外文翻译--机械产品方案的现代设计方法及发展趋势

附录 附录 1 Mechanical products for modern design and development trend The rapid development of science and technology, product features requirements of the growing number and complexity of the increase in life expectancy shortened, replacement faster. However, the design of the products, especially mechanical products in the design means, is, failed to keep pace with the needs of the times. At present, computer-aided product design drawings, design, manufacturing, production planning has been a relatively extensive and in-depth study and achieved initial results, and product development programmes of the early computer-aided design is far from meeting the needs of the design. To this end, the author read a lot of literature on the basis of a summary of the design and scholars at home and abroad to design the method used, and discussed the various methods of organic link between product design and mechanical Computer trend of development. Under the current domestic and foreign scholars to design machinery design methods used by the main features of the programme can be summed up modern design for the following four major types. 1, systematic design method Systematic design the main features are: design as from a number of design elements of a system, every design element of independence, there are various elements of the organic links and a level of all the design elements Combined, you can design systems to achieve the task. Systematic design idea in the 1970s by the German scholar Professor Pahl and Beitz, a system based on the theory, developed a design of the general pattern, and advocate of the design work should be rational. German Engineers Association in this on the basis of design, develop standards VDI2221 technology systems and product development design methods. The development of the product design process of mechanical model, basically follow the German standards VDI2221 the design. In addition, many of our product design and scholars in the programme design and also learn from other developed countries cited the systematic design, which is representative: (1) The user needs as the product concept of functional characteristics, structural design and part design, process planning, operations control, and so on the basis of the product development process of the macro, the use of Quality Function layout methods, systems and information needs of users will be reasonable and effective And converted to the various stages of product development objectives and operations control technology means a point of order. (2) products as organisms on the level of life, and life systems through the use of the product design process can demand level of success and realize the concept of functional requirements of the specific levels and product design level. At the same time using the system icons to life the abstract expression of the functional requirements of products, product features a system structure. (3) the mechanical design system in the application of science into two basic questions: First, to design products as a system to process, to determine the best of its components (modules) and their mutual relations and the other is the product design Process as a system, according to the design objectives, correct and reasonable to determine the design of all aspects of the work and the various design stage. As each designer to study issues and to consider the perspective of the different emphases, to design a programme of specific research methods also differ. Here are some representative of the systematic design methods. 1.1 design elements of With five design elements (functions, effects, effects of vector, shape and surface elements parameters) described product solution that a product design elements of the five identified, all the characteristics of products and value characteristics already identified. Chinese scholars have also adopted similar design methods described product of the original understanding. 1.2 graphical modeling law Development of the design analysis and guidance systems KALEIT, with a clear level of the graphic description of the product structure and functions related to the abstract information, and the system structure and function graphical modeling, as well as functional connections between the layers. Will be assisted design divided into two methods and information exchange, the use of Nijssen information analysis methods can be used graphic symbols, with a variety of semantic model structure, the integration can be described conditions can be divided into binding type, can relations between any combination of features , Will design solutions and information technology integration, the design process to achieve a different level of abstraction of information between the graphical modeling. The literature 11 semantic network design as a design tool in the development of the semantic network design ASK, using nodes and a network of lines describing the design, said node components of the unit (such as the design tasks, functions, components Or processing equipment, etc.), and lines used to adjust the definition node between different semantic relations, which in the design process for all the activities and results of pre-built model, the early design requirements to the definition of a specific structure can be described by the Relations between the definition of the expression, and a computer-aided design process from abstract to concrete leap. 1.3 idea - design law Will be divided into product design concept and design in two stages. Concept stage of the task is to seek, select and design portfolio to meet the requirements of the original understanding of tasks. Design stage of work is the concrete realization of the original understanding of the conceptual stage. The programme will be ideas for the specific description: According to a suitable functional structure, designed to meet the requirements of the mandate of the original understanding. Functional structure of the sub-function by structural elements to achieve, and structural elements of the physical connection between the definition of functional carrier, functional carrier and structural elements and formation of the interaction between the functional diagram ( Mechanical movement diagram). Programme of design is based on functional diagram, the first qualitative description of all the functional carrier and structural elements, then all the quantitative description of structural elements and connecting pieces ( functional vector) the shape and location have The structure of. Roper, H. use of graph theory theory, the help from his definition of total design unit (GE), structure elements (KE), functional structure elements (FKE), connecting structure elements (VKE), Structural parts (KT), structural elements parts (KET) concept, and describes elements of size, location and transmission parameters of the relationship between the number of thumbs, the design expert intuitive way to design a formal Description of the formation of effective application of existing knowledge of methods, and applied to the idea and design stage. From the design methodology of the point of view, the design task will be clear after the design work is divided into three steps: 1) access to functions and functional structure (referred to as functional), 2) find effects (referred to as the effect)； ) To find structure (referred to as the configuration of the Rules). And described by the following four strategies Mechanical Product concept stage of the process: Strategy 1: were considered functional and effect and configuration rules. Therefore, we can work in various steps to create variations in the respective programmes, resulting in the original understanding of the broad spectrum. Strategy 2: effect and configuration rules (including the designer to create the rules) association, to consider a separate function (usually associated with the design task). At this point, to identify the typical configuration rules and their effects need to have a wea lth of experience, the programme spectrum far less than a strategy of the programme spectrum. Strategy 3: functional and effect, configuration rules are closely related. Applicable to the function, and the configuration of the rules of no choice, with special requirements of the areas, such as ultra-small machinery, large machinery, high-value function parts, and those with special requirements of the functional components, and so on. Strategy 4: In view of the structural design requirements of the solution. The strategy starting from the existing parts, through different parts of the order and connection, was expected to function. 1.4 Matrix Design In the programme design process used in requirement - to logic tree ( or tree) described requirements, the relationship between the function, to satisfy the requirements of functional design solution set, a different design. According to request - to logic tree establishment of a request - to association matrix, meet the requirements necessary to describe the complex relationship between function, expressed functional requirements and the relationship between the one-to-one. Kotaetal will matrix as a mechanical system design basis, the mechanical system design space as a functional decomposition of space, only that each sub-space design of a module, in the abstract phase of the high-level, with each module design movement conversion matrix And a vector for the operation of restraint that in the abstract phase of the low-rise, each module design parameters were expressed as a matrix and the equation of motion. 1.5 bond graph Law Will form a system components into the function to generate energy, energy consumption, changing energy forms, such as various types of energy transmission and use of bond graph of the function of the components that will be based on the functions of the model and bonding with plans to achieve functional The automatic generation of structural and functional structure and bonding between the automatic conversion plans to seek bond graph generated by a number of design methods. 2, modular design structure From the perspective of planning products: the definition of its mandate to design features of the product structure is based on the use of existing products (such as GM parts components, etc.) described the design task, that is, when the mandate of decomposition on each task to consider whether there is the corresponding Solutions products, so that in the planning stages of product design tasks to eliminate the contradictions that might exist in the early forecast production capacity, costs and the development of the process of designing the plan adjustable, which can improve the design efficiency and design of reliability, At the same time also reduce the cos t of new products. Feldmann will describe the function of the design task is divided into four levels of product structure, (1) products (2) functional components (3) main function components (4) functional components. And the use of application-oriented features of the directory structure, a more specific functional components of the qualitative and quantitative description. At the same time developed for early in the product development and design tools used by early STRAT. Machinery specialized for most of that function can be used existing product solutions and new solutions with only a small number of special features, therefore, for the use of mechanical design features of the product structure, machinery specialized for the evaluation of the design, manufacture risk is very beneficial. Functional Analysis of the products promoted on the basis of the product is broken down into a function of one or more of the basic modular structure, through the selection and combination of these modular structure formed into various products. These basic structure can be parts, components, or even a system. The ideal modular structure should be standardized interface (connectivity and with the Department of), and is serialized, universal, integrated, hierarchical, flexible, economic, with interchangeable, compatibility and relevance of the . Chinas combination of software component technology and CAD technology, design and composition of deformation design combined, according to grade modular theory, machine processing center will be divided into Youdadaoxiao product level, component level, component-level and component level, and use CAD technology and expertise to their portfolio into different species, different specifications of the functional module, the module from the combination of these functions into different processing center overall programme. To select a design for the directory structure of the variation machinery tools, the design of the proposed elements for a complete, structured format, a solution set design directory. And Set Design listed in the directory comment on each of the additional information, very beneficial to design engineers choice of the elements. According to the connectivity features of mechanical parts and components, will be summarized into four types: 1) The components of direct targeting, and self-adjustment of parts, 2) a common structure of the assembly, 3) have nested structure and inlay Shell-like components of the connection, 4) a modular architecture and modular components of the connection. And a quasi-symbols that the typical components and rules of the connection between the components, to achieve this connection between the components of the algorithm and the concept of visualization. In the mechanical system design, features a module on the functions of decomposition, and provides the best functional decomposition tablets of the extent of the functional and institutional forms of one-to-one. Structure to establish as a function of the module is the choice of targets in order to achieve mapping algorithm. 3, based on knowledge of product design features Knowledge-based product design features of the main features are: to use the computer to identify the language describing the characteristics of the product design experts in the field of knowledge and experience to establish the appropriate knowledge base and reasoning machine, and then use the storage areas have been established by the knowledge and reasoning Mechanisms to achieve computer-aided design products. The mechanical system design is based on products with the characteristics, and design experts in the field of knowledge and experience to push volume and decision-making, the completion of several comprehensive. To achieve this stage of the computer-aided design, we must study the automatic acquisition of knowledge, expression, integration, coordination, management and use. To this end, the scholars at home and abroad designed for mechanical systems design knowledge of automated processing done a lot of research work, the method used can be summarized in the following few. 3.1 coding method According to campaign conversion feature (the function million) institutions will be classified, described and use the code function yuan and institutional categories, which established a body system design expert system Knowledge Base. On this basis, will be the dual logic and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation of combining theory, the establishment of the expert systems reasoning mechanism, and for the four-position for the design of the machine. Use of biological evolution theory, through natural selection and sexual reproduction to the principle of evolution of organisms to the body design, use of network theory methods to express the structure for topology, and then through the coding technology, the structure and institutions Performance of individual chromosomes into the binary string, and in accordance with design requirements of fitness, the use of biological evolution theory of reproduction control mechanism, through the selection, crossover, such as a sudden variation means to eliminate low value of the individual are not suited to the fast evolution Be the best adaptation of the individual, that is, most with the design requirements of the agency programme. 3.2 knowledge of the law mixed The complex mechanical systems design, mixed use of the knowledge expression describes the design of various types of knowledge is particularly suited to this point has been the design of many scholars of the consensus. In the development of complex product design intelligent decision support system DMDSS, will be the rules, framework, processes and neural networks, and other knowledge that organic combination of methods to adapt to different types of knowledge in the design of the description. Knowledge will be a single expression of a variety of methods (rules, framework and process), according to object-oriented programming principles, the framework of the groove with that objects properties, with rules that target the dynamic characteristics, with the knowledge that the treatment process, group Into a hybrid form of knowledge, and successfully developed the object-oriented NC gantry milling machine gearbox design intelligent system GBCDIS and transmission structure design expert system GBSDES. 3.3 use of the knowledge-based development tool Coupling in the CAD system, the use of the knowledge-based development tools NEXPERT-OBJECT, through the use of object-oriented approach, to create an object-oriented database design method for coupling the designer to design and structural design Provided extensive and reliable method of the design spectrum. NEXPERT describe the use of linear guide the design of the need to design based on knowledge of the content, which seek to knowledge-based solutions, and developed a linear guide design expert system. 3.4 Design Law Directory Construction of the modules, functional element solution and institutions three progressive design directory, and this directory of three progressive design principles of the programme as a mechanical transmission system intelligent design and development of the knowledge base of design Aids. 3.5 Based on the example of the way In the development of expert systems design knowledge base, using the basic predicate described design requirements, design conditions and the selected programme, described by frame Project and various concept entity, through case-based reasoning of the technologies used to produce candidate With the horsepower to product design requirements. 4, Intelligent Design Intelligent Design is the main characteristics: According to the theories of design, through the use of 3D graphics software, intelligent design software and virtual reality technology, and multimedia, hypermedia tools for product development design, the concept of products, description of the product 结构 . In the use of mathematical systems theory at the same time, consider the theory of systems engineering, product design technology and systems development methodology VDI2221, developed for use in the early design of multimedia software development system MUSE. Automatic teller machines in the design, the product of the entire development process summed up as product planning and development and production planning three stages, and made full use of existing CAD cutting-edge technology - virtual reality technology. 1) product planning - idea products. Its task is to identify the external characteristics of products, such as color, shape, surface quality, ergonomics and so on, and the initial idea of using 3D CAD model show, to establish the appearance of the product simple model, the model can be virtual Environment in the establishment, through the use of data cap and three-dimensional mouse, users can to a certain extent, participate in this environment, and can rapidly generate different shapes and colors. Three-dimensional model of detection is the basis for the effect of external shape, but also variable geometry shows that the basis for the design, while still in the process of developing all types of foundation. 2) development - design products. The main stage according to the synthesis principle, the three-dimensional model on the configuration and integration of the elements of the design elements according to the different objectives have different meanings: It is the basic elements, such as bolts, or wheel shaft connected, and so it can also be a composite Elements, such as mechanical, electrical, electronic components, technology or software to control the transmission system； can also be requested, features, shape, and so on. Will achieve the critical functions of the elements targeted to three-dimensional model, to the configuration of products (design model of the relationship between elements) analysis, product configuration analysis is integrated product planning and development an important result. 3) production planning - processing and assembling products. At this stage, the main exposition of the assembly process in the application of CAD technology, to use the computer image display of the elements in the appropriate location of the assembly process, that is revealed through virtual assembly model and shape the relationship between the assembly, which found that difficulties and problems And find a way to solve problems, and that will be integrated CAD technology applied to the three stages of product development, design can make the process of synthesis and analysis in the product planning and development and production planning to turn in a row Conduct. Therefore, it can be found earlier in various stages of the existing problems in product development in the process of continuous refinement and improvement. Chinas use of virtual reality technology is still in the design phase has just begun. Use object-oriented technology, focused on the timing of the bodies according to package design expert system, and help with the exchange of high-performance graphics and processing power of OpenGL technology, in the three-dimensional environment from all angles to the expert system to design programmes To observe, such as the movement of inter-agency status of the convergence of conflict and so on. Construction will be standard modules, the overall product structure and its manufacturing process and the preparation instructions (see Figure 1) known as rapid prototyping technology. Product development proposals in the process of rapid prototyping technology, multimedia and virtual expression and neural networks (used in various stages of the process necessary for the occasion) with applications. With that computer software and hardware of continuous improvement, as far as possible to multimedia graphics technology used in product development, such as 3-D graphics (three-dimensional model) to replace assembly, demolition and design of connectivity needed for the three-dimensional structure of imagination, and so on And so on. Intelligent use of CAD system SIGRAPH-DESIGN as a development platform, the product development process is divided into conceptual design, assembly design and part design, and technology-based design variables, the establishment of the Offset cam linkage of the conceptual model. From the literature on the research work, the concept model is in determining the body type, on the basis of comprehensive, software SIGRAPH-DESIGN With the variable design features so that the principle of the structure as the parameters change, and The concept of the model parameters will be passed on to the next level of assembly model, part design. 5, various design review and development trend To sum up, systematic design methods will be designed from the abstract to the concrete tasks (from the tasks and requirements designed to achieve the mandate of the programme or structure) division level, the preparation of each layer to achieve the goals and methods, easy-to-digest , From abstract to concrete floors will be organically linked to the systematic design process so that the design of laws to go by, there are ways to follow and easy to realize computer-aided design process. Modular design structure as a function of the realization of a module structure, through a combination of modular structure, the design of products. For specific types of machinery products, as part of its function more clear and relatively stable, the module structure of relatively easy, therefore, use of modular approach to design more appropriate. As between the entities and function is not one-to-one relationship, an entity can usually achieve a number of functions, a feature often through a number of entities can be achieved. Therefore, if the structure of modular design approach used in a general sense of product design, structure and the delineation of optional modules are more difficult and require designers to design a considerable wealth of experience and extensive knowledge of the multidisciplinary field. Mechanical design of products not normally used purely mathematical calculation methods, but also difficult to model a full description, but only under the formal characteristics of the product description, help design expert knowledge and experience for reasoning and decision-making. Therefore, to achieve the computer-aided design products, we must solve the computer storage and use of product design knowledge and design experts and other interested parties the question of decision-making, the resulting product characteristics of knowledge-based design. At present, the intelligent design approach is the use of 3D graphics software and virtual reality technology to design, intuitive and better development of the early users to a certain extent, directly involved in the design, but less systematically, and parts of the structure, Shape, size, location and reasonable identification, software requirements have a high degree of intelligence, or the designer has extensive experience in participation. It is worth mentioning is: the above-mentioned method is not completely isolated, there are all kinds of ways between certain degree of contact, such as the modular design of the structure, the structure of the module contains a systematic thinking, the establishment of products Features and design knowledge base and reasoning machine, usually used to be systematic and structural modular approach, in addition, products based on knowledge of the design features of the programme at the same time, one of the foundations of intelligent design. In the mechanical design of products, depending on specific features to achieve the common parts, components or modules of common institutions, and apply it to the level of systematic design of the specific design of the forthcoming structural modular approach into systematic design method , Can not only ensure that the design of standardized, but can also simplify the design process, improve design efficiency and quality, reduce design costs. The vigorous development of network technology, Collaborative Design and Manufacturing, as well as from the users functional requirements of product design processing assembly finished the realization of this parallel project possible. However, to achieve these goals one of the important prerequisites, product design is to achieve the effect of three-dimensional visualization. To this end, not only 3D graphics software, more and more intelligent design software used in product design, multimedia and virtual reality technology, ultra-media tools are also products of the programme design in Chuloufengmang. At present, Germany and other developed countries are concentrated on super-media technology research, product data exchange standards STEP, and virtual reality modeling language standard VRML (Intemet-based virtual environment on the standard exchange format) in product design applications. 6, electromechanical integration technology development trends and the status quo Machinery products in the computer-aided design is achieved, Intelligent Design Collaborative and meet the needs of the design and manufacture of direction, as product design Computer Methods of a late start, has yet to mature, to achieve the above goals Design tools. The author believes that the integrated use of text in four types of design is an effective way to achieve this goal. Although the comprehensive use of these methods involve more areas, not only with the mechanical design of the field of knowledge, but also to systems engineering theory, artificial intelligence theory, computer hardware and software engineering, network technology and other areas of the field of knowledge, it is still Product design must work in the direction. Foreign research in this area has achieved initial success, my design scholars have been aware of CAD technology and the importance of international exchange and cooperation, and measures should be taken. Modern science and technology continues to develop, a strong impetus to the different disciplines of cross-cutting and infiltration, resulting in the project areas and the transformation of the technological revolution. In the field of mechanical engineering, microelectronics and computer due to the rapid development of technology and industrial machinery to the infiltration formed by mechanical and electrical integration, so that the technical structure of industrial machinery, products, functions and composition, mode of production and management system has undergone enormous Changes in industrial production from the electric machinery into the mechanical and electrical integration, characteristics of the development stage. 1. Electromechanical integration Summary Electromechanical integration means that the winner of functional institutions, power features, information processing and control functions on the introduction of electronic technology, mechanical devices and electronic design software and integrated system posed by a generic term. So far, the development of electromechanical integration has become a new type of system has its own disciplines, not only with the development of science and technology, will also be given new content. But its basic characteristics can be summarized as: electrical and mechanical systems integration from the point of view, the integrated use of machinery technology, microelectronic technology, automatic control technology, computer technology, information technology, sensor monitoring and control technologies, power electronics technology, interface technology, Transform information technology and software programming technology, and other groups, according to the system and optimize the objective function of organizational goals, the rational allocation and distribution of various functional units, in multi-function, high-quality, high reliability, low power consumption in the sense of achieving specific functional value, And optimize the whole system of systems engineering technologies. The resulting functional systems, electromechanical integration into a system or electromechanical integration products. Therefore, mechatronics covered technical and products two aspects. However, electromechanical integration technology is based on the technical groups of a comprehensive organic integration of technology, rather than mechanical technology, microelectronic technology and other new technologies simple combination of patchwork. This is the integration of mechanical and electrical and mechanical and electrical machinery formed by electrification in the fundamental distinctio n between the concept. Mechanical engineering technology to have a purely technical development of electric machinery, is still the traditional machinery, its main function is still to replace and enlarge the physical. However, the development of the mechanical and electrical integration, which in addition to the microelectronics devices can replace some mechanical parts of the original features, but also to many new features such as automatic detection, automatic processing of information, automatically record shows, the automatic adjustment and control Automatic diagnosis and protection. That is, electromechanical integration products is not only the hands and limbs of the extension, or peoples minds and senses of the eyes, with intelligent features is the integration of mechanical and electrical and mechanical functions in the electrification of the essential differences between. 2. The development of mechanical and electrical integration The development of mechanical and electrical integration can be roughly divided into three stages. In the 1960s before the first phase, this phase known as the initial stage. During this period, people consciously or unconsciously, the use of electronic technology to improve the preliminary results of the performance of mechanical products. Especially during the Second World War, the war stimulated the machinery and electronic technology, the combination of these mechanical and electrical integration of military technology to civilian use after the war, the post-war economic recovery has played a positive role. At that time, research and development of the whole, still in their own state. Since then the development of electronic technology has not yet reached a certain level, mechanical technology and the integration of electronic technology also can not be extensive and in-depth development, has developed a large number of products can not promote. In the 70 to 80 years for the second phase, known as the vigorous development stage. During this period, computer technology, control technology, communications technology, electromechanical integration for the development laid a technological basis. Large-scale, ultra-large-scale integrated circuits and the rapid development of micro-computers, electrical and mechanical integration for the development of adequate material basis. This period is characterized by: mechatronics first term was generally accepted in Japan, about the 20th century to the late 1980s in the world within a broader recognition； electromechanical integration technologies and products has been tremendous development； countries are beginning Integration of mechanical and electrical technology and products give great attention and support. In the late 1990s, began electromechanical integration technology to the intelligent direction of the new stage, electromechanical integration into the in-depth development period. On the one hand, optical, communications technology, such as integration into the Electrical and Mechanical, Electrical and Mechanical micro-processing technology is integrated in the first leg Zhanlu, a micro-electromechanical integration and mechanical and electrical integration, and other new branch of the other on the mechanical and electrical systems integration Modeling design, analysis and integrated approach, electromechanical integration of the disciplinary system and development trends have carried out in-depth study. At the same time, artificial intelligence technology, neural network technology and optical fiber technology and other fields made tremendous progress, electromechanical integration technology to open up the development of the vast world. These studies will promote further integration of mechanical and electrical integrity of the establishment of the foundation and gradually form a complete scientific system. China is from the 20th century until the early 1980s in this respect research and application. The establishment of the State Council Leading Group and electromechanical integration of the technology as the 863 Program. In the development of 9th Five-Year Plan and the 2010 development program, give full consideration to the international community on the development of electromechanical integration technology trends and the impact this may have caused. Many universities, research institutions and some large and medium-sized enterprises on the development and application of technology to do a lot of work, not achieved certain results, but with Japan and other advanced countries there is still a considerable gap between the comparison. 3. Electromechanical integration of the development trend Electromechanical integration is set mechanical, electronic, optical, control, computer, information, and other multi-disciplinary cross-integrated, and its development and progress and to promote reliance on technology related to development and progress. Therefore, electromechanical integration of major development directions are as follows: Intelligent 3.1 Intelligent Mechatronics is the 21st century technological development an important direction of development. Artificial Intelligence in electromechanical integration builders of the growing attention, the robot and NC machine tools is an important application of the intelligent. Here the word intelligence is the description of the machine is in control theory on the basis of absorption of artificial intelligence, operations research, computer science, fuzzy math, psychology, physiology and chaotic dynamics, and other new ideas, new methods , The simulation of human intelligence, making it a judgement of reasoning, logical thinking and independent decision-making capacity in order to get more control objectives. It is true that the integration of mechanical and electrical products and people with exactly the same intelligence, it is impossible, is also unnecessary. However, high-performance, high-speed microprocessors to electromechanical integration products endowed with low intelligence or part of the smart people, it is entirely possible and necessary. 3.2 modular Modular is an important and arduous work. Because of mechanical and electrical products and the integration of many manufacturers, research and development interface with standard mechanical, electrical interface, dynamic interface, electromechanical integration of the environment interface products unit is a very complicated but it is very important matter. Set slowdown such as the development of smart governor, in one of the electrical power unit, with vision, image processing, identification and location, and other functions of the control unit, as well as to complete the typical operation of mechanical devices. In this way, can make use of standard cell rapid development of new products, but can also expand their production scale. This requires the development of standards for all components, modules and the matching interface. Because of a conflict of interest, the recent difficult the development of international or domestic standards in this area, but can set up some large enterprises gradually taking shape. Clearly, from the standardization of electrical products, serialization of the benefits be sure, both the standard mechanical and electrical integration of production units or enterprises on production of electromechanical integration products enterprises, large-scale electromechanical integration will bring about a better business Prospects. 3.3 Network In the 1990s, computer technology, such as the outstanding achievements of network technology. The rise of Internet technology and to the rapid development of science and technology, industrial production, political, military, education Yiju daily life of people Mody has brought great change. A variety of network will be the global economy, even into a production, competition between enterprises in globalization. Electromechanical integration of new products once developed, as long as its unique features, reliable, will soon be sold worldwide. As the popularity of Internet-based network of remote control and monitoring technology is rising, while the remote control device itself is electromechanical integration products. 3.4 miniaturization The rise in the miniaturization of the late 1980s, referring to the micro-electromechanical integration to the field of micro-machines and the trend of development. Foreign called MEMS (MEMS), refers to the geometric size of not more than 1 cm3 of electromechanical integration products to the micron, nanometer-level development. Micro-electro-mechanical integration products small size, low energy consumption, exercise flexibility in the biomedical, military, information has unparalleled advantages. Micro-electro-mechanical integration is the bottleneck of the development of micro-mechanical technology, micro-electromechanical integration products processing using sophisticated processing techniques, namely the ultra-precise technologies, including lithography and etching two categories. 3.5 Green The industry developed to peoples lives have brought tremendous changes. On the one hand, material wealth, comfortable life on the other hand, fewer resources, the ecological environment is seriously contaminated. Therefore, people called for the protection of environmental resources, return to nature. The concept of green products in this voice came into being under the green is the trend of the times. Green products in its design, manufacture, use and destruction of the life process, with specific environmental and human health requirements, the sound or harm the ecological environment is extremely small, high resource utilization. Green design integration of mechanical and electrical products, has ambitious future development. Electromechanical integration of green products is that, when not to use the ecological environment pollution, recycling of scrapped after. 3.6 systematic Systematic features of the system architecture is the further adoption of open and modalities of the bus architecture. System can be flexible configuration, and any combination of crop, while seeking to achieve more coordination and control subsystems and integrated management. The second performance is greatly enhanced communication features, in addition to the general RS232, there are RS485, DCS personification. Future integration of mechanical and electrical products and people pay more attention to the relationship between the mechanical and electrical integration of personalization has two implications. One is that the integration of mechanical and electrical products use the ultimate object is, how electromechanical integration products to the smart, emotional, human nature become increasingly important, especially for household robots, its level is high-level human-computer integration. Another is to imitate biological mechanism, developed all kinds of mechanical and electrical products to spend one. In fact, many electromechanical integration products are inspired by the animals developed the. 4. Closing remarks To sum up, the emergence of mechanical and electrical integration is not isolated, it is many of the crystallization of scientific and technological development, social development of the productive forces reached a certain stage of an inevitable requirement. Of course, electromechanical integration and related technologies there are many, and with the development of science and technology, technical The trend of mutual integration will become more apparent, electromechanical integration technology and broad development prospects will also be more bright. 附录 2 机械产品方案的现代设计方法及发展趋势 科学技术的飞速发展，产品功能要求的日益增多，复杂性增加，寿命期缩短，更新换代速度加快。然而， 产品的设计，尤其是机械产品方案的设计手段，则显得力不从心，跟不上时代发展的需要。目前，计算机辅助产品的设计绘图、设计计算、加工制造、生产规划已得到了比较广泛和深入的研究，并初见成效，而产品开发初期方案的计算机辅助设计却远远不能满足设计的需要。为此，作者在阅读了大量文献的基础上，概括总结了国内外设计学者进行方案设计时采用的方法，并讨论了各种方法之间的有机联系和机械产品方案设计计算机实现的 发展趋势。 根据目前国内外设计学者进行机械产品方案设计所用方法的主要特征，可以将方案的现代设计方法概括为下述四大类型 。 1、系统化设计方法 系统化设计方法的主要特点是：将设计看成由若干个设计要素组成的一个系统，每个设计要素具有独立性，各个要素间存在着有机的联系，并具有层次性，所有的设计要素结合后，即可实现设计系统所需完成的任务。 系统化设计思想于 70 年代由德国学者 Pahl 和 Beitz 教授提出，他们以系统理论为基础，制订了设计的一般模式，倡导设计工作应具备条理性。德国工程师协会在这一设计思想的基础上，制订出标准 VDI2221“技术系统和产品的开发设计方法。 制定的机械产品方案设计进程模式，基本上沿 用了德国标准 VDI2221 的设计方式。除此之外，我国许多设计学者在进行产品方案设计时还借鉴和引用了其他发达国家的系统化设计思想，其中具有代表性的是： (1)将用户需求作为产品功能特征构思、结构设计和零件设计、工艺规划、作业控制等的基础，从产品开发的宏观过程出发，利用质量功能布置方法，系统地将用户需求信息合理而有效地转换为产品开发各阶段的技术目标和作业控制规程的方法。 (2)将产品看作有机体层次上的生命系统，并借助于生命系统理论，把产品的设计过程划分成功能需求层次、实现功能要求的概念层次和产品的具 体设计层次。同时采用了生命系统图符抽象地表达产品的功能要求，形成产品功能系统结构。 (3)将机械设计中系统科学的应用归纳为两个基本问题：一是把要设计的产品作为一个系统处理，最佳地确定其组成部分 (单元 )及其相互关系；二是将产品设计过程看成一个系统，根据设计目标，正确、合理地确定设计中各个方面的工作和各个不同的设计阶段 。 由于每个设计者研究问题的角度以及考虑问题的侧重点不同，进行方案设计时采用的具体研究方法亦存在差异。下面介绍一些具有代表性的系统化设计方法。 1.1 设计元素法 用 五个设计元素 (功能、效应、效应载体、形状元素和表面参数 )描述“产品解”，认为一个产品的五个设计元素值确定之后，产品的所有特征和特征值即已确定。我国亦有设计学者采用了类似方法描述产品的原理解。 1.2 图形建模法 研制的“设计分析和引导系统” KALEIT，用层次清楚的图形描述出产品的功能结构及其相关的抽象信息，实现了系统结构、功能关系的图形化建模，以及功能层之间的联接 。 将设计划分成辅助方法和信息交换两个方面，利用 Nijssen 信息分析方法可以采用图形符号、具有内容丰富的语义模型结构、 可以描述集成条件、可以划分约束类型、可以实现关系间的任意结合等特点，将设计方法解与信息技术进行集成，实现了设计过程中不同抽象层间信息关系的图形化建模。 文献 11将语义设计网作为设计工具，在其开发的活性语义设计网 ASK中，采用结点和线条组成的网络描述设计，结点表示元件化的单元 (如设计任务、功能、构件或加工设备等 )，线条用以调整和定义结点间不同的语义关系，由此为设计过程中的所有活动和结果预先建立模型，使早期设计要求的定义到每一个结构的具体描述均可由关系间的定义表达，实现了计算机辅助设计过程由抽象到具体 的飞跃。 1.3 “构思” “设计”法 将产品的方案设计分成“构思”和“设计”两个阶段。“构思”阶段的任务是寻求、选择和组合满足设计任务要求的原理解。“设计”阶段的工作则是具体实现构思阶段的原理解。 将方案的“构思”具体描述为：根据合适的功能结构，寻求满足设计任务要求的原理解。即功能结构中的分功能由“结构元素”实现，并将“结构元素”间的物理联接定义为“功能载体”，“功能载体”和“结构元素”间的相互作用又形成了功能示意图 (机械运动简图 )。方案的“设计”是根据功能示意图，先定性地描述所有的 “功能载体”和“结构元素”，再定量地描述所有“结构元素”和联接件 (“功能载体” )的形状及位置，得到结构示意图。 Roper， H.利用图论理论，借助于由他定义的“总设计单元 (GE)”、“结构元素 (KE)”、“功能结构元素 (FKE)”、“联接结构元素 (VKE)”、“结构零件 (KT)”、“结构元素零件 (KET)”等概念，以及描述结构元素尺寸、位置和传动参数间相互关系的若干种简图，把设计专家凭直觉设计的方法做了形式化的描述，形成了有效地应用现有知识的方法，并将其应用于“构思”和“设计”阶段。 从设计方法学的观点 出发，将明确了设计任务后的设计工作分为三步： 1) 获取功能和功能结构 (简称为“功能” )； 2) 寻找效应 (简称为“效应” )； 3) 寻找结构 (简称为“构形规则” )。并用下述四种策略描述机械产品构思阶段的工作流程：策略 1：分别考虑“功能”、“效应”和“构形规则”。因此，可以在各个工作步骤中分别创建变型方案，由此产生广泛的原理解谱。策略 2：“效应”与“构形规则” (包括设计者创建的规则 )关联，单独考虑功能 (通常与设计任务相关 )。此时，辨别典型的构形规则及其所属效应需要有丰富的经验，产生的方案谱远远少于策略 1 的方案谱。 策略 3：“功能”、“效应”、“构形规则”三者密切相关。适用于功能、效应和构形规则间没有选择余地、具有特殊要求的领域，如超小型机械、特大型机械、价值高的功能零件，以及有特殊功能要求的零部件等等。策略4：针对设计要求进行结构化求解。该策略从已有的零件出发，通过零件间不同的排序和连接，获得预期功能 。 1.4 矩阵设计法 在方案设计过程中采用“要求 功能”逻辑树 (“与或”树 )描述要求、功能之间的相互关系，得到满足要求的功能设计解集，形成不同的设计方案。再根据“要求 功能”逻辑树建立“要求 功能”关 联矩阵，以描述满足要求所需功能之间的复杂关系，表示出要求与功能间一一对应的关系。 Kotaetal将矩阵作为机械系统方案设计的基础，把机械系统的设计空间分解为功能子空间，每个子空间只表示方案设计的一个模块，在抽象阶段的高层，每个设计模块用运动转换矩阵和一个可进行操作的约束矢量表示；在抽象阶段的低层，每个设计模块被表示为参数矩阵和一个运动方程。 1.5 键合图法 将组成系统元件的功能分成产生能量、消耗能量、转变能量形式、传递能量等各种类型，并借用键合图表达元件的功能解，希望将基于功能的模 型与键合图结合，实现功能结构的自动生成和功能结构与键合图之间的自动转换，寻求由键合图产生多个设计方案的方 法。 2、结构模块化设计方法 从规划产品的角度提出：定义设计任务时以功能化的产品结构为基础，引用已有的产品解 (如通用零件部件等 )描述设计任务，即分解任务时就考虑每个分任务是否存在对应的产品解，这样，能够在产品规划阶段就消除设计任务中可能存在的矛盾，早期预测生产能力、费用，以及开发设计过程中计划的可调整性，由此提高设计效率和设计的可靠性，同时也降低新产品的成本。 Feldmann 将描述设计任务的 功能化产品结构分为四层， (1)产品 (2)功能组成 (3)主要功能组件 (4)功能元件。并采用面向应用的结构化特征目录，对功能元件进行更为具体的定性和定量描述。同时研制出适合于产品开发早期和设计初期使用的工具软件STRAT。 认为专用机械中多数功能可以采用已有的产品解，而具有新型解的专用功能只是少数，因此，在专用机械设计中采用功能化的产品结构，对于评价专用机械的设计、制造风 险十分有利。 提倡在产品功能分析的基础上，将产品分解成具有某种功能的一个或几个模块化的基本结构，通过选择和组合这些模块化基 本结构组建成不同的产品。这些基本结构可以是零件、部件，甚至是一个系统。理想的模块化基本结构应该具有标准化的接口 (联接和配合部 )，并且是系列化、通用化、集成化、层次化、灵便化、经济化，具有互换性、相容性和相关性。我国结合软件构件技术和 CAD 技术，将变形设计与组合设计相结合，根据分级模块化原理，将加工中心机床由大到小分为产品级、部件级、组件级和元件级，并利用专家知识和 CAD 技术将它们组合成不同品种、不同规格的功能模块，再由这些功能模块组合成不同的加工中心总体方案。 以设计为目录作为选择变异机械结构的工具， 提出将设计的解元素进行完整的、结构化的编排，形成解集设计目录。并在解集设计目录中列出评论每一个解的附加信息，非常有利于设计工程师选择解元素。 根据机械零部件的联接特征，将其归纳成四种类型： 1)元件间直接定位，并具 有自调整性的部件； 2) 结构上具有共性的组合件； 3)具有嵌套式结构及嵌套式元件的联接 ； 4)具有模块化结构和模块化元件的联接。并采用准符号表示典型元件和元件间的连接规则，由此实现元件间联接的算法化和概念的可视化。 在进行机械系统的方案设计中，用“功能建立”模块对功能进行分解，并规定功能 分解的最佳“粒化”程度是功能与机构型式的一一对应。“结构建立”模块则作为功能解的选择对象以便于实现映射算法。 3、基于产品特征知识的设计方法 基于产品特征知识设计方法的主要特点是：用计算机能够识别的语言描述产品的特征及其设计领域专家的知识和经验，建立相应的知识库及推理机，再利用已存储的领域知识和建立的推理机制实现计算机辅助产品的方案设计。 机械系统的方案设计主要是依据产品所具有的特征，以及设计领域专家的知识和经验进行推量和决策，完成机构的型、数综合。欲实现这一阶段的计算机辅助设计，必须研究 知识的自动获取、表达、集成、协调、管理和使用。为此，国内外设计学者针对机械系统方案设计知识的自动化处理做了大量的研究工作，采用的方法可归纳为下述几种。 3.1 编码法 根据“运动转换”功能 (简称功能元 )将机构进行分类，并利用代码描述功能元和机构类别，由此建立起“机构系统方案设计专家系统”知识库。在此基础上，将二元逻辑推理与模糊综合评判原理相结合，建立了该“专家系统”的推理机制，并用于四工位专用机床的方案设计中。 利用生物进化理论，通过自然选择和有性繁殖使生物体得以演化的原理，在机构方案设 计中，运用网络图论方法将机构的结构表达为拓扑图，再通过编码技术，把机构的结构和性能转化为个体染色体的二进制数串，并根据设计要求编制适应值，运用生物进化理论控制繁殖机制，通过选择、交叉、突然变异等手段，淘汰适应值低的不适应个体，以极快的进化过程得到适应性最优的个体，即最符合设计要求的机构方案。 3.2 知识的混合型表达法 针对复杂机械系统的方案设计，采用混合型的知识表达方式描述设计中的各类知识尤为适合，这一点已得到我国许多设计学者的共识。 在研制复杂产品方案设计智能决策支持系统 DMDSS 中，将规则、框架、过程和神经网络等知识表示方法有机地结合在一起，以适应设计中不同类型知识的描述。将多种单一的知识表达方法 (规则、框架和过程 )，按面向对象的编程原则，用框架的槽表示对象的属性，用规则表示对象的动态特征，用过程表示知识的处理，组成一种混合型的知识表达型式，并成功地研制出“面向对象的数控龙门铣床变速箱方案设计智能系统 GBCDIS”和“变速箱结构设计专家系统 GBSDES”。 3.3 利用基于知识的开发工具 在联轴器的 CAD 系统中，利用基于知识 的开发工具 NEXPERT-OBJECT，借助于面向对象的方法，创建了面向对象的设计方法数据库，为设计者进行联轴器的方案设计和结构设计提供了广泛且可靠的设计方法谱。则利用 NEXPERT描述直线导轨设计中需要基于知识进行设计的内容，由此寻求出基于知识的解，并开发出直线导轨设计专家系统。 3.4 设计目录法 构造了“功能模块”、“功能元解”和“机构组”三级递进式设计目录，并将这三级递进式设计目录作为机械传动原理方案智能设计系统的知识库和开发设计的辅助工具。 3.5 基于实例的方法 在研制设计型专家系统的知识库中，采用基本谓词描述设计要求、设计条件和选取的方案，用框架结构描述“工程实例”和各种“概念实体”，通过基于实例的推理技术产生候选解来配匹产品的设计要求。 4、智能化设计方法 智能化设计方法的主要特点是：根据设计方法学理论，借助于三维图形软件、智能化设计软件和虚拟现实技术，以及多媒体、超媒体工具进行产品的开发设计、表达产品的构思、描述 产品的结构。 在利用数学系统理论的同时，考虑了系统工程理论、产品设计技术和系统开发方法学 VDI2221，研制出适合于产品设计初期使 用的多媒体开发系统软件MUSE。 在进行自动取款机设计时，把产品的整个开发过程概括为“产品规划”、“开发”和“生产规划”三个阶段，并且充分利用了现有的 CAD 尖端技术 虚拟现实技术。 1) 产品规划 构思产品。其任务是确定产品的外部特性，如色彩、形状、表面质量、人机工程等等，并将最初的设想用 CAD 立体模型表示出，建立能够体现整个产品外形的简单模型，该模型可以在虚拟环境中建立，借助于数据帽和三维鼠标，用户还可在一定程度上参与到这一环境中，并且能够迅速地生成不同的造型和色彩。立体模型是检测外部形状效果的依据 ，也是几何图形显示设计变量的依据，同时还是开发过程中各类分析的基础。 2) 开发 设计产品。该阶段主要根据“系统合成”原理，在立体模型上配置和集成解元素，解元素根据设计目标的不同有不同的含义：可以是基本元素，如螺栓、轴或轮毂联接等；也可以是复合元素，如机、电、电子部件、控制技术或软件组成的传动系统；还可以是要求、特性、形状等等。将实现功能的关键性解元素配置到立体模型上之后，即可对产品的配置 (设计模型中解元素间的关系 )进行分析，产品配置分析是综合“产品规划”和“开发”结果的重要手段。 3) 生产规划 加工和装配 产品。在这一阶段中，主要论述了装配过程中 CAD 技术的应用，提出用计算机图像显示解元素在相应位置的装配过程，即通过虚拟装配模型揭示造形和装配间的关系，由此发现难点和问题，并找出解决问题的方法，并认为将 CAD 技术综合应用于产品开发的三个阶段，可以使设计过程的综合与分析在“产品规划”、“开发”和“生产规划”中连续地交替进行。因此，可以较早地发现各个阶段中存在的问题，使产品在开发进程中不断地细化和完善。 我国利用虚拟现实技术进行设计还处于刚刚起步阶段。利用面向对象的技术，重点研究了按时序合成的机构组合方案设计 专家系统，并借助于具有高性能图形和交换处理能力的 OpenGL技术，在三维环境中从各个角度对专家系统设计出的方案进行观察，如运动中机构间的衔接状况是否产生冲突等等。 将构造标准模块、产品整体构造及其制造工艺和使用说明的拟订 (见图 1