刘津瑜行会与馈赠讲座.ppt

刘津瑜 美国德堡大学古典系 北京大学西方古典学中心 2012年3月28日,社团与馈赠： 罗马帝国城市生活新探,InscrAqu-01, 00676 (Aquileia) D(is) M(anibus) sacr(atum) / collegium sacr(um) Mart(is) / C(aius) Licinius Onesimus / Licinia Clymene / C(aius) Titius C(ai) f(ilius) Peregrinus / Barbia L(uci) l(iberta) Amanda / Goppia Sex(ti) f(ilia) Tertia / C(aius) Caesonius Aprilis / Fortunatus / P(ublius) Mutilius Aprio / C(aius) Marcinius Eupras / C(aius) Helvius Synecdemus / L(ucius) Allius Omuncio / C(aius) Baebius Clario / M(arcus) Calidius Marcellus / Fortunatus / A(ulus) Barbius Zmaragdus medic(us) / quisquis collega debitor fuerit / loculo si decesserit sive vivos / recesserit in honc(!) locum non / inferetur.,Funerary dimension: This inscription comes from the sacred association of Mars. It includes a member list, and a stipulation that whoever member is in arrear will not be able to be buried in the (communal) burial plot.,主要史料： 碑铭,Ancient collegia罗马时代的社团、行会 vs Medieval guilds中世纪的行会,Are they comparable?类似吗？ 不类似： Self-sufficiency theory （esp. M. I. Finley) The scale of Roman economy? 类似 Multiple functions of these organizations (Van Nijf, etc.) Social Capital theory and New Institutional Economics explanation (esp. A. Monson, C. Hawkins, P. Bang),Legislations suppressing/regulating collegia:,The Twelve Tables (Dig. 47.22.4, Gaius): Sodales sunt, qui eiusdem collegii sunt, quam Graeci hetairian vocant. His autem potestatem facit lex, pactionem, quam uelint, sibi ferre, dum ne quid ex publica lege currumpant. (collegia had the right to make internal agreements (leges, pactiones) as they wished, provided that they did not violate public law.) 64 BC: a senatus consultum abolished “those collegia that seemed to have been established in conflict with the public interest” (collegia sublata sunt quae adversus rem publicam videbantur esse constituta). (Asconius. Pis. 8) 55 BC: Lex Licinia de sodaliciis “Frequenter tum etiam coetus factiosorum hominum sine publica auctoritate malo publico fiebant: propter quod postea collegia et s(enatus) c(onsultis) et pluribus legibus sunt sublata praeter pauca et certa quae utilitas ciuitatis desiderasset, sicut fabrorum fictorumque.” (Asconius) Caesar: cuncta collegia, praeter antiquitus, constituta, distraxit (Suetonius, Iul. 42.) Augustuss reign: plurimae factiones titulo collegi noui ad nullius non facinoris societatem coibant. Igitur collegia praeter antiqua et legitima dissoluit. (Suet. Aug. 32.1) Flavian Dynasty: Rubric. Concerning assembly, society, and college. No one is to take part in an assembly (coetus) in that municipium or to form a society (sodalicium) or college (collegium) for that purpose or to conspire that it be held or to act in such a way that any of these things occur. Anyone who acts against these rules is to be condemned to pay 10,000 sesterces to the citizens of the Municipium Flauium Irnitanum. And the right of action, suit, and claim of that money and concerning that money is to belong to any citizen of that municipium (lex Irnitana, Chapter 74),Marcian: Dig. 47. 22. 1.1: si qua fuerint illicita, mandatis et constitutionibus et senatus consultis dissolvuntur: sed permittitur eis, cum dissolvuntur, pecunias communes si quas habent dividere pecuniamque inter se partiri. Dig. 47.22.3: Sed religionis causa coire non prohibentur, dum tamen per hoc non fiat contra senatus consultum, quo illicita collegia arcentur. Dig. 47.22.1.2 (Marcian): non licet autem amplius quam unum collegium legitmum habere, ut est constitutum et a divis fratribus,Formal structural features of a collegium:,the by-laws (lex collegii)会规 Magistrates管理人员 membership requirements入会标准 common treasury (pecuniae communes; arka) 共同财产和活动经费 patron or patrons 正式的庇护人,一次性捐赠的形式 CIL 11, 06358 = ILS 06654 (Pisaurum) The local collegium fabrum made a dedication to Lucius Apuleius Brasida, who was an Augustalis with decurial decorations ornament(a) / decurional(ia) honor(ato), as well as patron and magistrate of the collegium, for his generosity. On the occasion of the dedication, he gave 50 sersterces to each collegium member.,一次性捐赠的形式 CIL III.11042=RIU II.503 (Brigetio, Pannonia superior; 220 AD) Meeting place (schola) of the collegium purchased by the money given by Q. Ulpius Felix, prefect (?) of the collegium centonariorum, while he was alive,The sheer numbers of scholae make them an important factor in the urban landscape,捐赠的规模,Purposes of endowments 捐赠的用途,会规案例 The by-laws of the association of Asclapius and Hygiea (CIL VI 10234=ILS 7213, Rome),(Its a very long text. I give the summary here.) In 153 AD, Salvia C.f. Marcellina donated a shrine/tomb with upper storey, a marble statue of Asclapius, and the adjacent covered terrace, where the members of the association may feast, in memory of her husband and his boss, an imperial procurator. In addition, she also set up a foundation of 50,000 sesterces, to which her brother-in-law, P. Aelius Zenon, an imperial freedman, further added 10,000 sesterces. The entire by-laws of the association were about how the 60,000 sesterces should be properly used. 两人捐款6万塞斯特斯 Marcellina单独捐了一个带二楼的墓室、医神像、相邻的带屋顶的阳台,The by-laws stipulated that the size of the association should not exceed 60 members. From the yield of the 60,000 sesterces, these 60 people may meet and collect distributions on the seven stipulated occasions in designated places and according to fixed rules of shares/distribution for each occasion. The two donors, Salvia Marcellina and P. Aelius Zenon were called mother and father of the association respectively in the by-laws. 会规规定成员不得超过60名。 7次活动：定点、定日期、并按等级定量发放酒和食物 两位捐主被称为社团称为“母”与“父”,CIL XIV,2112 = ILS 7212 = FIRA III,35 (136 AD). Lavinium， Italy,CIL XIV,2112 = ILS 7212 = FIRA III,35 (136 AD).,The by-laws of the association of the worshippers of Diana and Antinous of Lanuvium -捐主认捐15000塞斯特斯 -每年6次正式宴会，分别庆祝Antinous的生日 （11月27日）、月神和社团的生日（8月13日），捐主Lucius Cesennius Rufus、其父、其母、其兄弟的生日。,The “era” 纪年of the joint collegium/collegia fabrum et centonariorum of Mediolanum:,curators of year forty (curatores anni XXXX; CIL V 5578) curator of the treasury (arc(ae) of the associationof year seventy (LXX) (CIL V 5738) curators of the treasury called Titiana (ark(ae) Tit(ianae)提提阿那基金) of the association of Milan of year one hundred and thirty seven (CXXXVII) (CIL V 5612) curator of the ark(ae) Titiannae of year one hundred and fifty (CIL V 5869).,Sassina. CIL XI.6520; ILS 6647. Marble cippi. Terminus post quem, 112 AD.,On the face: D(is) M(anibus) | Cetraniae| P(ubli) f(iliae) Severinae, | sacerdoti | divae Marcian(ae), | T(itus) Baebius Gemelli|nus August(alis) | conjugi sanctiss(imae). On the left side: Caput ex testamento | Cetraniae Severinae. | Collegis dendropho|rorum, fabrum, cento|nariorum munic(ipii) Sassi(natis) | (sestertium) sena milia n(ummum) dari | volo; fideiq(ue) vestrae col|legiali (sic!) committo, uti | ex reditu (sestertium) quatern(orum) m(ilium) | n(ummum) omnibus annis prid(ie) | idus Iun(ias) die natalis | mei oleum singulis | vobis dividatur et | ex reditu (sestertium) binum | milium n(ummum) Manes | meos colatis. Hoc ut ita faciatis fidei | vestrae committo 6千塞斯特斯捐给三个团体，每年其中4000塞斯特斯的利息用于分发橄榄油给每个会员，以纪念捐主的生日；另外2000塞斯特斯的收益用于 “安抚”她的亡灵。,CIL V.2176 (Altinum, Regio X; second century AD).,L(ucius) Ogius| Patroclus, secutus | pietatem | col(legio) cent(onariorum) | hortos cum aedificio huic| sepult(urae) iunctos | vivos donavit, ut | ex reditu eor(um) lar|gius rosae et esc(a)e | patrono suo et | quandoque sibi| ponerentur. In accordance with piety, Lucius Ogius Patroclus, while alive, gave the collegium centonariorum gardens (hortos)花园, with a building, adjoining his tomb, so that from their yield a greater abundance of roses and food/edibles (rosae et esc(a)e) may be offered to his patron and to himself at any t