《汉英词语对比》PPT课件.ppt

汉英词语对比,一,文字系统对比 音形义的统一体汉语 许渊冲的“美化之艺术，创优似竞赛”。“美”，即“意美、音美、形美”；“化”，即“等化、浅化、深化”；“之”，即“知之、好之、乐之”；“艺术”，即“翻译不是科学，是艺术”；“创”，即“文学翻译等于创作”；“优”，即“翻译要发挥译文语言的优势”；“似”，即“意似、形似、神似”；“竞赛”，即“翻译是两种语言的竞赛，文学翻译更是两种文化的竞赛”。,浪淘沙 李煜 帘外雨潺潺，春意阑珊，罗衾不耐五更寒。 梦里不知身是客，一晌贪欢。 独自莫凭栏，无限关山。别时容易见时难。 流水落花春去也，天上人间。 Tune: Ripples Sifting Sand The curtain cannot keep out the patter of rain; Springtime is on the wane. In the deep night my quilt is not coldproof, Forgetting I am under hospitable roof. In dream I seek awhile for pleasure vain. Dont lean alone on balustrades, And years for boundless land which fades! Easy to leave it but hard to see it again. With flowers fallen on the waves springs gone away, So has the paradise of yesterday.,三，词语生成对比,汉英在生成新词方面有其相似性，但也要注意区别，避免翻译时生搬硬套。 1，重叠(reduplication) 汉语单音节文字的特点便于字和词的重叠。重叠构词不仅使词语音节匀称、形式整齐，而且赋予词语新的意义和感情色彩。 1）名词重叠，表示“每个”、“所有”、“许多”、“小”、“杂”或某种感情色彩等 人人 天天 世世代代 风风雨雨 2）数量词重叠，表示“每个”、“逐个”、“许多”或某种感情色彩 个个 条条 一桩桩 一包一包 千千万万 3）动词重叠，表示动作的轻微、反复、完成、连续、轻松、随意等 说说 听听 走一走 笑了笑 考虑考虑 进进出出 吞吞吐吐 看着看着 完了完了 4） 形容词重叠，表示程度的加重、加深、加强、减轻或爱憎、厌恶等情绪 红红 紧紧 奇奇怪怪 花花绿绿 笔直笔直 雪白雪白 5）附加式重叠，主要用来使表达形象、生动 毛毛雨 水汪汪 心心相印 脉脉含情 衣冠楚楚 杨柳依依 糊里糊涂 6）偏正并列式、动宾并列式、主谓并列式及其他形式的重叠 假情假义 难兄难弟 以毒攻毒 好说歹说 面对面 手拉手,此外，象声词也常常采用重叠的形式，如：哗哗、呜呜、轰隆隆、咕嘟咕嘟，等。 英语也有音节重叠的现象，但远远不如汉语普遍。英语的重叠只有一个格式，即AA式，另有两个变体，即改变元音的重叠式和改变辅音的重叠式。 Bye-bye tut-tut din-din chow-chow chin-chin ga-ga Ping-pong zigzag seesaw flip-flop tick-tock clip-clop crisscross dilly-dally riff-raff Walkie-talkie hoity-toity hotch-potch piggy-wiggy clap-trap,英语叠音词，一般属谐音或拟声现象，有许多词来自儿童语，通常用于口语、俚语或非正式文体。重叠在汉语里是一种重要的构词方式，也是一种常用的语法和修辞手段。李清照的声声慢连用七对叠字，无论再美的译文，都无法象汉语那样重叠： 寻寻觅觅，冷冷清清，凄凄惨惨戚戚 I seek but seek in vain, I search and search again; I feel so sad, so drear, by XYZ So lonely, without cheer. so dim, so dark, so dense , so dull, so damp, so dank, so dead by Lin Yutang,2，转换法 conversion 1) 名词转换为动词 2）形容词转换为动词 3）动词转换为名词 4）形容词转换为名词 5）名词、动词转换为形容词 词类转换是翻译中最为常用的翻译技巧之一，其理据就在于英汉两种语言在转换上的共通性。,3，简略法 abbreviation 汉语缩略词的生成主要受语法特点的支配，英语缩略词则受语音特点的支配。 英语的缩略方法主要有 1）截除词尾 apocope Advertisement- ad demobilizedemob 2）截除词首 aphaeresis Violoncellocello raccooncoon Microfiche-fiche 3)截除首尾 front and back clipping Influenzaflu prescriptionscript 4) 截除词腰 syncope idololatryidolatry 5) 首字母缩略 initial ISBN (international standard book number) AP Associated Press c/o care of (烦转交） RSVP respond sil vous plait 6) 首字母拼音词 acronym PEN (international association of poets, playwrights, essayists, and novelists, 国际诗人剧作家散文家小说家协会 国际笔会） ASEAN NATO AIDS 7) 拼缀词 blending camcorder ( camera + recorder) fantabulous (fantastic+ fabulous),汉语缩略词的英译,“三包”：包修、包退、包换 The three guaranteed Rs: repair, replacement and refund. 三个面向：面向现代化、面向世界、面向未来 Orient/gear educational work to the needs of modernization, the world, and the future 五讲四美：讲文明、讲礼貌、讲卫生、讲纪律、讲道德；心灵美、语言美、行为美、环境美 Five stresses/ advocatings (on decorum, manners, hygiene, discipline and morals) and four points of beauty ( of the mind, language, behavior and the environment) 三围 bust, waist and hips vital statistics 三资企业 Chinese-foreign joint ventures, cooperative enterprises and exclusively foreign-owned enterprises或 Sino-foreign joint ventures, cooperative businesses and exclusively foreign-owned enterprises in China 民航总局CAAC (Civil Aviation Administration of China),按照“三个代表”的要求,抓住机遇,加快发展。 According to the requirement s of the Three Represents (the CPC represents the requirement to develop advanced productive forces ,an orientation towards advanced culture and the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the people of China) ,we must seize opportunities and accelerate development .,二，汉英词义关系,从性质上看，中国文化属人文文化，西方文化属科学文化。在心理文化方面，人文文化“重人论、轻器物、价值取向以道德为本位。重综合、轻分析。重意会、轻言传。崇尚群体意识，强调同一性。追求人与自然的和谐，把人与自然看成浑然一体。”科学文化“重物质、轻人论，价值取向以功利为本位。重分析、轻综合。重概念、忌笼统、强调人权，主张个人至上，重视特殊的辩识。强调人与自然的对立，人对自然的索取。”人文文化和科学文化的主要差别反映在思维方式上有如下几点：,1 中国人重直觉与具象而西方人重理性与逻辑 汉语词语直观性强 短发 shingle; bobbed hair 娃娃头 pageboy style 假发 wig 硬币 coin 纸币 note; bill 百褶裙 pleated skirt 高跟鞋 stilettos 短袜 socks 无袖外衣tabard 回形针paper clip,汉语爱以具体比喻抽象 蚕食 to nibble 势如破竹 with irresistible force; like splitting a bamboo; like a knife cutting through butter 如日中天 like the sun at high noon; at the apex of ones power, career, etc 手忙脚乱 in a frantic rush 顺水推舟 to push the boat along with current; to make use of opportunity to gain ones end,2 中国人重整体，西方人重个体 1）汉语词义一般较笼统，英语词义一般较具体 摩托车 motorcycle sidecar machine touring moped 车 bus minibus lorry taxi medium van articulated vehicle连结车 motor coach长途客车 double-decker bus convertible摺蓬车 limousine 胡子 beard full beard/circular beard/round beard 大胡子 shadow 小胡子 whiskers handlebars/moustache 八字胡 goatee/chintuft 山羊胡 military moustache Vandyke beard stubble 残须 2）汉语表意较模糊，英语表意较准确 你有笔吗？ Have you got a pen? Have you got pens? Have you got any pens? Have you got some pens? Have you got the pen? Have you got the pens?,汉英词义的四种关系,1，对应 correspondence/equivalence 2，包孕 inclusion 3，交叉 intersection 4，空缺 zero 词义关系与翻译,词义空缺现象的处理 1，加注 annotation 卢信候道：“昨日在尊府，今日我方到这里。你原来在这里做神仙，令我羡杀！”庄征君道：“此间与人世绝院，虽非武陵，亦差不多。你且在此住些时，只怕再来就要迷路了。” （儒林外史） “I went to your honorable house yesterday,” replied Lu, “ and came on here today. You are living like an immortalhow I envy you!” “We are completely cut off from the world here,” said Chuang, “Although this is not Peach Blossom Stream,* it comes very close to it. I hope you will pay us a long visit, for next time you may not be able to find the way.” * This was a fairy land described by the poet Tao Yuanming. A fisherman came here by accident, but though he marked the path by which he left, neither he nor others could find this way back again. (translated by Yang Xianyi and Gladys Yang),永和九年，年在癸丑，暮春之初，会于会稽山阴之兰亭，修禊事也。群贤毕至，少长咸集。此地有崇山峻岭，茂林修竹，又有清流激湍，映带左右。引以为流觞曲水，列坐其次。虽无丝竹管弦之盛，一觞一咏，亦足以畅叙幽情。是日也，天朗气清，慧风和畅。仰视宇宙之大，俯察品类之盛，所有游目骋怀，足以极视听之娱，信可乐也。,At the beginning of the late spring in the ninth year of Yonghe, * that is, the year of Guichou according to the lunar calendar, a group of learned scholars, old and young, are gathered at the Orchid Pavilion in the Shanyin County of Kuaiji Prefecture* to celebrate the festival of Xi*. Here are high mountains and lofty ridges which are overgrown with tall bamboo groves and dense forests. A clear stream with a rapidly running current that winds like a belt, shinning in the bright sun, is ideal for floating wine vessels*. We sit by the water in proper order, sipping wine and composing poems. Though lacking musical accompaniment, each of us is inclined to pour forth his innermost feelings. It is a fine day. The sky is clear and the breeze is gentle. Looking upward, we see the great expanse of the universe. Looking downward, we see the great variety of living things. Then we look around as far as the eyes can see and feel elated, enjoying ourselves to the utmost both visually and aurally. What a delightful experience it is! 1. The ninth year of Yonghe was 353 AD. 2. Shanyin County of Kuaiji Prefecture is todays Shaoxing City, Zhejiang Province. 3. The festival of Xi started in the Zhou Dynasty. It was the custom of the ancient people to pay homage to the water god and entertain themselves by the water on March the third in the lunar calendar. 4. an elegant was by which the ancients enjoyed themselves. People sat at the lower reach of a stream, composed poems and drank from the wine vessels that were floated down from the upper reach of the stream where the wine was prepared.,华清池龙吟榭 Long Ying Xie (a pavilion built specially for emperors to recite poetry) in the Hua Qing Pool It had walked for hundreds of years, if not as benefit-club as votive sister hood of some sort; and it walked still. 这个会如果不算养老送终的互助结社*，却是一种立盟供神的妇女团体。它已经按期游行了好几百年了，现在仍按期游行。 * 英国结社之一种，会员交纳会费，作会员的养生，送葬，老病残废的保险金。,2, 增益 contextual amplification This Holland gin has a musty acrid flavor and the taste must be acquired. 这种荷兰杜松子酒有陈年苦味，没有喝惯是领略不到它的好处的。 Indeed, the Teheran governments handpicked delegation to the Copenhagen Conference couldnt have been better chosen by Allah himself to defend the Islamic revolution. 说真的，由德黑兰政府一手挑选出来在哥本哈根会议上为伊斯兰革命辩护的代表，堪称首屈一指，即使是真主本人，也未必能选出必这更好的代表团了。,3，视点转换 shift of perspective 1)原文直译不太好懂，可能招致误解时考虑变换视角，从相反的角度去传达同样的信息 I could