语言文化论文-法语对英语的影响.doc

语言文化论文法语对英语的影响ABSTRACTBOTHFRENCHANDENGLISHBELONGTOTHEINDOEUROPEANFAMILYSINCETHEMIDDLEENGLISHPERIODFRENCHHASHADSTRONGINFLUENCEONENGLISHTHEINFLUENCEOFTHEFRENCHLANGUAGEUPONTHEENGLISHLANGUAGECANBEDIVIDEDINTOTWOMAINSTAGESTHEFIRSTONEISFROM1066TO1500THEDECISIVEFACTORDURINGTHISTIMEISTHENORMANCONQUESTALARGENUMBEROFFRENCHWORDSPOUREDINTOENGLISHASAPARTOFENGLISHETYMOLOGY,EXTENDINGINFLUENCETOGRAMMAR,SPELLING,PRONUNCIATIONANDWORDFORMATIONTHESECONDSTAGEISFROMEUROPEANRENAISSANCETOTHEPRESENTGLOBALIZATIONWITHTHEINCREASINGCOMMUNICATIONAMONGECONOMY,CULTUREANDTECHNOLOGY,MANYFOREIGNBORROWINGSHAVEBEENIMPORTEDFROMDIFFERENTCOUNTRIESFRENCHASABORROWINGCONTINUESITSCONTRIBUTIONTOTHEENGLISHVOCABULARYBYANALYZINGTHEFUSIONOFTHETWOLANGUAGES,THISPAPERTRIESTOPRESENTTHEVOCABULARYEVOLUTIONANDITSCULTURALCONNOTATIONKEYWORDSFRENCH；ENGLISH；VOCABULARY；INFLUENCE；NORMANCONQUEST；NATURALIZATION【摘要】法语和英语同属于印欧语系,中古英语以来法语对英语就有着极其深刻的影响。法语对英语的影响主要分为两个阶段第一阶段从1066年到1500年,在这一阶段诺曼征服是其决定性的因素。大量的法语词汇进入英语，构成了英语词源的一部分。其影响涉及语法、拼写、语音以及构词等方面。第二阶段是从欧洲的文艺复兴到现在加速世界一体化的信息时代。各国之间的文化相互渗透，经济、文化、科技密切联系。许多国家的词汇进入英语，法语作为外来语继续丰富着英语的词汇。本文通过分析两种语言的融合来探讨词汇的发展演变过程及其所反映的历史文化色彩。【关键词】法语；英语；词汇；影响；诺曼征服；归化1INTRODUCTIONTHEDEVELOPMENTOFACERTAINLANGUAGEHASALONGHISTORYIT’SINEVITABLETHATDIFFERENTLANGUAGESINFLUENCEANDPENETRATEEACHOTHERINTHEIRFORMATIONANDDEVELOPMENTINADDITION,APARTICULARLANGUAGEASSIMILATESTHEREFINEDPORTIONOFOTHERLANGUAGESTOENRICHITSELFENGLISHISTHETYPICALREPRESENTATIVEOFTHISKINDOFLANGUAGEASACOSMOPOLITANLANGUAGE,ENGLISHHASBEENGREATLYINFLUENCEDBYVARIOUSLANGUAGES,ESPECIALLYBYFRENCHSINCETHEMIDDLEENGLISHPERIODFRENCHHADASTRONGINFLUENCEONENGLISHTHEINFLUENCEOFTHEFRENCHLANGUAGEUPONTHEENGLISHLANGUAGECANBEDIVIDEDINTOTWOMAINSTAGESTHEFIRSTSTAGEISFROMNORMANCONQUESTTO1500ONEOFTHEMOSTINFLUENTIALFACTORSISTHENORMANCONQUESTATTHISSTAGETHEFRENCHWASUSEDBYTHEUPPERCLASSATFIRST,ANDTHENTHETWOLANGUAGESFUSEDTOGETHERANDATLASTTHEFRENCHWASACKNOWLEDGEDBYCOMMONPEOPLETHESECONDSTAGEISFROM1500TOTHEPRESENTTIMEONTHEWHOLETHEMOSTDIRECTANDOBSERVABLEIMPACTMANIFESTSITSELFONTHEWORDBORROWINGTHESCALEOFVOCABULARYISWIDEWECANFINDWORDSRELATINGTOEVERYASPECTOFHUMANSOCIETY,EGGOVERNMENT,LAW,RELIGION,MILITARYAFFAIRS,FOODANDSOONMOREOVER,THEDEGREEOFVOCABULARYINFLUENCEISCONSIDERABLESOMEWORDSAREASSIMILATED；SOMENATIVEWORDSARELOSTWHILEOTHERWORDS’MEANINGSAREEXPANDEDBESIDES,FRENCHALSOINFLUENCESENGLISHGRAMMAR,SPELLING,PRONUNCIATIONANDWORDFORMATIONANDNOWTHEINFLUENCEISSTILLGOINGON2INDOEUROPEANFAMILYTHELANGUAGESBROUGHTINTORELATIONSHIPBYDESCENTORPROGRESSIVEDIFFERENTIATIONFROMAPARENTSPEECHARECONVENIENTLYCALLEDAFAMILYOFLANGUAGESITISASSUMEDTHATTHEREAREROUGHLY300LANGUAGEFAMILIESINTHEWORLD,ANDTHEINDOEUROPEAN,ONEOFTHESE,ISMADEUPOFMOSTLANGUAGESOFEUROPE,THENEAREAST,ANDINDIATHEPARENTTONGUEFROMWHICHTHEINDOEUROPEANLANGUAGESHAVESPRUNGHADALREADYBECAMEDIVIDEDANDSCATTEREDBEFORETHEDAWNOFHISTORYTHESURVIVINGLANGUAGESSHOWVARIOUSDEGREESOFSIMILARITIESTOONEANOTHER,THESIMILARITYBEARINGAMOREORLESSDIRECTRELATIONSHIPTOTHEIRGEOGRAPHICALDISTRIBUTIONTHEYACCORDINGLYFALLINTOELEVENPRINCIPALGROUPSINDIAN,IRANIAN,ARMENIAN,HELLENIC,ALBANIAN,ITALIC,BALTOSLAVIC,GERMANIC,CELTIC,HITTITE,ANDTOCHARIAN1THEITALICBRANCHHASITSCENTERINITALY,ANDTOMOSTPEOPLEITALYINANCIENTTIMESSUGGESTSROMEANDTHELANGUAGEOFROME,LATINTHEVARIOUSLANGUAGESTHATREPRESENTTHESURVIVALOFLATININTHEDIFFERENTPARTSOFTHEROMEEMPIREAREKNOWNASTHEROMANCEORROMANICLANGUAGESTHEMOSTEXTENSIVEOFTHEROMANCELANGUAGESAREFRENCH,SPANISH,PORTUGUESE,ANDITALIANTHECOMMONFORMTHATTHELANGUAGESOFTHEGERMANICBRANCHHADBEFORETHEYBECAMEDIFFERENTIATEDISKNOWNASGERMANICORPROTOGERMANICTHELANGUAGESDESCENDEDFROMITFALLINTOTHREEGROUPSEASTGERMANIC,NORTHGERMANIC,ANDWESTGERMANICWESTGERMANICISTHEGROUPTOWHICHENGLISHBELONGS2INSHORT,BOTHFRENCHANDENGLISHBELONGTOTHEINDOEUROPEANFAMILY3MANYENGLISHWORDSCOMINGFROMOTHERLANGUAGES,ESPECIALLYFROMFRENCHASWEKNOW,THEENGLISHLANGUAGEISOFAMIXEDCHARACTERONONEHAND,ITSHARESWITHWESTGERMANICLANGUAGESMANYCOMMONWORDSANDSIMILARGRAMMATICALSTRUCTURESONTHEOTHERHAND,MORETHANHALFOFTHEENGLISHVOCABULARYISDERIVEDFROMLATIN,GREEK,NOTABLYFRENCH4THEINFLUENCEOFTHEFRENCHLANGUAGEUPONTHEENGLISHLANGUAGE41THESOCIALBACKGROUNDOFTHEINFLUENCE411THEORIGINOFNORMANDYONTHENORTHERNCOASTOFFRANCEISADISTRICTKNOWNASNORMANDYITDERIVESITSNAMEFROMTHEBANDSOFNORTHMENWHOSETTLEDTHEREINTHENINTHANDTENTHCENTURIESTHENORMANSHADSOONABSORBEDTHEMOSTIMPORTANTELEMENTSOFFRENCHCIVILIZATIONTHEYGAVEUPTHEIROWNLANGUAGEANDLEARNEDFRENCHFORSOMEYEARSBEFORETHENORMANCONQUESTTHERELATIONSBETWEENENGLANDANDNORMANDYHADBEENFAIRLYCLOSEIN1002RHELREDTHEUNREADYHADMARRIEDANORMANWIFEANDTHEIRSONEDWARD,WHOHADTHUSBEENBROUGHTUPINFRANCE,WASALMOSTMOREFRENCHTHANENGLISHIN1042,EDWARDWASRESTOREDTOTHETHRONEANDHEBROUGHTWITHHIMANUMBEROFHISNORMANFRIENDSANDGAVETHEMIMPORTANTPLACESINTHEGOVERNMENTASTRONGFRENCHATMOSPHEREPERVADEDTHEENGLISHCOURTDURINGTHETWENTYFOURYEARSOFHISREIGN412THENORMANINVASIONATHISSUCCESSIONTHEMOSTINFLUENTIALNOBLEWASGODWIN,EARLOFTHEWESTSAXONEARLDOMHISELDESTSON,HAROLD,WASELECTEDKINGWHENEDWARDDIEDIN1066BUTHISELECTIONDIDNOTLONGGOUNCHALLENGEDWILLIAM,THEDUKEOFNORMANDYATTHISTIME,WASASECONDCOUSINTOTHELATEKINGALTHOUGHTHISRELATIONSHIPDIDNOTGIVEHIMANYRIGHTOFINHERITANCETOTHEENGLISHTHRONE,HEHADNEVERTHELESSBEENLIVINGINEXPECTATIONOFBECOMINGEDWARD’SSUCCESSORHEHOPEDTOOBTAINTHECROWNBYFORCEONSEPTEMBER1066,WILLIAMLANDEDATPEVENSEY,ONTHESOUTHCOASTOFENGLAND,WITHAFORMIDABLEFORCEHAROLDWASKILLEDDURINGTHEBATTLEANDTHEENGLISHWERESOONINFULLRETREATONCHRISTMASDAY1066,WILLIAMWASCROWNEDKINGOFENGLAND413THENORMANSETTLEMENTWILLIAM’SPOSSESSIONOFTHETHRONEHADBEENAMATTEROFCONQUESTANDWASATTENDEDBYALLTHECONSEQUENCESOFTHECONQUESTOFONEPEOPLEBYANOTHERONEOFTHEMOSTIMPORTANTOFTHESECONSEQUENCESWASTHEINTRODUCTIONOFANEWNOBILITYFORSEVERALGENERATIONSAFTERTHECONQUESTTHEIMPORTANTPOSITIONSANDTHEGREATESTATESWEREALMOSTALWAYSHELDBYNORMANSORMENOFFOREIGNBLOODSIMILARLY,NORMANPRELATESWEREGRADUALLYINTRODUCEDINTOALLIMPORTANTPOSITIONSINTHECHURCHITISLESSEASYTOSPEAKWITHCERTAINTYOFTHENORMANSINTHELOWERWALKSOFLIFEWHOCAMEINTOENGLANDWITHWILLIAM’SARMYMANYOFTHEMDOUBTLESSREMAINEDINTHEISLAND,ANDTHEIRNUMBERWASINCREASEDBYCONSTANTACCRETIONSTHROUGHOUTTHERESTOFTHEELEVENTHCENTURYANDTHEWHOLEOFTHENEXTLIKEWISEMERCHANTSANDCRAFTSMENFROMTHECONTINENTSEEMTOHAVESETTLEDINENGLANDINCONSIDERABLENUMBERSITISQUITEIMPOSSIBLETOSAYHOWMANYNORMANSANDFRENCHPEOPLESETTLEDINENGLAND,BUTBECAUSETHEGOVERNINGCLASSINBOTHCHURCHANDSTATEWASALMOSTEXCLUSIVELYMADEUPFROMAMONGTHEM,THEIRINFLUENCEWASOUTOFALLPROPORTIONTOTHEIRNUMBER42THEINFLUENCEOFFRENCHUPONENGLISHINTHEMIDDLEENGLISHPERIOD421THEUSEOFFRENCHBYTHEUPPERCLASSWHATEVERTHEACTUALNUMBEROFNORMANSSETTLEDINENGLAND,ITISCLEARTHATTHEMEMBERSOFTHENEWRULINGCLASSWERESUFFICIENTLYPREDOMINANTTOCONTINUETOUSETHEIROWNLANGUAGETHISWASNATURALENOUGHATFIRST,ASTHEYKNEWNOENGLISH；BUTTHEYCONTINUEDTODOSOFORALONGTIMETOCOME,PICKINGUPSOMEKNOWLEDGEOFENGLISHGRADUALLYBUTMAKINGNOEFFORTTODOSOASAMATTEROFPOLICYFOR200YEARSAFTERTHENORMANCONQUEST,FRENCHREMAINEDTHELANGUAGEOFORDINARYINTERCOURSEAMONGTHEUPPERCLASSESINENGLANDTHENOBILITYCHOSETOMAINTAINFRENCHASTHELANGUAGEOFSOCIETY,ADMINISTRATIONANDCOMMERCE3ATFIRSTTHOSEWHOSPOKEFRENCHWERETHOSEOFNORMANORIGIN,BUTSOONTHROUGHINTERMARRIAGEANDASSOCIATIONWITHTHERULINGCLASSNUMEROUSPEOPLEOFENGLISHEXTRACTIONMUSTHAVEFOUNDITTOTHEIRADVANTAGETOLEARNTHENEWLANGUAGE,ANDBEFORELONGTHEDISTINCTIONBETWEENTHOSEWHOSPOKEFRENCHANDTHOSEWHOSPOKEENGLISHWASNOTETHNICBUTLARGELYSOCIALTHEMOSTIMPORTANTFACTORINTHECONTINUEDUSEOFFRENCHBYTHEENGLISHUPPERCLASSUNTILTHEBEGINNINGOFTHETHIRTEENTHCENTURYWASTHECLOSECONNECTIONTHATEXISTEDTHROUGHALLTHESEYEARSBETWEENENGLANDANDTHECONTINENTTHESUBJUGATEDENGLISHWERENOTKILLEDOFF,NORWERETHEYDRIVENFROMTHEIRCOUNTRYTHEYWERERELEGATEDTOTHESTATUSOFANINFERIORPEOPLE,GOODSWINEHERDSANDSERVANTSTHEREFORE，ENGLANDBECAMEABILINGUALCOUNTRYTHENORMANSBELONGEDTOARACEOFSCANDINAVIANORIGIN,BUTDURINGTHERESIDENCEINNORMANDYTHEYHADGIVENUPTHEIRNATIVELANGUAGEANDHADADOPTEDTHEFRENCHDIALECTOFTHATREGIONTHENORMANSINTRODUCEDINTOENGLANDAVARIETYOFTHEFRENCHLANGUAGEWECALLNORMANFRENCH,THEOTHERVARIETYISPARISIANFRENCHBYTHEENDOFTHETHIRTEENTHCENTURYPARISIANFRENCHBEGANTOENTERENGLAND,ANDMORESTILLINTHEFIFTEENTHCENTURYALARGENUMBEROFFRENCHWORDSMADETHEIRAPPEARANCEINTHEWORKSOFCHAUCERANDOTHERENGLISHWRITERS,ESPECIALLYINMANYENGLISHTRANSLATIONSOFFRENCHLITERARYWORKSPUBLISHEDATTHATTIME422FUSIONOFTHETWOPEOPLESANDTWOLANGUAGESINTHEYEARSFOLLOWINGTHENORMANCONQUESTTHESTINGOFDEFEATANDTHEHARDSHIPSINCIDENTTOSOGREATAPOLITICALANDSOCIALDISTURBANCEWEREGRADUALLYFORGOTTENPEOPLEACCEPTEDTHENEWORDERASSOMETHINGACCOMPLISHED；THEYACCEPTEDITASAFACTANDADJUSTEDTHEMSELVESTOITTHEFUSIONOFNORMANSANDENGLISHWASRAPIDANDTHEEARLYFUSIONOFFRENCHANDENGLISHINENGLANDISQUITECLEARFROMAVARIETYOFEVIDENCESITISEVIDENTINTHEMARRIAGEOFNORMANSTOENGLISHWOMENITISEVIDENTFROMTHEWAYINWHICHTHEENGLISHGAVETHEIRSUPPORTTOTHEIRRULERSANDNORMANPRELATESITISEVIDENTINMANYOTHERWAYSEVERYWHERETHEREARESIGNSOFCONVERGENCE423KNOWLEDGEOFFRENCHAMONGTHEMIDDLECLASSIFBYTHEENDOFTHETWELFTHCENTURYTHEKNOWLEDGEOFENGLISHWASNOTUNUSUALAMONGMEMBERSOFTHEHIGHESTCLASS,ITSEEMSEQUALLYCLEARTHATTHEKNOWLEDGEOFFRENCHWASOFTENFOUNDSOMEWHATFURTHERDOWNINTHESOCIALSCALEINFACTTHEKNOWLEDGEOFFRENCHMAYSOMETIMESHAVEEXTENDEDTOTHEFREETENANTSSOTHETWOLANGUAGESFUSEDTOGETHERANDINFLUENCEDEACHOTHER424FRENCHINFLUENCEONTHEVOCABULARYTHEINFLUENCEOFTHEFRENCHLANGUAGEUPONTHEENGLISHLANGUAGEISDIRECTANDEVIDENTITISMUCHMOREOBSERVABLEFROMTHEVOCABULARYWHERETHETWOLANGUAGESEXISTSIDEBYSIDEFORALONGTIMEANDTHERELATIONSBETWEENTHEPEOPLESPEAKINGTHEMAREASINTIMATEASTHEYWEREINENGLAND,ACONSIDERABLETRANSFERENCEOFWORDSFROMONELANGUAGETOTHEOTHERISINEVITABLE4THENUMBEROFFRENCHWORDSTHATPOUREDINTOENGLISHWASUNBELIEVABLYGREATTHEREISNOTHINGCOMPARABLETOITINTHEPREVIOUSORSUBSEQUENTHISTORYOFTHELANGUAGEINTHEINFLUXOFFRENCHWORDSTWOSTAGESCANBEOBSERVED,ANEARLIERANDALATER,WITHTHEYEAR1250ASTHEAPPROXIMATEDIVIDINGLINE5WHENWESTUDYTHEFRENCHWORDSAPPEARINGINENGLISHBEFORE1250,ROUGHLY900INNUMBER,WEFINDTHATMANYOFTHEMWERESUCHASTHELOWERCLASSESWOULDBECOMEFAMILIARWITHTHROUGHCONTACTWITHAFRENCHSPEAKINGNOBILITY,EGBARON,NOBLE,DAME,SERVANT,MESSENGER,FEAST,MINSTREL,JUGGLER,LARGESS,STORY,RIME,LAY,ETC6INTHEPERIODAFTER1250THECONDITIONSUNDERWHICHFRENCHWORDSHADBEENMAKINGTHEIRWAYINTOENGLISHWERESUPPLEMENTEDBYANEWANDPOWERFULFACTOR－TH