不超过半小时。会议有明确特定的目标，比如做出决策或制定策略。会议都经过精心准备。,Comprehensive Reading,I draw up the agenda for every meeting and circulate it in advance; those attending are expected to study it carefully and should be prepared to both ask and answer questions. Managers are best employed carrying out tasks directly connected with their jobs not attending endless meetings.,译文,每次会议我都会起草会议日程并提前下发，与会者要认真研究，并准备提出和回答问题。经理们最大的职责是完成与他们工作有关的任务，而不是参加无休止的会议。,Comprehensive Reading,In business, time is money and spending it in needless meetings that dont achieve anything can be very costly. Executives should follow the example of lawyers and put a cost on each hour of their time and then decide whether attending a long meeting really is the best way to spend their time.”,译文,商务活动中，时间就是金钱，把时间花在不会取得任何成果的没有必要开的会议上，其代价是巨大的。管理者应像律师那样计算每一小时的成本，然后决定参加一次冗长的会议是否的确是利用时间的最好的方式。”,Comprehensive Reading,1. Once it has been decided that a meeting is necessary, decisions need to be taken about who will attend and about the location and length of the meeting. Once 引导时间状语从句，that a meeting is necessary 是真正主语，it 是形式主语；主句中 decisions need to be taken 是主干，about who will attend and about the location and length of the meeting 短语做定语，修饰decisions.,Language Points,2. People should only be invited to attend if they are directly involved in the matters under discussion and the agenda should be distributed well in advance. 这是一个并列复合句式结构，第一分句中有一个条件状语从句，由if引导；第二分句是the agenda should be distributed well in advance. involve v. connect closely or engage as an participant 包含，使陷入，牵涉 e.g. Giving advice at the right time has to involve a great deal of intelligence. 在适当的时间提建议需要人的睿智。 e.g. Painting the room involved moving out the piano. 粉刷房间就要把钢琴搬出去。 e.g. How should we involve ourselves in school life? 我们应该怎样投入学校生活？,Language Points,3. This is also the responsibility of the person chairing the meeting, who should encourage those who say little to speak and stop those who have a great deal to say from talking too much. chairing the meeting 分词短语做定语修饰the person, 第一个who引导非限制性定语从句，同样修饰 the person, who say little 和 who have a great deal to say 都是定语从句修饰各自前面的those。 。,Language Points,4“I try to hold no more than two or three meetings a week, attended by a maximum of three people for no longer than half an hour,” he says. maximum the largest possible quantity n. 极点，最大量 a. 最高的，最大极限的 e.g. This hall holds a maximum of seventy people. 这厅最多容纳七十人。 e.g. The demonstration was carefully orchestrated to attract maximum publicity. 该示威经过精心策画以尽量吸引公众注意。 e.g. The dress is carefully styled for maximum comfort. 这服装精心设计，力求达到最大限度的舒适。 e.g. The maximum amount of credit extended to a customer. 最大透支额允许客人赊账的最大量。,Language Points,5I draw up the agenda for every meeting and circulate it in advance agenda n. a list of matters to be taken up (as at a meeting) 议事日程 e.g. This agenda will form the basis of our next meeting. 本议程将成为下次会议的中心议题。 e.g. Lets go on to the next item on the agenda. 我们讨论议程表上的下一项吧。 e.g. Lets thrash the matter over before putting it on the agenda. 我们先把这件事仔细研究一下，再把它列入议事日程。,Language Points,6. Executives should follow the example of lawyers and put a cost on each hour of their time and then decide whether attending a long meeting really is the best way to spend their time. Whether attending a long meeting really is the best way to spend their time 做decide 的宾语从句。 example n. 楷模，模范 follow ones example 学某人的样子，类似短语 follow ones suit put v. 把加在身上 e.g. Never put your trust to a stranger. 绝不要相信陌生人。,Language Points,Choose the best answer for each of the following statements according to Text A. Task 1 What do most managers think about meetings? A. Meetings take up most of their working lives. B. Meetings allow them to monitor decision-making. C. Meetings prevent them from establishing a routine. D. Meetings are the only way they know of achieving certain objectives.,答案,D,2. According to the writer, an example of a valuable meeting is one which _. A. allows colleagues to achieve a better working relationship B. requires managers to discuss staffing needs with personnel C. selects a suitable group of people to work together as a team D. encourages staff to present ideas on improvements in management,答案,A,3. According to the writer, the agenda is important because it _. A. is seen by everybody before the meeting B. helps to give direction to the discussions C. contains items of interest to all those present D. shows who should speak at each stage of the meeting,答案,B,4. The writer says that people leaving a well organized meeting will understand _. A. the reason for their invitation to the meeting B. how the decisions taken were relevant to them C. the importance of proposals under discussion D. why certain courses of action were agreed upon,答案,D,5. What is Roland Wintersons opinion about meetings? A. They can be a bad use of a managers time. B. Their importance is often underestimated. C. They frequently result in wrong decisions. D. Their effectiveness could be improved with better planning.,答案,D,Match the words on the left with the explanations on the right.,Task 2 1.F 2.D 3.B 4.A 5.G 6.C. 7.H 8.E,Task 3 Translate the following sentences into Chinese. 1. Although most managers would agree that it is hard to think of an alternative to meetings, as a means of considering information and making collective decisions, their length and frequency can cause problems with the workload of even the best-organized executives.,答案,尽管大多数经理都认为很难找到别的方式来取代开会这一交流信息和做出集体决策的方法，但是长时间频繁的会议给最井井有条的高级经理也造成工作负担。,2. Once it has been decided that a meeting is necessary, decisions need to be taken about who will attend and about the location and length of the meeting.,答案,一旦决定开会是必要的，就要决定与会者、会议地点和时长。,3. Executives should follow the example of lawyers and put a cost on each hour of their time and then decide whether attending a long meeting really is the best way to spend their time.,答案,管理者应像律师那样计算每一小时的成本，然后决定参加一次冗长的会议是否的确是利用时间的最好的方式。”,Task 4 Word Formation LearningRoot (13) The following roots can be found in Text A.,Now, read Text A carefully, locate the words in the text that contain one of the above-mentioned roots, and tell the meaning of each word. 1. alter _(Para. 1, Line 4) 2. volv _(Para. 3, Line 4),alternative,involved,3. loc _(Para. 3, Line 6) 4. circ _(Para. 5, Line 9),allocated,circulate,Besides, complete the sentences with the words you have just found out from Text A and change the form when necessary. 5. Please open a window to allow the air to _. 6. A system used to _a scarce commodity, such as food, only to those capable of deriving the greatest benefit from it.,circulate,allocate,7. Painting the room _ moving out the piano. 8. Caught in the act, he had no _ but to confess.,involved,alternative,Comprehensive Reading,Ten Characters Youll Meet at a Business Meeting Everyone participates in meetings or is the host of a meeting.Many are productive and others are a complete waste of time. There are ten characters youll meet in business meetings.,Text B,译文,参加商务会议的十种人 1 每个人都参加会议，或是与会者，或是会议主持人。很多会议是有成果的，但是也有一些完全是浪费时间。在商务会议中，你会遇到以下十种人。,Monopolizer 2 The Monopolizer thinks he or she is the only one with wisdom on various subjects at the business meeting. The Monopolizer believes everyone else is there to hear him or her speak. They dont appreciate business meetings that offer an opportunity to hear from many.,译文,独断专行的人 2 独断专行的人认为，在商务会议上，他/她是唯一对各种事情都很有见解的人。他认为其他与会人员都是来听他/她的发言的。这样的人不把商务会议当作是听取多方意见的好机会。,Tangent Talker 3 The Tangent Talker hijacks the topic of the group by taking discussions off on tangent topics unrelated to the issue at hand. One minute youre on topic and the next minute youre in“left field”as your agenda topic has been taken on a tangent.,译文,扯开话题的人 3 喜欢扯开话题的人随意将与会人员商讨的话题扯到毫无相干的地方去。这一刻你也许还在讨论某个话题，下一刻话题就被扯到与议程不相干的地方去了。,Devils Advocate 4 This person seems to relish taking the opposite tack. Whatever the argument being put forth, this person delights in taking an opposite view.,译文,唱反调的人 4 唱反调的人似乎最喜欢跟别人对着干。不管讨论什么话题，这样的人总喜欢唱反调,Cynic 5 The ultimate naysayer, the Cynic has a Masters degree in negativity. Adroit at using the phrases,“it w