银行贷款的风险控制

贷款风险的控制贷款风险控制的方法一般有以下几种：（1）贷款风险预防银行事先采取相应的措施，阻止贷款风险的发生；适用于任何一笔贷款的任何一个阶段在贷款前分析借款人的信用和财务状况分析借款人的经营前景和经营环境分析预测借款人产品市场的趋势进行贷款项目的可行性研究发现和计量可能出现的各种风险依据风险大小确定贷款与否和贷款多少在权衡收益和风险之后，对于极不安全或者收益不足于抵补所承担风险的贷款采取回避寻求贷款后的风险防范措在贷款发放和使用过程中跟踪检查借款人的贷款使用状况发现贷款使用不当，依法收回贷款，以减少风险在承担风险后采取积极措施尽量减少风险发生的可能性，降低风险带来的破坏程度（2）贷款风险转移银行通过某种方式（如银团贷款、担保贷款、抵押贷款）将贷款风险损失转嫁给他人来承担是银行控制贷款风险的一种重要方法将贷款风险转嫁给借款人抵押贷款将贷款风险转嫁给担保人担保贷款将贷款风险转嫁给保险公司贷款保险通过其他的交易（如利率掉期、外汇掉期、金融期货、期权合约等等），将贷款风险转嫁出去（3）贷款风险分散合理搭配贷款的种类贷款种类分散化（行业）合理划分付款地区贷款地域投向分散化（空间）合理搭配贷款的期限贷款期限分散化（时间）合理搭配贷款项目贷款项目分散化合理安排不同客户贷款客户分散化参加银团贷款，分散风险（4）贷款风险管理通过严格的贷款程序设计和贷款政策约束，以及加强事后监督与防范来降低贷款风险银行根据贷款的使用进度逐笔核放贷款对于数额较大、期限较长的贷款，采取一次核批，分次发放的方法可以节约资金的投放，减少借款人的利息负担有效地监督借款人合理使用贷款，防止贷款风险的产生使产生的贷款风险降到最低程度在贷款协议中设立保护性条款要求借款人存入一定比例的补偿性存款经常与借款人沟通，了解贷款的使用状况、借款企业的经营状况一旦发现问题，及时采取补救措施提取足额的坏帐损失准备金Risk Management Framework of Bank of MontrealCredit RiskA. Clear conmmunication of credit standards through policies, procedures and training;-rigorous standards and process of accreditation for all lending and credit officers with discretionary lending authority commensurate with conpetencies and experiences-clear definition of authorities and accountability at every stage of the lending processB. disciplined decision-making, consisting of a dual track approach to risk assessment whereby most business loans are reviewed by account managers and, separately, by independent credit officers;C. regular review by a committee of senior executive officers of all large credits recommended by line groups and a formal quarterly review of all problem accounts;D.effective management of the banks overall loan portfolio to ensure broad diversification of credit risk and to limit concentration in single sectors or accounts;E. continuous review of credit and credit management processes by an independent audit group;F. application of analytical tool and systems to capture risk, mornitor positions, and commensurate with risk, including the banks RAROC methodology;Position RiskA. centralized management of the banks position risks with treasury. Authorities and accountabilities for managing and monitoring this risk are clearly defined within treasury;B. estabilished prudent position risk policies which constitute the framework for managing the level of interest rate and foreign exchange risk within control limits;C. both positions and control limits are monitored regularly by a committee of senior officers;D. application of analytical tools such as gap analysis, income and market value sensitivity and simulation analysis;E. these principles are applied on a consistent basis across all risks including assets and loans, on- and off-balancesheet exposures of foreign currency and interest rate risk;F. all of these principles are further reinforced by a strong and effective internal audit function;G. corporate oversight of risk management is the responsibility of the Risk Review Committee of the Board of Directors;I. management of asset quality within the bank is based on this overall risk management framework;J. the bank is conservative in its lending policies which require prompt recognition of problem accounts and their transfer to a group of specialists skilled in managing such accounts;H. a management information system which provides timely and accurate information on both credit and position risk is an essential component of the banks risk management process, the bank is fully committed to continual upgrading this system;K. collateral is required on certain loan transactions, collateral type and ammount varies by type of loansMeasuring and Managing Financial RisksFinancial RiskTraditional MeasuresLead MeasuresManagement Techniques1. Credit riskLoans/assetsLoan concentrationCredit analysisNonperforming loans/loansLoan growthCredit documentationLoan loss/loansHigh lending ratesCredit controlReserves for loss/loansReserves to non-Special risk assessmentperforming loans2.Liquidity riskLoans/depositsPurchased fundsLiquidity planLiquidity assets/depositsBorrowing costContingency planLiquidity assetsCost/pricing modelsBorrowings/depositsDevelopment of funding sources3. Interest riskInterest-sensitive assets/Gap bucketsDynamic gap managementinterest-sensitive liabilitiesDurationDuration