《四级作文分析》PPT课件.ppt

四级写作,主要内容,1. 大学英语四级考试写作要求 2. 四级考试的总体改动（计分体制的变动，考试内容的变动） 3. 四级写作评分原则及标准 4. 四级作文命题规律 历年四级作文题目 命题形式 命题规律 四级作文可能会出现的题目,.,5四级作文中的常见错误 词层面 句子层面 语篇层面 语法方面 标点用法 拼写错误 6怎样写好四级作文 如何开头 如何结尾 行文中间 7四级作文范例 8如何提高写作能力,1. 大学英语四级考试写作要求,目前指导大学英语教学的大学英语教学要求中规定，一般要求（一般要求是高等院校非英语专业本科毕业生应达到的基本要求，也就是四级要达到的水平）的英语书面表达能力为：能用常见的应用文体完成一般的写作任务，能描述个人经历、事件、观感、情感等，能就一般性话题或提纲在半小时内写出120词的短文，内容基本完整、用词恰当，语篇连贯。能在一般或应用写作中使用恰当的写作技能。,2. 四级考试的总体改动,3. 四级写作评分原则及标准,3.1. 评分原则： CET作文题采用总体评分方法。阅卷人员就总的印象给出奖励分,而不是按语言点的错误数目扣分。 从内容和语言两个方面对作文进行综合评判。内容和语言是一个统一体，作文应表达题目所规定的内容，而内容要通过语言来表达。要考虑作文是否切题，是否充分表达思想，也要考虑是否用英语清楚而确切地表达思想，也就是要考虑语言上的错误是否造成理解上的障碍。 避免趋中倾向。该给高分的给高分，包括满分；该给低分的给低分，包括0分，一名阅卷人员在所阅的全部作文卷中不应只给中间的几种分数。,3.2. 评分标准,本题满分为15分. 共分五等：2-4分、5-7分、8-10分、11-13分及14-15分。 2-4分 条理不清，思路紊乱，语言支离破碎或在部分句子均有错误，且多数严重错误。 5-7分基本切题。表达思想不清楚，连贯性差。有较多的严重语言错误。 8-10分基本切题。有些地方表达思想不够清楚，文字勉强连贯；语言错误相当多，其中有一些是严重错误。 11-13分 切题。表达思想清楚，文字连贯，但有少量语言错误。 14-15分 切题。表达思想清楚，文字通顺，连贯性好。基本上无语言错误，仅有个别小错误。 注：白卷，作文与题目毫不相关，或只有几个孤立的词而无法表达思想，则给0分。 注：1.如题目中给出主题句，起始句，结束句，均不得计入所写字数 2.只写一段者：04分；只写两段者：09分（指规定三段的作文）,4. 四级作文命题规律,4.1. 历年四级作文题目,1995.1 Can Money Buy Happiness? 1995.6 Advantages of a Job Interview 1996.1 The TwoDay Weekend 1996.6 Global Shortage of Fresh Water 1997.1 Practice Makes Perfect 1997.6 Getting to Know the World Outside Campus 1998.1 Harmfulness of Fake Commodities 1998.6 Do “Lucky Numbers” Really Bring Good Luck?,.,1999.1 Dont Hesitate to Say “No” 1999.6 Reading Selectively or Extensively? 2000.1 How I Finance My College Education 2000.6 Is a Test of Spoken English Necessary? 2001.1 How to Succeed in a Job Interview 2001.6 A Letter to a Schoolmate 2002.1 A Letter to the University President about the Canteen Service on Campus 2002.6 Students Use of Computers 2003.1 It Pays to Be Honest 2003.6 An Eye-Witness Account of a Traffic Accident,.,2003.9 The Day My Classmate Fell Ill (or Got Injured) 2003.12 A Letter in Reply to a Friend 2004.6 An Introduction for Tourists 2005.1 A campaign speech 2005. 6 In honor of Teachers On the Occasion of Teachers Day 2005. 12 Should the University Campus Be Open to Tourists? 2006.6 An Announcement for a Voluntary Program,4.2. 命题形式,4.2.1. 提纲作文 提纲作文实质上是议论文，其下可分为四种类型： 现象阐释型 : 2003年1月四级作文考题 Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic It Pays to Be Honest. You should write at least 120 words according to the outline given below in Chinese. 1. 当前社会上存在许多不诚实的现象； 2. 诚实利人利已，做人应该诚实。,.,问题对策型：分析问题，找出成因，提出解决办法，题目实例如下： 1997年6月四级英语作文真题 Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic Getting to Know the World Outside the Campus. You should write at least 100 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below: 1. 大学生了解社会的必要性； 2. 了解社会的途径（大众媒介、社会服务等）； 3. 我打算怎么做。,.,观点对比型：辨析两种对立观点，题目实例如下： 1995年1月四级作文真题 Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Can Money Buy Happiness? You should write no less than 100 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below: 1.有人认为金钱是幸福之本（source of happiness） 2.也有人认为金钱是万恶之源（root of all evil） 3.我的看法,.,论说反驳型：支持或驳斥一种观点，题目实例如下： 1998年6月四级作文真题 Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic Do “Lucky Numbers” Really Bring Good Luck? You should write at least 100 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below: 1. 有些人认为某些数字会带来好运； 2. 我认为数字和运气无关，,4.2.2. 图表作文,近十年来图表作文只考过一次柱状图 4.2.3. 情景作文的实质是记叙文，主要考过这几种类型： A. 书信 （1）告知信/ 建议信:2004年1月 四级作文真题 Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a letter in reply to a friends inquiry about applying for admission to your college or university. You should write at least 120 words according to the outline given below in Chinese: 1. 建议报考的专业及理由； 2. 报考该专业的基本条件； 3. 应当如何备考。,.,（2）综合信 2002年1月四级作文真题 Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic: A Letter to the University President about the Canteen Service on Campus You should write at least 120 words, and base your composition on the outline given in Chinese below: 假设你是李明，请你就本校食堂的状况给校长写一封信，内容应涉及食堂的饭菜质量、价格、环境、服务等，可以是表扬，可以是批评建议，也可以兼而有之。,.,B. 演讲致辞 2005年1月四级作文真题 Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a campaign speech in support of your election to the post of chairman of the student union. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below in Chinese. A Campaign Speech 1. 你认为自己具备是什么条件(能力，性格，爱好)可以胜任学生会主席工作， 2. 如果当选你将会为本校同学做什么？,.,议论文（共14题） 现象阐释型： 1995年6月，1996年1月， 1997年1月， 1998年1月，1999年1月, 2003年1月 问题对策型： 1996年6月，1997年6月，2000年1月，2001年1月， 观点对比型：1995年1月，1999年6月，2000年6月 论证反驳型：1998年6月 图表作文（共1题） 柱状图：2002年6月 记叙文（共7题） 告知信/建议信：2001年6月，2004年1月 综合信：2002年1月 综合叙事：2003年6月，2003年9月 演讲致辞：2004年6月，2005年1月，2005年6月,4.3. 命题规律,1）新：对传统的三段论式作文提出挑战，新的题型层出不穷。特别是2003年以来，先后考过交通事故目击证词、导游词等首次出现的题目，所以仅仅依靠背诵套句变得越来越行不通。需要同学们重视提高自己的真正写作水平，以不变应万变。 2）综合能力考核：纯粹的记叙、说明或议论文的考核被同时考核三种能力的综合性题目所代替，如2003年9月份的考题，就要求考生在第一段叙述你的classmate生病或受伤的过程，第二段要求说明一下各方面对他的关心，第三段要求你对这个事件展开讨论。这要求我们要全面发展自己的写作能力，不可偏废。 3）实用：实用文体的写作出现得越来越多，书信作文屡次出现，2004年6月还考了一篇导游词。这体现了四级作文对学生实际运用英语能力的关注，也是四级作文备考训练的重点之一。,4.4. 四级作文可能会出现的题目,1）考试的命题作文大都是议论文结构，一般来说题目内容应该是考生所熟悉的，能够有话可说的，如那些社会热点问题就是经常出的题目。 2）但不是所有的热点问题都会成为考试题目。考试题目还要和考试对象的文化背景，年龄特点相一致，所以有关大学生生活，学习，理想等的题目经常出现。 3）作文题目会考虑到考生的语言水平，也就是说学生要求掌握的词汇和结构能否足够表达所考的题目。,.,总的来说，根据学生要求掌握的词汇，根据学生的知识结构，年龄特点和文化背景，出题的范围可大致如下： 科学技术：计算机，克隆，电视，小汽车等对社会和生活的影响 社会问题：如住房，交通，就业，犯罪，婚姻，环境，能源和广告等 校园生活：如学习方式，考试，课余活动，体育锻炼，人际交往和兴趣爱好等 青少年问题：如父子代沟，抽烟吸毒，个人思想，职业选择，文化教育和成功失败等 文化教育：阅读，道德修养，出国留学，学生减负，教育与成长等,5. 四级作文中的常见错误,5.1. 词层面 5.1.1. 用词搭配不恰当 However, the speed of a car is much faster than that of a bicycle. However, the speed of a car is much higher than that of a bicycle. In the past the price of milk was so expensive that most families could not afford it. In the past the price of milk was so high that most families could not afford it. The opportunity to be promoted in a joint venture will be smaller if one cannot speak English. The opportunity to be promoted in a joint venture will be poorer if one cannot speak English.,.,In recent one and two years, people who take TOEFL have decreased. In recent one and two years, the number of people who take TOEFL test has decreased. In the past few years, grain has decreased by nearly 20%. In the past few years, the consumption of grain has decreased by nearly 20%. Nowadays, the traffic in big city is getting more and more crowded. Nowadays, the traffic in big city is getting heavier and heavier.,.,5.1.2. 修饰语不当 He neither speaks English nor Chinese. He speaks neither English nor Chinese. Without television, people cannot get information which comes from other parts of the world immediately. Without television, people cannot immediately get information which comes from other parts of the world.,.,At the age of six, my father began to give me English lessons. When I was six years old, my father began to give me English lessons. Having carried out economic reforms in our country, peoples living standard has greatly improved. Since economic reforms have been carried out in our country, peoples living standard has greatly improved. To improve ones writing skill, regular practice is essential. To improve ones writing skill, one must make a regular.,5.1.3. 把形容词和介词误作动词,This term well very busy. This term well be very busy. The cave like a room very much. The cave looked very much like a room. I very like this novel. I like this novel very much.,5.1.4. 少用连词,I started to play table-tennis in middle school, still play it now. I started to play table-tennis in middle school, and I still play it now. TV becomes an important part in out daily life. Because we cannot live without it. TV becomes an important part in out daily life, because we cannot live without it.,.,5.1.5. 指代不当 People have been fighting against the influences of TV commercials, but it often proves useless. People have been fighting against the influences of TV commercials, but this effort often proves useless. Television provides us with a vivid, colorful world, which enables us to enjoy life thoroughly. By providing us with a vivid, colorful world, television enables us to enjoy life thoroughly.,.,5.1.6. 一致方面的错误 Study hard now so that we can cope with the change and challenge of the twenty-first century. Study hard now so that you can cope with the change and challenge of the twenty-first century. One serious problem human beings are faced with are how to use our natural resources economically. One serious problem human beings are faced with is how to use our natural resources economically. Now fruit and vegetables can be seen everywhere when it is in season. Now fruit and vegetables can be seen everywhere when they are in season.,.,5.1.7. 词的误用 With the industrious development, there is a great need for different kinds of energy. With the industrial development, there is a great need for different kinds of energy. TV commercials have a profound influence on our every day life. TV commercials have a profound influence on our everyday life. First we should use our natural resources in an economic way. First we should use our natural resources in an economical way.,5.2. 句子层面 5.2.1. 中国式英语,Have money can do many things. 有钱可以做好多事情。 There are many people do morning exercise in the park. 有很多人在公园里面晨练。 His joke made me laugh to death. I was quite amused by the joke he just told. Chinese people are devoting themselves to the physical exercise. Why? Because they think it is very important to their health. More and more people are spending part of their free time on physical exercise because they realize the importance of regular physical exercise.,.,The price of the dictionary is too expensive. The price of the dictionary is too high. Smoking cigars will do harm to our body. Smoking cigars will do harm to our health. Reading books can acquire knowledge. Through reading one can acquire knowledge. Now people go abroad is not easy. It is not easy for people to go abroad now. Nowadays young people who seek to go abroad are becoming more and more. Nowadays more and more young people who seek to go abroad. The chief reasons for the change have five points. There are five main reasons for the change.,.,5.2.2. 句子结构不完整，不平衡 TV becomes an important part in our daily life. Because we cannot live without it. TV becomes an important part in our daily life because we cannot live without it. A park is a place where everyone can have a good time or just to be sitting around doing nothing. A park is a place where everyone can have a good time or just sit around doing nothing. 5.2.3. 悬垂修饰语 While reading the paper last night, an article on solar energy attracted my attention. While reading the paper, I became interested in an article on solar energy.,.,5.2.4. 主谓不一致 集合名词（army, audience, cabinet, class, company, committee, crew, crowd, family, government, group, party, population, public, staff, team等）作主语，如果指整体，则谓语动词用单数；如果指具体成员，则谓语动词用复数。表示时间、距离、价格等的复数名词或短语，如果强调整体，谓语动词用单数；如果强调具体数量，则谓语动词用复数。单数名词如果跟着along with, as well as, besides, but, combined with, except, in addition to, rather than等时，谓语动词用单数。但用eitheror, neithernor, not onlybut also, or等连接的名词作主语时，谓语动词需要与最近的那个主语保持一致。 Tom is one of the students who does not take applied mathematics. Tom is one of the students who do not take applied mathematics.,.,5.2.5. 赘言问题 In my opinion, I believe the free medical system us un need of reform. In my opinion, the free medical system us un need of reform. In general, young people in these days tend to remain single. Young people in these days tend to remain single. The reason why people choose to live in the country is because there is no pollution nor noise there. The reason why people choose to live in the country is that there is no pollution nor noise there. We must cooperate together to make our cities greener and cleaner. We must work together to make our cities greener and cleaner.,.,5.3 语篇层面 偏离主题 段落缺乏统一性 缺少连贯性 5.4. 语法方面 语态，比较级，非谓语形式，冠词用法，可数不可数名词，不定代词单复数，时态 5.5. 标点用法,5.6. 拼写错误,environment（环境，容易写成enviroment） government（政府，容易误拼成goverment） modern（现代的，容易拼成morden） respectable（受人尊敬的），respectful（尊敬别人的），respective（各自的） economic（有关经济的），economical（节俭的） delighted（感到高兴的），delightful（使人高兴的）,.,historic（有历史意义的），historical（关于历史的） considerate（关心别人的），considerable（相当大的，相当多的） sensible（合理的，可感知的），sensitive（敏感的） credible（可信的），credulous（容易轻信的） continual（持续的，中间有间隔），continuous（持续的，中间没有间隔） satisfied（满意的），satisfactory（令人满意的） farther（更远，表示距离），further（更进一步，表示程度） imaginary（虚构的，想象中的），imaginative（想象力丰富的），imaginable（可以想象的）,6怎样写好四级作文,6.1. 如何开头,(1) 主题句法 The appeal of advertising to buying motives can have both negative and positive effects. (2) 问题法 Do you know how many people die from traffic accidents every 23 minutes? Why does cream go bad faster than butter? (3) 对比法 When asked ., most of college students say that. But I think quite differently. I would prefer a career that will help realize my potentials.,.,(4) 数据法 According to a recent survey, about 78.9% of the college students wanted to further their study after their graduation. (5) 故事法 Six oclock yesterday (June 20th, Friday) afternoon when I was walking along the riverbank of our school, an unbelievable scene caught my eyes. (6) 引语法 As the proverb goes, “You are only young once.”(适用于记住的名言),.,There is an increasing awareness/popularity among people that,如何结尾,1重复中心思想 回到文章开头阐明的中心思想或主题句上，达到再次肯定和强调的效果。 With all these benefits, it is no wonder that sports and games have now become more popular with people than ever. 2作出结论 文章最后用几句话概括全文内容，并进一步肯定文章的中心思想或作者的观点。 In conclusion/to sum up, in conclusion, in brief, a good teacher-student relationship can be mutual beneficial. The students gain knowledge eagerly and enjoyably, and the teacher gains satisfaction from his job.,.,3应用引语 用格言、谚语或习语总结全文!，既言简意赅又有更强的说服力。 If you have anything to do, try to do it yourself, for that is the safest way to permanent success. Remember the famous saying. “God helps those who help themselves.“ 4用反问结尾 虽然形式是问句，但意义却是肯定的，具有明显的强调作用，引起读者思考。 Therefore, listening skills must be consciously improved. Since it is such an important means of learning and communication, why shouldnt we develop this ability as far as possible?,.,5提出展望或期望 表示对将来的展望或期待读者投入行动。 I am sure that Chinese will become one of the most important languages in the world in the next century. As China will open further to the outside world， the language is sure to be spread world widely.,.,From the discussion above, we may safely arrive at/come to/reach the conclusion that,6.3. 行文中间,6.3.1. 用词多样丰富 think vs. hold the view that/maintain that so vs. consequently because vs. resulting from, on account of the fact that and so on,.,6.3.2. 长短句交错使用 When it comes to, I hold the view that I am for/ against the view that There is no denying the fact that There is no doubt that No wonder The reason whyis that On no account can we Contrary to what is widely accepted, I maintain that,6.3.3. 通过遣词造句使英语更加地道,遣词 抽象名词的使用是现代英语的一大特点 Family life makes me feel happy. Family life is a source of happiness to me. Our parents always expect that we should make progress in school, and will ask why we fail to do so. Our parents always anticipate progress and question its absence. The mayor said he was very grateful because the construction workers were dedicated and competent. The mayor expressed his appreciation of the dedication and competence of the construction workers.,.,The news made us no longer anxious but joyful. The news turned our initial anxiety into joy. If we dont recognize the serious problem of growing population, we will make a big mistake. Failure to recognize the seriousness of growing population will lead to a big problem.,造句,汉语句子信息密度高，而英语句子冗余度高 汉语句子按照时间和因果顺序进行线性排列，重心落在最后，而英语句子却可以运用各种虚词着眼于空间的立体组合，把重心放在句首，不拘泥于时间发生的时间和因果次序，也不必担心其逻辑关系上的混乱 When I first visited Shanghai, I could not find any trees and flowers in the streets. I was really surprised. I was really surprised at the absence of any trees and flowers in the streets when I first visited Shanghai.,.,Some shows will have bad effect on children. But our parents fail to notice it, so they allow children to watch whatever program is on. Children are allowed to watch whatever program is on, with little thought on parents part of the bad effect that some shows will have on children. In summer vacation, I visited several places and met different kinds of people. I can tell you many wonderful stories about them. There are many wonderful stories to tell about places I visited and diff