《科院论文写作》PPT课件.ppt

本科毕业论文撰写规范及要求,论文选题及开题报告要求 毕业论文内容要求 英语毕业论文引文及参考文献目录格式要求,首先选择一个大致研究方向、确定初步题目,然后逐渐缩小范围,最后以问题或假设的形式拟出一个针对性强的题目。题目忌笼统，抓好切入点。,1.选题定义：,以下为过于笼统的题目,1) The Body Language in Nonverbal Communication 2) The Intercultural Communication 3) The Western Culture 4) The Culture of America 5) English - Chinese Translation Theories 6) English Teaching in Middle School 7) On Non-Intelligence Factors to Foreign Language Learning,2.选题原则：,题目应具有创新性、重要性和趣味性，也要注意可操作性，最后要考虑是否有足够的参考资料。 创新性包括新的结论、对已有结论的补充或完善（如，新论据）、对某种问题提出的新的或补充性的解决方案、亲自调查获得的新数据以及个案研究或分析获得的结果等。总之，论文必须有自己的观点。掌握前沿，在某一点上创新。 重要性是指选题力求实用或具有实际意义，能解决某个或某种现实问题；也可针对某一有争议的问题表达自己的立场，然后搜寻材料以支持自己的观点。同时论文要讲究科学性，避免钻牛角尖。 可操作性涉及时间的限制和论文长度要求的限制。,3. 选题范围,1) British and American literature 2) Translation Theories and/or Practice 3) English Language and Linguistics 4) Language and Culture 5) English Teaching Methodology (Approach to middle school teaching),1) British and American literature,a) Jane Austins Marriage Conception in Pride and Prejudice b) The Analysis of the Relationship between Love and Money in Pride and Prejudice c) Analysis of the Characterization of Elizabeth Bennet in Pride and Prejudice,d) On the Ending and Features of O. Henry Short Stories e) Love Tragedy Caused by Puritanism in Scarlet Letter f) Feminist Ideas in Scarlet Letter g) An Analysis of the Image of Scarlet in Gone with the Wind,h) A Brief Analysis of Hemingways Life Philosophy in The Old Man and the Sea i) On Ernest Hemingways Attitude of the Lost Generation by His Work The Sun Also Rises j) A Research about Bronte Sisters and the Female Consciousness Demonstrated in Their Novels,2) Translation Theories and/or Practice,a) The Research of the Culture Factors in Advertisement Translation b) The Translation of Metaphors from the View of Cognitive Linguistics c) The Language Characteristics and Translation Skills of Business Contract d) Puns and Their Translation in English Advertisement,e) The Use and Translation of Words in Business Correspondence f) On Chinese-English Translation in the Contrastive Study of English and Chinese Advertising Languages g) A Comparative Study of English and Chinese Idioms and Their Translation,h) The Influence of Cultural Differences between China and the West on Translation i) An Analysis of English Metaphor Translation j) Application of Literal and Free Translation in English-Chinese Translation k) On the Effect of Context in Translation l) Translation of Investment-Inviting Texts,3)English Language and Linguistics,a) Affective Factors Influencing Foreign Language Learning b) On Motivation in Second Language Acquisition c) Impact of Language Anxiety on English Learners of High School d) Analysis of Rhetoric Use in English Literary Works e) The Symbolic Meaning of Color Terms in Chinese and Western Cultures,f) A Study of Gender Difference in English Language g) The Influence of Body Language on the Effect of Speech身势语对演讲效果的影响 h) The Comparison of the Cultural Connotations about the English and Chinese Idioms英汉成语的文化内涵对比 i) Semantic Fuzziness of Numbers in English and Chinese Idioms and the Translation j) Error Analysis in English Advertising Translation,k) The Exploration into Chinese and English Verbal Humor from Cultural and Pragmatic Perspective l) A Study on the Cultural Differences in Chinese and English Euphemisms m) On the Development of Euphemism and its Social Value in Intercultural Communication,n) A Study on Linguistic Features of English Advertisement o) On the Application of Metaphor in Advertising English p) Principles of Politeness in English Teachers Talk q) On Positive Transfer of the Native Language in Foreign Language Teaching,r) On Fostering Autonomous Learning Ability in English Teaching论英语教学中自主学习能力的培养 s) A Brief Study on Frequently-Used Figures of Speech in News Headlines t) A Comparative Study on English and Chinese Idioms with Numbers u) On the Application of Puns in Advertising English,4) Language and Culture,a) An Analysis of the Obstacles in Intercultural Communication b) A Comparative Study of the Factors Influencing Divorce in Chinese and Western Countries c) Comparison of Food Culture between China and the West d) A Contrastive Study of Traditional Wedding Customs between China and England,e) Comparison of Chinese Spring Festival and Christmas f) Family Education Differences Between China and Western Countries g) Cultural Collision in Non-verbal Business Communication非言语商务交际中的文化冲突 h) Differences of Politeness Principles Between English and Chinese Cultures 中英两种文化中礼貌原则的区别,5) English Teaching Methodology (Approach to middle school teaching),a) Psychological Analysis of Inferior Students and Corresponding Teaching Tactics in English Learning b) The Role of the Classroom Activities in Oral English Teaching in Junior School c) A Study of Improving Junior Students Oral English through Interactive Teaching Approach (利用互动式教学提高初中生口语能力),d) The Application of Cooperation Learning in Oral English Teaching of Middle School e) On Writing Skills of Disaster News in English News Publications f) A Brief Discussion on Effects of Seeing Films on Improvement of Oral English g) The Change of English Teachers Role in Writing Class in Middle School,h) An Investigation on the Negative Transfer in Non-English Majors English Writing i) The Relationship between Vocabulary Learning and Reading Comprehensive Ability Promotion j) Survey of English Reading Strategy among Senior High School Students k) The Development of Intercultural Communicative Competence through Intensive Reading,l) An Investigation into Vocabulary Learning Strategies for English Majors m) The Application of Task-based Approach in English Listening Teaching n) Multimedia Network English Teaching and Autonomous Learning o) On Cohesion Principle and the Application in English Writing p) The Application of Role-play in the English Dialogic Teaching,4开题报告的组成部分,1) A brief introduction to your (pre-) research; 2) The significance of your thesis (or project), especially your own contribution to the field of your study; 3) The plan of your thesis; 4) A formal outline of your thesis.,二、 毕业论文内容要求,（一） 论文题目（Title） 论文题目应该简短、明确、有概括性，能反映论文特点、专业特点和学科范畴，字数要适当，一般不宜超过20字，必要时可加副标题。所有实词首字母大写。,（二） 摘要及关键词 (Abstract and Key words) 论文摘要是论文内容不加注释和评论的简短陈述，应以第三人称陈述。摘要应具有独立性和自含性，即不阅读论文全文，就能获得必要信息。论文摘要应概括地反映出毕业论文的目的、内容、方法、成果和结论。一般应从以下三个方面着手：研究背景、本文主要内容及本研究的重要意义或价值。摘要中不宜使用公式、图表，不标注引用文献标号。摘要字数为200300字，中、英文摘要和关键词应相同。,关键词是为了文献标引工作从论文中选取出来用以表示全文主题内容的单词或术语。一般每篇论文应选取35个词作为关键词，关键词间用分号，并按空格键分隔。最后一个词后不打标点符号。,（三） 目录（Contents） 目录页由论文的章、节、条、附录、题录等的序号、名称和页码组成，另起一页排在摘要页之后。章、节、小节分别按相应要求标出。目录页最多包括4级标题。,（四）论文主体 （Main Body）,1 引言(或绪论) （Introduction） 引言（或绪论）简要说明研究工作的目的、范围、相关领域的前人工作和知识空白、理论基础和分析、研究设想、研究方法和实验设计、预期结果和意义等。绪论应言简意赅，不要与摘要雷同，不要成为摘要的注释。(What, Why, How, Structure),2、文献回顾（Literature Review） 对于前人在相关领域内的研究的回顾、评述、介绍与总结。,3. 正文 （Body） 论文的正文是核心部分，占主要篇幅，可以包括：调查对象、实验和观测方法、数据资料、经过加工整理的图表、形成的论点、导出的结论等。论文必须实事求是，客观真切，准确完备，合乎逻辑，层次分明，简练可读。论文中引用别人的观点、结果及图表与数据必须注明出处，在参考文献中一并列出。,4 图 （Diagrams） 图应具有“自明性”，即只看图例，不阅读正文，就可理解图意。图应编排序号。每一图应有简短确切的题名，连同图号置于图下。图题采用五号字。必要时，应将图上的符号、标记、代码等，用最简练的文字，横排于图题下方，作为图例说明。图如系引用其它文献或对其它文献资料加工所得，则应在图题下或图例说明下注明资料来源。,5 表 （Tables） 表的编排，一般是内容和测试项目由左至右横读，数据依序竖排，表应有自明性。表应编排序号。 每一表应有简短确切的题名，采用五号字，连同表号置于表上。必要时，可用表注。表注应编排序号，并将附注文字置于表下。,6 注（Notes） 如有必要加注，统一用脚注，不用尾注，标码按先后顺序编排，全文一致。,7 结论或结果 （Conclusion） 论文的结论或结果是最终的、总体的结论，结论应该准确、完整、明确、精练。,8 参考文献 （References） 参考文献是作者为写作论文而参考的书籍、期刊等，必须是直接使用过的，应与正文夹注列出的书目一致。英文参考文献和中文参考文献分别归类排列，英文在前，中文在后。英文参考文献按作者姓名（姓在前，名在后）的英文字母顺序排列。无明显作者的（如字典、辞书百科全书）按书名的英文字母顺序排列。中文参考文献按作者姓名的拼音字母顺序排列，无明显作者的（如字典、辞书百科全书）按书名的拼音字母顺序排列。参考文献应具有权威性，要注意引用最新的文献。参考文献须另页打印，置于正文之后。,9附录 （Appendix） 附录与正文连续编页码。附录中包括：与正文紧密相关的非作者自己的分析，证明及工具用表格等；在正文中无法列出的实验数据、问卷等。,英语毕业论文引文及参考文献 目录格式要求,一、 论文中的引用格式 （用“夹注”的格式） 1.1 间接引用 （citations） A. 如果引用只涉及一个作家的某本专著或文章，而作家的名字在自己的行文中没有出现, 将该作家的姓氏和出版的时间用括弧括起来，放在句子结尾，注意该括弧算作句子的一部分，标点符号应放在括弧之后。,例: It has been argued that teachers role is to provide the students with optimal conditions which can facilitate learning so that students can achieve similar results (Bloom, 1976).,B. 如果引用所涉及到的作家的名字已经出现在行文中, 只需要在名字后面加上括弧, 填入出版时间即可。 例：Gould (1988) attributes Darwins success to his gift for making the appropriate metaphor.,C. 如果引用涉及到的作家和著作的出版时间在行文中已出现，那就不再需要单独的夹注了。 例：In a 1988 article, Gould explores some of Darwins most effective metaphors.,D. 如果引用涉及到的著作是由两位作者合著，则每次引用时都需把两位作者的姓氏注出来，在夹注中用“&”，在行文中则用“and”连接两个作者。 例：The disadvantages of the multiple regression analysis are that it cannot show the complex interrelations between independent variable (Bryman & Cramer, 1990). Bryman and Cramer also pointed out that,E. 如涉及到的作者超过两人，第一次加夹注时，写出所有作者的姓氏，以后每次引用，只需写出第一作者的姓氏，其后加上“et al ”即可。 例：Scientists have isolated a gene connected to circadian rhythms in plants (Millar, Straum, Chory, Chua, & Kay, 1995) . . . . They identified the mutations that activated light-dependent pathways (Millar, et al., 1995),F. 如果引用涉及到的著作由多位作者合著，加注时只需写出第一作者的姓氏，其后加上“et al.” 即可。 例：Naiman et al.（1978）found a similar relationship, although this case effort on the part of the learners was also associated with instrumental motivation (subsequent citations).,G. 如果涉及到同一作者的不同著作，在括弧中按出版时间分开；如果是同一作者在同一年的不同著作，在出版时间后用小写英文字母区别。 例：（Halliday, 1978, 1992）；（Halliday, 1967a, 1967b）,1.2 直接引用（quotations） A 如果原著作者的姓氏在自己的行文中没有提到，需要把作者的姓氏，出版时间和引文出自的页码用括弧括起，放在引文的后面, 引文用双引号。如果引文中原来就有引号，将有引号的部分改为单引号。,例：Conceptually, motivation is seen as “the combination of effort plus desire to achieve the goal of learning the language plus favorable attitude toward learning language” (Gardner, 1985: 10).,B. 如果直接引用所涉及到的作者有两位，就用&连接. Based on different findings, it is proposed that “the type of motivation and its strength are likely to be determined less by some generalized principle and more by who learns what in what milieu” (Laser-Freeman & Long, 1993: 174).,C. 如果直接引用所涉及到的作者有多位，除遵守以上A，B两条外，其他规则与间接引用相同。,D. 直接引文的字数如少于40英文单词或4行，引文直接放到段落中。否则引文单独成段，段落用“齐头式”，整个段落缩行5个空格，字号缩小为5号。引文不需引号，如引文中已有引号，保留原来的引号。,Raymond William explains that the word career has all but lost its original meaning. Career is now so regularly used to describe a persons progress in life, or, by derivation from this, his profession or vocation that it is difficult to remember, in the same context, its original meaning of a recourse and a gallop though in some contexts, as in the phrase “Careering about,” these survive (1986: 10).,1.3 转引 (the quotation from a source other than the original) 如果你的引用不是从原著中获得，而是来自二手资料，你就需要在引用完后用圆括弧注明来源，在来源前加上“qtd in” 的字样。在参考文献目录部分，你就按引用的实际出处撰写条目。 例：Gothe wrote that “it takes more culture to perceive the virtues of The Magic Flute than to point out its defects” (qtd in Newman, 1958: 104).,References/Bibliography/Works cited 在英汉参考文献中，必须包含作者、作品名称、出版地、出版社、出版年代，缺其中的任何一项均不合规范。,英文参考文献的处理,一、书籍 一个作者 姓在前，名在后，中间用逗号隔开， 如Noam Chomsky这个人写成Chomsky, Noam 或 Chomsky,