语言文化论文-英汉口译中文化因素的传达.doc

语言文化论文英汉口译中文化因素的传达摘要英汉口译是通过口头表达,将信息由英语转换成汉语的语言交际行为。英汉口译所涉及的因素颇多,其中文化因素的传达尤为重要。不同的文化背景决定了语言的表达方式,因此,译者在口译过程中要采取转换、解释等技巧将文化内涵传达给听众。本文主要探讨口译过程中文化因素传达的内涵、技巧及意义。关键词英汉口译；文化因素；传达；文化背景摘要英汉口译是通过口头表达,将信息由英语转换成汉语的语言交际行为。英汉口译所涉及的因素颇多,其中文化因素的传达尤为重要。不同的文化背景决定了语言的表达方式,因此,译者在口译过程中要采取转换、解释等技巧将文化内涵传达给听众。本文主要探讨口译过程中文化因素传达的内涵、技巧及意义。关键词英汉口译；文化因素；传达；文化背景ABSTRACTECINTERPRETATIONISAKINDOFCOMMUNICATIVEBEHAVIORINWHICHINFORMATIONINENGLISHISCONVERTEDINTOCHINESEBYORALEXPRESSIONSAMONGTHEFACTORSINECINTERPRETATION,THEMOSTIMPORTANTONEISCULTURALFACTORDIFFERENTCULTURALBACKGROUNDSDETERMINETHEFORMOFEXPRESSIONSO,DURINGECINTERPRETATION,THEINTERPRETERSHOULDHAVETOPASSONTHECULTURALCONNOTATIONTOTHELISTENERSBYEXPLANATIONORCONVERSIONTHISARTICLEAIMSTOEXPLORETHECONNOTATIONS,TECHNIQUESASWELLASITSIMPORTANCEOFTRANSMISSIONFORCULTURALFACTORSINECINTERPRETATIONKEYWORDSECINTERPRETATION；CULTURALFACTORS；TRANSMISSION；CULTURALBACKGROUND1INTRODUCTIONITGOESWITHOUTSAYINGTHATBOTHENGLISHANDCHINESELANGUAGESAREENDOWEDWITHPROFOUNDCULTURELANGUAGEISANIMPORTANTCARRIEROFCULTUREDIFFERENTLANGUAGESREFLECTDIFFERENTCULTURESWHAT’SLANGUAGE“INTHEBROADESTSENSE,LANGUAGEISTHESYMBOLICREPRESENTATIONOFAPEOPLE,ANDITCOMPRISESTHEIRHISTORICALANDCULTURALBACKGROUNDSASWELLASTHEIRAPPROACHTOLIFEANDTHEIRWAYSOFLIVINGANDTHINKING”ANDWHATABOUTCULTUREACCORDINGTOTHEDEFINITIONSOFSOCIOLOGISTSANDANTHROPOLOGISTS,THETERM“CULTURE”REFERSTOTHETOTALPATTERNOFBELIEFS,CUSTOMS,INSTITUTIONS,OBJECTS,ANDTECHNIQUESTHATCHARACTERIZETHELIFEOFAHUMANCOMMUNITYDENGYANCHANG,LIURENQING,1989LANGUAGEISAVERYSPECIALCOMPONENTOFCULTUREASASYMBOLICSYSTEMOFHUMANCOMMUNICATION,LANGUAGEISPARTOFTHECONVENTIONALCULTUREMOSTOFTHELANGUAGESARECONTAINEDWITHINTHEIRCULTURES,ANDASOCIETY’SLANGUAGEISANASPECTOFITSCULTURETHEREISADIALECTICALRELATIONSHIPBETWEENLANGUAGEANDCULTUREEVERYLANGUAGEISPARTOFACULTUREANDEVERYCULTUREISPARTOFALANGUAGEASSUCH,LANGUAGECAN’TBUTSERVEANDREFLECTCULTURALNEEDSTHETWOAREINTRICATELYINTERWOVENSUCHTHATONECANNOTSEPARATETHETWOWITHOUTLOSINGTHESIGNIFICANCEOFEITHERLANGUAGEORCULTURETHUS,THERELATIONOFLANGUAGETOCULTUREISTHATOFPARTTOWHOLECULTUREISREALLYANINTEGRALPARTOFTHEINTERACTIONBETWEENLANGUAGEANDTHOUGHTCULTURALPATTERNS,CUSTOMS,ANDWAYSOFLIFEAREEXPRESSEDINLANGUAGEFOREXAMPLE,ESKIMOTRIBESCOMMONLYHAVEASMANYASSEVENDIFFERENTWORDSFORSNOWTODISTINGUISHAMONGDIFFERENTTYPESOFSNOWINAFRICANCULTURESOFTHEEQUATORIALFORESTS,THEREISNOWORDATALLFORSNOWWESHALLNOTGOFURTHERINTOTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENLANGUAGEANDCULTUREWHATNEEDSTOBESTRESSEDHEREISTHATTHETWOINTERACT,ANDTHATUNDERSTANDINGOFONEREQUIRESUNDERSTANDINGOFTHEOTHERWHATWECALL“CULTURALFACTOR”REFERSTOBELIEFS,CUSTOMS,SOCIALSYSTEMS,INSTITUTIONS,OBJECTS,TECHNIQUES,WAYSOFTHINKING,FAMILYPATTERNS,ETCTHATCOMPRISETHECULTURETHECRITERIAOFINTERPRETATIONDIFFERSFROMPERSONTOPERSON,WHICH,INGENERALSENSE,AREQUICKNESS,EXACTNESSANDFLUENCYECINTERPRETATIONCOVERSBROADCONTENTSINWHICHTHETRANSMISSIONOFCULTURALFACTORISNOTONLYIMPORTANTBUTALSOCAN’TBEIGNORED2THETRANSMISSIONOFTHECONNOTATIONOFCULTURALFACTORSJUSTASWEMENTIONEDABOVE,CULTURALFACTORSREFERTOBELIEFS,CUSTOMS,SOCIALSYSTEMS,INSTITUTIONS,OBJECTS,TECHNIQUES,WAYSOFTHINKING,FAMILYPATTERNS,ETCTHATCOMPRISETHECULTURESO,IT’SOBVIOUSTHATTHETRANSMISSIONOFTHECONNOTATIONOFCULTURALFACTORSISTOPASSONWHATCOMPRISETHECULTURESTEMMEDFROMTHEENGLISHSPEAKINGCOUNTRIESTOTHELISTENERSINECINTERPRETATIONITGOESWITHOUTSAYINGTHATBOTHENGLISHANDCHINESELANGUAGESAREENDOWEDWITHPROFOUNDCULTURELANGUAGEISANIMPORTANTCARRIEROFCULTUREDIFFERENTLANGUAGESREFLECTDIFFERENTCULTURESWHAT’SLANGUAGE“INTHEBROADESTSENSE,LANGUAGEISTHESYMBOLICREPRESENTATIONOFAPEOPLE,ANDITCOMPRISESTHEIRHISTORICALANDCULTURALBACKGROUNDSASWELLASTHEIRAPPROACHTOLIFEANDTHEIRWAYSOFLIVINGANDTHINKING”ANDWHATABOUTCULTUREACCORDINGTOTHEDEFINITIONSOFSOCIOLOGISTSANDANTHROPOLOGISTS,THETERM“CULTURE”REFERSTOTHETOTALPATTERNOFBELIEFS,CUSTOMS,INSTITUTIONS,OBJECTS,ANDTECHNIQUESTHATCHARACTERIZETHELIFEOFAHUMANCOMMUNITYDENGYANCHANG,LIURENQING,1989LANGUAGEISAVERYSPECIALCOMPONENTOFCULTUREASASYMBOLICSYSTEMOFHUMANCOMMUNICATION,LANGUAGEISPARTOFTHECONVENTIONALCULTUREMOSTOFTHELANGUAGESARECONTAINEDWITHINTHEIRCULTURES,ANDASOCIETY’SLANGUAGEISANASPECTOFITSCULTURETHEREISADIALECTICALRELATIONSHIPBETWEENLANGUAGEANDCULTUREEVERYLANGUAGEISPARTOFACULTUREANDEVERYCULTUREISPARTOFALANGUAGEASSUCH,LANGUAGECAN’TBUTSERVEANDREFLECTCULTURALNEEDSTHETWOAREINTRICATELYINTERWOVENSUCHTHATONECANNOTSEPARATETHETWOWITHOUTLOSINGTHESIGNIFICANCEOFEITHERLANGUAGEORCULTURETHUS,THERELATIONOFLANGUAGETOCULTUREISTHATOFPARTTOWHOLECULTUREISREALLYANINTEGRALPARTOFTHEINTERACTIONBETWEENLANGUAGEANDTHOUGHTCULTURALPATTERNS,CUSTOMS,ANDWAYSOFLIFEAREEXPRESSEDINLANGUAGEFOREXAMPLE,ESKIMOTRIBESCOMMONLYHAVEASMANYASSEVENDIFFERENTWORDSFORSNOWTODISTINGUISHAMONGDIFFERENTTYPESOFSNOWINAFRICANCULTURESOFTHEEQUATORIALFORESTS,THEREISNOWORDATALLFORSNOWWESHALLNOTGOFURTHERINTOTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENLANGUAGEANDCULTUREWHATNEEDSTOBESTRESSEDHEREISTHATTHETWOINTERACT,ANDTHATUNDERSTANDINGOFONEREQUIRESUNDERSTANDINGOFTHEOTHERWHATWECALL“CULTURALFACTOR”REFERSTOBELIEFS,CUSTOMS,SOCIALSYSTEMS,INSTITUTIONS,OBJECTS,TECHNIQUES,WAYSOFTHINKING,FAMILYPATTERNS,ETCTHATCOMPRISETHECULTURETHECRITERIAOFINTERPRETATIONDIFFERSFROMPERSONTOPERSON,WHICH,INGENERALSENSE,AREQUICKNESS,EXACTNESSANDFLUENCYECINTERPRETATIONCOVERSBROADCONTENTSINWHICHTHETRANSMISSIONOFCULTURALFACTORISNOTONLYIMPORTANTBUTALSOCAN’TBEIGNORED2THETRANSMISSIONOFTHECONNOTATIONOFCULTURALFACTORSJUSTASWEMENTIONEDABOVE,CULTURALFACTORSREFERTOBELIEFS,CUSTOMS,SOCIALSYSTEMS,INSTITUTIONS,OBJECTS,TECHNIQUES,WAYSOFTHINKING,FAMILYPATTERNS,ETCTHATCOMPRISETHECULTURESO,IT’SOBVIOUSTHATTHETRANSMISSIONOFTHECONNOTATIONOFCULTURALFACTORSISTOPASSONWHATCOMPRISETHECULTURESTEMMEDFROMTHEENGLISHSPEAKINGCOUNTRIESTOTHELISTENERSINECINTERPRETATION1TOBEANINTERPRETER,WHATHEORSHESHOULDCONVEYINECINTERPRETATIONMAYBESOMEONEWOULDSAY“I’LLINTERPRETWHATHEORSHESAYS”THEANSWERTOTHEABOVEQUESTIONMAYBERIGHTORWRONGFOREXAMPLE,AFOREIGNERSAYS“HOWABOUTHAVINGSUPPERTOGETHERTONIGHTGODUTCH”IFITISINTERPRETEDAS“今晚一起吃饭如何去荷兰,”THECHINESELISTENERSMIGHTTHINKTHATYOUWOULDINVITEHIMORHERTOHAVESUPPERINDUTCHORINACERTAINRESTAURANTNAMEDDUTCHHERE“GODUTCH”MEANS“PAYYOURBILLYOURSELF‘NOT’TOHAVEDINNERINDUTCHORADUTCHRESTAURANT”THEEXAMPLEREFLECTSONEKINDOFCHARACTERISTICSOFCULTUREONTHECONTRARY,IFSOMEONEINCHINAINVITESYOUTOHAVEDINNERWITHHIMORHER,HE/SHEWILLPAYTHEBILLTHISPHENOMENONISCALLEDCULTURALDIFFERENCETHEREAREPLENTYOFEXAMPLESTOSHOWTHECULTURALDIFFERENCEBETWEENENGLISHANDCHINESECHINESEHASACOMPLEXSYSTEMOFKINSHIPTERMSITDISTINGUISHES“外甥、侄子、堂兄、表兄、姑母、姨母、姑夫、舅父、姨夫、外祖母、外祖父”,WHILEINENGLISHTHEREARENOCOUNTERPARTSTHISISBECAUSETHECHINESEAREMOREPARTICULARABOUTTHESERELATIONDISTINCTIONSWHILETHEENGLISHPEOPLEDONOTNEEDTOMAKETHESEDISTINCTIONSSOOFTENTHEREFORE,ANINTERPRETERHASTOPASSPROFOUNDKNOWLEDGEABOUTTHECULTURALCONNOTATIONOFENGLISHSPEAKINGCOUNTRIESINTHISWAYANDONLYINTHISWAY,HEORSHECANCONVEYTHECULTURALCONNOTATIONINECINTERPRETATIONTHISISTHEMAINPOINTOFCULTURALFACTORTRANSMISSION2THEREQUIREMENTSOFCULTURALFACTORTRANSMISSIONTHEINTERPRETERSHOULDHAVETOINTERPRETNOTONLYWHATTHESPEAKERSAYSBUTALSOWHATHEORSHEREALLYMEANSCULTURESDIFFERFROMONEANOTHER,ANDEACHCULTUREISUNIQUELANGUAGEISINFLUENCEDANDSHAPEDBYCULTUREANDITREFLECTSCULTUREDIFFERENTLANGUAGEBACKGROUNDSDETERMINETHEFORMOFLANGUAGEEXPRESSIONFORINSTANCE,“ITWASGREEKTOME”INONEOFSHAKESPEARE’SPLAYS“JULIUSCAESAR”MEANS“IKNOWNOTHINGABOUTIT”ITMEANS“一窍不通”INCHINESESOTHEREQUIREMENTSOFCULTURALFACTORTRANSMISSION,INMYOPINION,ARE1TOCONVEYTHEREALMEANINGOFCULTURESOMEPHRASESANDSENTENCESINENGLISHHAVEINNERMEANINGIT’SDIFFICULTFOROURCHINESEINTERPRETERSTOGRASPWHATWEMUSTDOISTOPUTACROSSTHEMEANINGNOTEVERYINDIVIDUALWORDINTHEGIVENPHRASESORSENTENCESINTHELIGHTOFTHECONTEXTFOREXAMPLE“IT’SVERYKINDOFYOU”→“您太客气了”“THATWON’TBETHEENDOFTHEWORLD”→“天塌不下来”“HEISBRAVERTHANWISE”→“他有勇无谋”“TAKECAREHOWYOUDOSO”→“千万别这样做”“PULLSB’SLEGS”→“嘲弄某人”SIMILARLY,ININTERPRETINGTHISENGLISHSENTENCE,“THISPIECEOFINFORMATIONHASNOTBEENMADEPUBLICYET,SOKEEPITUNDERYOURHAT”,WECANGRASPTHEREALMEANINGOFTHESENTENCEFROMTHECONTEXTANDRENDERITINTO“这条消息尚未发表,因此你要保密。”2TOTRANSMITTHEATTRIBUTESOFCULTURETHETERM“ATTRIBUTE”HEREMEANS“AQUALITYORFEATURE,ESPECIALLYONETHATISCONSIDEREDTOBEGOODORUSEFUL”LONGMANDICTIONARYOFCONTEMPORARYENGLISH,1997THEATTRIBUTESOFACULTUREALSOREFERTOTHEGOODORUSEFULPARTSOFITSLANGUAGETOBEAGOODINTERPRETER,ONESHOULDCERTAINLYINTERPRETTHEGOODANDUSEFULPARTSOFTHETARGETLANGUAGEFORINSTANCESOMEFOREIGNERSOFTENSPEAKCOARSELANGUAGE,SUCHAS“FUCK”“DAMNIT”,WHICHAREBETTERNOTTOBEINTERPRETEDFORTHELISTENERS’SAKEFORTUNATELY,SOMEGOODEXPRESSIONS,SUCHAS“GOANDSEE”“TRUSTTHEFUTURE；TRUSTTHEYOUNG”AREWIDELYACCEPTEDBYCHINESEPEOPLEWITHTHEDEVELOPMENTOFSCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGY,PEOPLEINDIFFERENTCOUNTRIESWILLGETTOKNOWEACHOTHERBETTER3TOPASSONTHECONNOTATIONOFCULTURESOMEWORDSORPHRASESINENGLISHREFLECTTHECONNOTATIONOFITSCULTURE,SUCHASIDEALISMANDMATERIALISMASATERMOFPHILOSOPHY,IDEALISM,ITSOPPOSITEISMATERIALISM,DOESN’TCONTAINANYAMELIORATIVEORDEROGATORYMEANINGINENGLISHBUTITISDIFFERENTINCHINESE,WHICHMEANS“唯心主义”ONTHECONTRARY,MATERIALISMMEANS“唯物主义”INCHINESE,WHICHISANAMELIORATIVEWORDBUTTHETWOTERMS“IDEALISM”AND“MATERIALISM”ARENOTALWAYSAMELIORATIVEORDEROGATORYFOREXAMPLE“ICAMEHEREOUTOFCONVICTIONANDIDEALISM”我是抱着信念和理想而来的。“ALOTOFPEOPLEAREPREPAREDTOTURNTHEIRBACKONTHEMATERIALISTWAYOFLIFE”很多人都准备放弃追求物质享受的生活方式。ADICTIONARYOFBRITISHANDAMERICANCULTURE,HUWENZONG1995FROMTHEABOVEEXAMPLES,WECANSEETHAT“IDEALISM”ISAMELIORATIVEAND“MATERIALISM”ISDEROGATORYTHEABOVEREQUIREMENTSMAYBESOMEWHATABSTRACT,BUTINFACT,ITISWHATANINTERPRETERHASTODO3THETECHNIQUESOFCULTURALFACTORS’TRANSMISSIONINTHECASEOFECINTERPRETATION,WHICHINVOLVESTWOWELLDEVELOPEDLANGUAGESTHATARECARRIERSOFTWOVASTLYDIFFERENTCULTURES,TECHNIQUESDOPLAYAHELPFULROLEBESIDESEXPLANATIONANDCONVERSION,TECHNIQUESOFECINTERPRETATIONINCLUDESUBORDINATION,DICTION,IMPLICATION,OMISSION,NEGATIONANDDIVISION,ETCBUTEXPLANATIONANDCONVERSIONARETHETWOBASICTECHNIQUESOFCULTURALFACTORSTRANSMISSIONASFARASTHECONTENTOFECINTERPRETATIONISCONCERNED,ITINCLUDES