《写作结合范》PPT课件.ppt

Writing,四级作文评分标准,评分原则 四级统考作文题采用总体评分方法。阅卷人就总的印象给出奖励分，而不是按语言点的错误数目扣分。 从内容和语言两个方面对作文进行综合评判。内容和语言是一个统一体。作文应表达题目所规定内容，而内容要通过语言来表达。要考虑作文是否切题，是否充分表达思想，也要考虑是否用英语清楚而适当确切地表达思想，也就是要考虑语言上的错误是否造成理解上的障碍，是否符合英语表达习惯。 避免趋中倾向。该给高分的给高分包括满分；该给低分的给低分包括零分。一名阅卷人在所评阅的全部作文试卷中不应只给中间的几种分数。,Back,评分标准 本题满分为15分。阅卷标准共分为五等：2分，5分，8分，11分和14分。阅卷人员根据阅卷标准，对照样卷评分，若认为与某一分数（如8分）相似，即定为该分数（即8分）若认为稍优于或劣于该分数则可加一分（即9分）或减一分（即7分），但不得加或减半分。评分标准如下： 2分： 条理不清，思路紊乱。语言支离破碎或大部分有错误，且多数为严重错误。 5分：基本切题，表达思想不清楚，连贯性差。有较多的 严重语言错误。,Back,8分：基本切题，有些地方表达思想不不够清楚，文字勉强连贯。语言错误相当多，其中有一些是严重错误。 11分：切题。表达思想清楚，文字连贯，但有少量语言错误。 14分：切题。表达思想清楚，文字通顺，连贯性好，基本上无语言错误，但有个别小错。 注：白卷，作文与题目毫不关联，或只有几个孤立的词而无表达思想，则给0分。,另外，字数不足的应酌情扣分，具体如下：,注：如题目中给出主题句，起始句，结束句，均不得计入所写字数。只写一段者，04分；只写两段者，09分（指规定三段的作文）。,评分样卷及说明 题目：Is Failure a Bad Thing ? 要求：1.失败是常有的事。 2.人们对失败有各种不同的态度。 3.我对失败的态度。,Back,2分：语言支离破碎，基本上找不到一个完整的句子，标点符号及拼写错误比比皆是，通篇条理不清，思路紊乱，不知所云。,Is failure a bad thing ,if we have it ,to fact with it, or not? To us, failure is often thing, let us supposed, if someone who has never falled and do everything very easy, then, you see, he isnt a happy man . Everyone had failure, you can not imagie what kind of failure has touched to a success man.,To the failure, someone facts with it and try to make the failure into a encouragement thing and find why they falled and make up his mind to resolved the problume While, someone is give up what he had very done, ever disappointment, he isnt the great man. I know, live is include of failure and success, a really man will not run away from the failure, failure isnt a bad think, failure is necessary if will fact with it for ever, I will success,5分：基本切题，但连贯性差，语言错误较多，且许多是严重错误，影响思想的表达。,All of us are often failure. When we do something, we cant be sure about it. And we dont know whether it will be failure or success. People have all kinds of thing of failure. Somebody is angry, somebody is disappointed, somebody keeps silence and others try do it again. And so on, it is different from everyone.,Im often failure else. As soon as I am failure. I think over it in order to find the mistakes. “Failure is the mother of success.” So I do my best to do it again. “Is failure a bad thing?” “No.” the answer is yes.,8分：基本切题。文字表达个别地方不够清楚，意思比较连贯，但句子较单调，有一些语言错误，其中有几处严重的错误。,Failure is the thing which is always happen. Not passing an examination during ones study is a failure. Not winning in a sports-meeting to a sportman is a failure. Not sucessing to finish an science experiement to a scientist is a failure.,People have different views of the failure. Some people think that failure means to a new begin. Some people will give up his plan because of the failure. Some people will get something new from the failure and do it again. I will regard it as a new start and do it again. Because failure is the thing which is always happen. If I give up every time I will never do anything. I belive that failure is not a bad thing.,11分：切题。表达思想清楚，文字连贯。但有少量错误和用词不妥之处。,Failure is a thing that often happens. It is impossible to have no obstacles when people do something. If they dont prepare well or make some mistakes, people will fail. So everyone involved famous persons have experience of failure.,However people have some different kinds of attitudes to failure. Some feel disappointed and wont go on . But others regard failure as a good thing, they find out the reason why they have failed and do their best to get over the obstacles. So they success finally. Many Scientists stories can prove it. To tell the truth, I dont like failure. But when I fail, I will not feel disappointed and stop working. Because failure isnt a bad thing. I will learn something from failure and gain success.,14分：切题。表达思想清楚，内容比较充实，文字流畅，句子结构多样。基本语言错误，但有个别地方不够贴切。,Failure is a common thing in our daily life. As a student, we sometimes fail to get high scores in our examinations. When we play games we cant avoid being beaten by the others. And there are times when we fail to do more satisfactory work. All these failures happen natually and almost everyone of us has such experience.,However there are different attitudes towards failure. Some people lose heart in failure, they think the world is at its end. Some people dont take failure seriously, they just let it be, while some others learn much from failure and therefore see the light of hope through failure. In my opinion, what really counts is failure itself, but what we think of failure and do after failure. As long as we dont give up and believe in ourselves and in the meantime learn something from failure, well certainly make our marks in the end. So Im never afraid of failure, for I believe that failure is not a bad thing, “failure is the mother of success.”,记叙文,记叙文 记叙文（narration）是通过记叙人的言语和行为以及事情发生，发展的经过来表达中心思想，它一般是选择最重要的事情和细节，然后依一定的顺序排列。一般的顺序是按照客观事物发生，发展的先后进行叙述。 记叙文强调语言清晰，记载准确。为了达到这一目的，记叙文通常必须掌握六大要素，即时间（when）,地点(where) ，人物(who) ，原因(why)，事情(what)及结果(how)。 记叙文通常采用第一人称及第二人称的手法进行叙述。介绍自己的情况或假定叙述自己的某次经历，可以用第一人称；而介绍其他人无或事情，则可用第三人称。在看图作文中，如果是要求编故事，那么我们既可以用第一人称，也可以用第三人称，这要看具体采用何种方法写起来顺手而定。,Back,记叙文的写作要点是： 1. 确定写作对象。 确定好自己要写的记叙文是关于什么人或什么事 2. 确立写作主题 明确自己要写关于什么人或什么事的哪一方面或要反映什么样的特点品质。如有必要，交代背景。交代文中所记叙的动作发生在何时、何地。选择重要的、有助于说明主题的细节。 3. 按照一定的顺序排列细节。 目的明确、观点一致。 统一人称、统一时态。 写作中注意使用：first, second, then, next, later, after, finally等词语。, An Early Morning Walk 1. One morning I got up very early, and everything around was very quiet._. 2. When I arrived at the park, I found, to my surprise, that there were so many people there. _. 3._. Taking early morning walks makes a man healthy and wise.,1988 CET-4,An Early Morning Walk One morning I got up very early and everything around was very quiet. The trees, the streets and the noisy apartment were still falling into a deep sleep. The sun was just rising out of the eastern horizon, emitting streaks of red hue through the clouds. Green things stuck their timid heads from the ground. So I thought I could enjoy the early morning fresh and pleasing air alone. Then I took an early morning walk towards the park. But when I arrived at the park, I found, to my surprise, that there were so many people there. Men or women, the old or the young, even five or six-year-old children were exercising themselves in various ways. Some were running up and down the gravel path around the lake. Some were playing golf or sword. Some elderly,People were practicing shadow boxing. Quite a lot of people were doing morning exercises accompanied by music. Even the little children were jumping and dancing on the ground. Deeply moved by what I saw, I joined in them. While chatting with them I became aware of the advantages of sports especially morning exercises, which can result in good health, make our minds sound and clear. By my experience I learned that taking early morning walks makes a man healthy and wise.,描述文,描述文,描述文（description）是用形象生动的语言，对各种人物、事件及其依存的环境进行具体生动地描绘和刻画。描述文的写作特点是： 1. 要仔细观察所描述的事物，从中发现有特色、有价值的材料、使文章栩栩如生。 2. 细节安排得当，层次分明，概念清楚，学会选择最佳视点。 3. 要层次分明、详略得当，要抓住最鲜明的特点大为渲染，切勿平铺直叙、面面俱到。,Back,My dormitory is a large, spacious and comfortable room with four beds. As you walk into the room, you are faced with a large window on the southern side of the room. Below the window is a large desk on which there is a clock, a telephone and a computer. Around the desk are four chairs for us to sit on during out study. The four bed are located in the four corners of the room. Between the two beds on the ease side of the room is a large wardrobe for hanging clothes and storing bedding. Opposite to it is a large bookcase with neatly arranged book.,EXAMPLE1,One of my prize possessions is a small golden commemorative coin with an archer shooting an arrow on the front. The coin was issued in 1990 to commemorate the Eleventh Asian Games held in Beijing. It is one and a half centimeters in diameter. On the back is the national emblem of the Peoples Republic of China. Over the years, the value of this coin has increased tremendously. Many people invest money in collectable coins as they will become more and more valuable as time goes by.,EXAMPLE 2,说明文,说明文,说明文（exposition）是指对客观事物的性质、形态、特征、特点、结构、作用、原理、成因、结果、发生、发展的过程，或事物间的联系进行确切、完整地解释和说明。,Back,写英语说明文应注意以下8方面:,1. 注意审题 在提笔之前,思考几个问题:我要写什么?我要写给谁?应如何向读者传达思想? 2. 注意开好头 文章的起始段决定着文章的发展方向，点明并限定主题。 3.注意写好主题句 主题句能够体现全文的中心思想,鉴于主题句的作用和特点,其表述一定要清晰具体,最好用陈述句来表达。 4. 注意行文的统一性和连贯性 一篇好文章,首先要有统一性,也就是文章的中心思想要明确,一切事实、材料、手段的运用都围绕这个中心并突出这个中心。连贯性主要表现在段与段之间的关系上。在形式上,段首可用一些关联词来体现这种段与段之间的逻辑关系, 使文章条理清晰,富有连贯性。,返回,5.注意说明方法的选择 常用的说明方法有:举例法、过程分析法、分类法、因果分析法、比较法、细节法等。写作时我们可以根据说明的对象、目的,选择最佳方法 6.注意说明顺序 常用的说明顺序有:空间顺序、时间顺序、逻辑顺序和认识顺序。 7.注意结尾 结尾段是文章的总结,一方面可以重述主题,给读者留下深刻的印象;另一方面, 使文章的结构完整无缺。重述主题要用不同的词句重新强调文章的主题内容。结尾段应简短、自然,避免介入新的话题,笔调要与上文保持一致。 8.注意检查 检查也应该是写作的一部分。检查的内容主要包括:基本的语法问题、单词拼写问题、大小写问题、文章的衔接问题等。,EXAMPLE 1,Celebrating the Mid-autumn Festival The Mid-autumn Festival, also called the Moon Festival, is one of the traditional Chinese festivals. It is on August 15, in the Chinese calendar, when, in the evening, the moon is supposed to be quite round. It is a festival for family reunions. When the Mid-autumn Festival is near, all of the Chinese people will buy moon cakes. People send presents to their friends and relatives to express their wishes. In the evening of the day, all the family members try to get home to have a feast together. After the feast, they will enjoy cakes and different kinds of fruits and go out to appreciate the moon. The children will light their pretty lanterns.,The Mid-autumn Festival is a meaningful festival. The Chinese love it because it symbolizes reunions and happiness.,这是一篇关于中秋节的说明文。作者在第一段介绍了有关中秋节的一些情况,指出中秋节是家人团聚的节日,明确了本文的中心。接下来的两段作者着重介绍了人们是如何过中秋节的:买月饼,互送礼物,吃团圆饭,吃月饼,赏月等。结尾段重述主题,简洁、自然。本文采用了说明方法中的过程分析法,结构合理,条理清晰,语言简单明了。,返回,Example 2: Hobbies A hobby is an interesting way of spending your free time. Its an activity you turn to for pleasure, not something that you have to do, like helping with the dishes. Its more like a special friend that you choose for yourself. You spend your free time with it because it interests you and because you enjoy it. Since different people like to do so many different things in their spare time, we could make a long list of hobbies, taking in everything from collecting match-boxes or raising rare fish, to learning about the stars or making model ships. Some hobbies are very popular: stamp collecting, painting and cycling, for example, while others are quite unusual, like collecting insects or travelling on all the trains in one country.,Once youve selected a hobby that interests you, it will give you many hours of pleasure, and may lead to an interesting and creative future,这篇说明文首先给”hobby”下了定义，然后举例介绍hobby的种类（常见和不常见的），最后谈到hobby会丰富我们的生活，所以读完此篇文章，读者对业余爱好可获得一个较全面的了解。,1989年CET4 The tape Recorder 1.The tape recorder is one of the most welcome and popular electronic devices ever invented. 2.This device is useful in many ways. 3.However, it can also become a nuisance.,The Tape Recorder The tape recorder is one of the most welcome and popular electronic devices ever invented. There are many types of recorders. Some may be as big as a hand box; some may be as small as a watch. Now a new type called walkman has come into being, which is so convenient that you can take it with you wherever you want to go. On the other hand, it is very cheap, about forty Yuan, and it is very easy to handle even for a child. Therefore, almost each family has one or two recorders. This device is useful in many ways. It is not only widely used in our daily life, for example, filming, sporting, exercising, entertaining, but also used in National Security and Secrecy. It is an essential instrument for the young to learn foreign languages, for the old to listen to music or Peking Opera and for English teachers to make their classes lively and interesting.,However, it can also become a nuisance if we use it improperly. It will have a bad effect on ourselves or others if we play it for too long time or too frequently. So we must make good use of it to promote our study and work.,Assignment,1998年1月 Harmfulness of Fake Commodities 1. 目前社会上有不少假冒伪劣商品（fake commodities）,为什么会有这种现象？ 2. 举例说明假冒伪劣商品对消费者个人、社会等的危害。,范文 Harmfulness of Fake Commodities Nowadays in the society, there are enormous fake commodities. When you go to the supermarket, you may buy some fake food commodities. When you go to the pharmacists you may buy some fake medicine. The deep root of this phenomenon lies in some ones greed for money. In order to get a large amount of money in a short time, they try every means to produce fake commodities, without any regard for other peoples benefit and health.,Fake commodities can do great harm to both consumers and society. For example, when a person bought fake medicine, it was useless in curing his disease and really a waste of money. Sometimes fake medicine can even cause death. Fake commodities are usually sold in a lower price. It causes unfair competition in the market economy and puts the whole society in disorder.,议论文,议论文 议论文（argumentation）就是通过摆事实、讲道理，阐明自己的观点和思想，并竭力说服读者。议论文与说明文的不同处在于：说明文的目的是向读者介绍某件事情，让他们对此事有所知；而议论文的目的是说服读者，让他们接受某个观点。议论文三大写作要素：论点、论据、论证。,Back,Example: Many of Chinese students who have learnt English for more than ten years are still unable to speak fluently when they meet a foreigner.They seem to have mastered the basic language structure, but a conversation in English will make them feel uneasy. They are afraid that other people might find out their mistakes. It is not uncommon that many students, who are bad speakers of English, can write English perfectly. This proves that they are not unable to organize their ideas in English. The center of the problem is that they lack practices and confidence.,Why should you be afraid? Do you fear those foreigners with whom you are speaking? Dont be shy, they will not laugh at you just for a little mistake you have made. The best way to get rid of this trouble is to learn to speak by speaking more. I am sure that constant practice will help you to succeed.,（夹叙夹议类）,1. 简述某一故事/事故/经历,2. 分析其意义/原因/影响,3. 提出合理的建议/ 谈谈你的感想。,夹叙夹议类,1. time place 2.As far as I am concerned, there are three reasons responsible for the accident. First,- Then,.And the main cause for _ is due to _. Eventually,.As a consequence, 3.In my opinion,. / From now on I will concentrate all my energy on,“结尾”段落中常用的句型： 1. In my opinion, 2. Personally, I 3. In short (= In brief), 4. In conclusion, 5.As far as Im concerned, 6. To conclude , it seems clear that 至于说到我，我赞成前一种观点。所以，我的结论是，只要我们坚持正确的东西，改正错误的东西，我们就一定能成功。 As far as Im concerned ,Im in favor of the former view. Therefore, my conclusion is that we are certain to succeed as long as we stick to what is right and correct what is wrong.,An Eye-Witness Account of a Traffic Accident It is about Five oclock in the afternoon on my way home when a traffic accident took place. To begin with, the traffic light changed from green to red just when I reached the crosswalk, so I waited for the green light. Later, a man passed me quickly and tried to cross the street. And then, a car suddenly rushed from behind me in full speed. Eventually, the car couldnt stop and hit the man. As a consequence, the man was dead and the driver was badly injured.,范文,As far as I am concerned, there are three reasons responsible for the accident. First, the man broke the traffic rules. Then , the car was too fast. And the main cause for this accident is due to the drivers drunk driving. All these led to the serious traffic accident. (136 words),A Brief Introduction to a Tourist Attraction It is now in Fragrant Mountain when our tour will take place. To begin with, we will climb the mountain and you can enjoy the red leaves which are well-known all over the country. Later, I will take you to the Summer Palace and then you can have a two- hour-long boating on the Kuming lake. Eventually, we will go to visit the two famous universities in China Tsinghua University and Peking University.,范文,In my opinion, It is the best season to visit Beijing, for example, the climate is very good and you can see the beautiful red leaves in Fragrant Mountain. From now on, I will concentrate all my energy on showing you around and telling you the mysterious folk stories all that I know. (125 words),assignment You are required to write a composition on the topic The Day My classmate Fell Ill (or Got Injured). You should write at least 120 words according to the outline given below in Chinese. 1.简单叙述一下这位同学生病（或受伤）的情况。 2.同学，老师和我是如何帮助他 她的。 3.人与人之间的这种相互关爱给我的感受是,The Day My Classmate Fell ill （范文） It is about ten oclock one evening in May in the dormitory when my roommate Zhang Huas illness took place. To begin with, his forehead felt so hot that we immediately called “120”. Later, an ambulance came and a roommate brought a thick coat to him. And then, another roommate and I supported him in the ambulance. Eventually, he was soon sent to the hospital. As a consequent, having been on an operation, he became healthy again and came back to school.,返回,范文,In my opinion, a kind of care between persons, especially between friends, is indeed warm and necessary when we are in trouble. From now on I will concentrate all my energy on showing my love to others and trying my best to help them.,正反观点对比型,1.列举出有争议的话题或现象。 2.提出一种观点。 3.说明其理由。 4.提出其反面观点。 5.说明其理由。 6.我的观点。 7.我持这种观点的理由。 8.我以后的打算。,1. A public debate has been arisen as to the phenomenon of _. 2.People who advocate claim that _. 3.1) For one thing, _. 2) For another, _. 3)All these point to the indispensability _of . 4. 1) however, others set forth a totally different argument about the issue. 2) They consider it unnecessary to_.,5.1) The reason for this is not far to seek. 2)First of all, _. 3) furthermore, _. 4) Most important of all, _. 6.From a personal perspective, I am undoubted