对于单作用污水泵的研究

BackFigure 4-16.-机械的驾驶-Stratopower 的泵. -机械的驾驶-Stratopower 的泵. 提高流动的力量 -机械的驾驶-Stratopower 的泵. 提高流动的力量 下一个第 5 章流动的线和配件图 4-17.-流动的换置-Stratopower 的泵. 活瓣 ?何时 ?那 ?活塞 ?进步 ?到 ?它的 ?最初的位置. 在圆筒中发生的低压区域在活塞回返期间导致液体流动 ?从 ?那 ?水库 ?进入 ?之内那 ?圆筒. 那 ?内在的 ?特征 ?那 ?变数- 换置 ?Stratopower?泵 ?是 ?举例 ?在图 4-18. 这一个泵同样地对固定-换置 Stratopower 泵操作; 然而, 这 ?泵 ?提供 ?那 ?另外的 ?功能 ?自动地 ?改变 ?那 ?体积 ?输出. 这功能被水力的系统的压力控制. 举例来说，让我们拿在 3000 个 psi 是定格的一个泵 , 而且提供对一个 3000 psi 系统的流程. 当系统压力接近,说 2850 个 psi ，泵开始卸货 (递送对系统的比较少的流程) 而且完全被卸货 (零流程)? 在 ?3000?psi. 那 ?压力 ?规则 ?而且 ?流程 ?被控制 ?被 ?内在的 ?旁路 ?哪一 ?自动地调整 ?液体 ?递送 ?到 ?系统 ?要求. 那 ?旁路 ?系统 ?是 ?提供 ?到 ?补给自我润滑, 特别地当泵在非流程的时候 ?操作. ?那 ?戒指 ?旁路 ?洞 ?在活塞中每个被使旁路通道一致 ?时间 ?一 ?活塞 ?延伸 ?那 ?真正的 ?结束 ?它的向前 ?旅行. ?这 ?泵 ?一 ?小的 ?量 ?液体离开旁路通道回到补给水库 ?而且 ?提供 ?一 ?常数 ?变更 ?液体在泵中. 旁路被设计为使用给水库增压的抽对抗相当多的后面压力. Figure 4-18.Internal features of Stratopower variable-displacement pump. 4-15Figure 4-17.Fluid displacementStratopower pump. valve when the piston advances to its foremost position. The low-pressure area occurring in 当阀的位置接近他的最主要位置时，低压范围内柱塞返回汽缸内引起流体流动是水进入汽缸的结果，国内柱塞变量泵的特性如插图 4-18。泵的操作类似于定量的往复泵，然而，泵能提供自动的调节输出量变化的额外功能。这个功能受水压系统压力的制约。例如：我们采用一个定量泵 3000psi，提供流量为 3000psi 的系统。因为系统压力接近，假定 2850psi,泵开始卸载（系统的流量较小时）和完全卸载（零流量）在 3000psi,压力调节和流动被内在的自动调节流量运输的系统需求所控制。旁路系统用来提供自身的润滑油，特别是当泵在快速运转时 ，旁路活塞孔的响声是每次活塞恰好到达最前端所传播的声响与旁路通道的声响相结合。这种泵有少量的来自旁路通道的液体返回储料器并且提供一个流量可持续变化的一种泵。次泵通道的设计是有意图的，它可以阻止使用冲压油箱过程中较大的背压。the cylinder during the piston return causes fluid to flow from the reservoir into the cylinder. The internal features of the variable- displacement Stratopower pump are illustrated in figure 4-18. This pump operates similarly to the fixed-displacement Stratopower pump; however, this pump provides the additional function of automatically varying the volume output. This function is controlled by the pressure in the hydraulic system. For example, let us take a pump rated at 3000 psi, and providing flow to a 3000 psi system. As system pressure approaches, say 2850 psi, the pump begins to unload (deliver less flow to the system) and is fully unloaded (zero flow) at 3000 psi. The pressure regulation and flow are controlled by internal bypasses that automatically adjust fluid delivery to system demands. The bypass system is provided to supply self-lubrication, particularly when the pump is in nonflow operation. The ring of bypass holes in the pistons are aligned with the bypass passage each time a piston reaches the very end of its forward travel. This pumps a small quantity of fluid out of the bypass passage back to the supply reservoir and provides a constant changing of fluid in the pump. The bypass is designed to pump against a considerable back pressure for use with pressurized reservoirsFigure 4-15.Relationship of the universal joint in operation of the axial piston pump. UpFluid NextFigure 4-17.Fluid displacementPower Stratopower pump. rods, beyond the fixed wheel, and insert them into cylinders. The rods must be connected to the pistons and to the wheel by ball and socket joints. As the assembly rotates, each piston moves back and forth in its cylinder. Suction and discharge lines can be arranged so that liquid enters the cylinders while the spaces between the piston heads and the bases of the cylinders are increasing, and leaves the cylinders during the other half of each revolution when the pistons are moving in the opposite direction. The main parts of the pump are the drive shaft, pistons, cylinder block, and valve and swash plates. There are two ports in the valve plate. These ports connect directly to openings in the face of the cylinder block. Fluid is drawn into one port and forced out the other port by the reciprocating action of the pistons杆必须与活塞和轮子被球窝接头相连。由于旋转装配，每个活塞在它的缸体内来回运动。吸入和排出的路线已经计划好，所以当活塞头和缸体之间的空间逐渐增大时液体进入汽缸内，当活塞向反向移动时汽缸的另一部分在旋转。泵的主要部分包括传动轴，活塞，汽缸体，阀和冲洗金属板等。它们是二对端在阀体上，这些端口直接对着汽缸体。液体被活塞的往复运动使其从一端吸入从另一端口排出。同轴的变量的轴向柱塞泵当传动轴旋转时，它的活塞和汽缸体也一起旋转。旋转斜盘倾斜放置当活塞杆，活塞，缸体，和旋转斜盘一起旋转时引起活塞在液缸体中的来回移动。（活塞杆、气缸体、旋转斜盘的组合有时会涉及到由于旋转式组合或者装配）由于活塞在气缸体内的互换，液体从一端吸入从另一端排出。如图 4-13 所示，活塞 A 在其底部。当活塞 A 旋转到活塞 B 的位置时，它将在它的气缸内继续向上移动，在整个行程过程中强迫液体从废液排出口排出，当其他的旋转回到其原始位置时，活塞的行程在汽缸内是向下的IN-LINE VARIABLE-DISPLACEMENT AXIAL PISTON PUMP. When the drive shaft is rotated, it rotates the pistons and the cylinder block with it. The swash plate placed at an angle causes the pistons to move back and forth in the cylinder block while the shaft, piston, cylinder block, and swash plate rotate together. (The shaft, piston, cylinder block, and swash plate together is sometimes referred to as the rotating group or assembly.) As the pistons reciprocate in the cylinder block, fluid enters one port and is forced out the other. Figure 4-13 shows piston A at the bottom of its stroke. When piston A has rotated to the position held by piston B, it will have moved upward in its cylinder, forcing fluid through the outlet port during the entire distance. During the remainder of the rotation back to it original position, the piston travels downward in the cylinder. This action creates a low-pressure area in the cylinder. The difference in pressure between the cylinder inlet and the reservoir causes fluid to flow into the inlet port to the cylinder. Since each one of the pistons performs the same operation in succession, fluid is constantly being taken into the cylinder bores through the inlet port and discharged from the cylinder bores into the system. This action provides a steady, nonpulsating flow of fluid. The tilt or angle of the swash plate determines the distance the pistons move back and forth in their cylinders; thereby, controlling the pump output. When the swash plate is at a right angle to the shaft, and the pump is rotating, the pistons do not reciprocate; therefore, no pumping action takes place. When the swash plate is tilted away from a right angle, the pistons reciprocate and fluid is pumped. Since the displacement of this type of pump is varied by changing the angle of the tilting box, some means must be used to control the changes of this angle. Various methods are used to control this movementmanual, electric, pneumatic, or hydraulic. 这种情况在汽缸内引起了一个低压区域。汽缸的进口处和储层两者间在压力上的差异致使液体从进口端流入汽缸。因为每个活塞都在连续的执行一样的操作，所以液体在不断的被吸入腔膛穿过入口然后被释放从腔膛进入系统。这一动作提供了一个稳定的没有规律的流动的液体。知道旋转斜盘的倾斜或角度能确定活塞在汽缸内往复移动的距离，因此，可以控制泵的排量。当旋转斜盘在杆的垂直位置时，泵的活塞不能进行互换旋转，因此不可能有抽吸动作的发生。当旋转斜盘倾斜到远离直角的位置时，活塞开始互换液体可以来回的抽取。 自从这种类型的各种各样的泵被角度式的摆动箱体所替换后，必须要采取一些措施去控制这种角度式的替换。各种各样的方法被采用去控制这种动作手动的，电动的，气动的或水力的。另一种典型的轴向活塞泵，有时提到作为一种同轴的泵，通常被提到作为一种能量泵，？这种泵是可用的不论是在定排量的还变排量型式的。两个主要的功能均能被这种定量型式的泵的内在部分所体现出来。这些功能是指机械驱动和流动的置换。这个机械的驱动机构如图 4-16 所示。在这种型式的泵中，活塞和滑块不能旋转。活塞运动导动由每个活塞杆旋转期间凸轮的旋转取代每个活塞全部的凸轮传动所引起。活塞的末端附加一个通过一个自由中心支点和变化无常的凸轮表面接触的一个摇晃的盘支撑。当旋转导动凸轮高的一侧压低一侧的摇晃盘时，另一侧的摇晃盘将被压缩到同等的数量，活塞也跟着一起移动。STRATOPOWER PUMP. Another type of axial piston pump, sometimes referred to as an in-line pump, is commonly referred to as a Stratopower pump. This pump is available in either the fixed-displacement type or the variable-displacement type. Two major functions are performed by the internal parts of the fixed-displacement Strato- power pump. These functions are mechanical drive and fluid displacement. The mechanical drive mechanism is shown in figure 4-16. In this type of pump, the pistons and block do not rotate. Piston motion is caused by rotating the drive cam displacing each piston the full height of the drive cam during each revolution of the shaft. The ends of the pistons are attached to a wobble plate supported by a freed center pivot and are held inconstant contact with the cam face. As the high side of the rotating drive cam depresses one side of the wobble plate, the other side of the wobble plate is withdrawn an equal amount, moving the pistons with it.两个爬行盘被用来减少凸轮的慢慢旋转。一个流体排水量的示意图如图 4-17 所示。流动被活塞的轴向运动所取代。当活塞在各自的液缸体内径移动时，压力打开止回阀，一些液体在压力的作用下流过去。组合的后部压力和止回阀的弹簧压力的强度要接近。The two creep plates are provided to decrease wear on the revolving cam. A schematic diagram of the displacement of fluid is shown in figure 4-17. Fluid is displaced by axial motion of the pistons. As each piston advances in its respective cylinder block bore, pressure opens the check valve and a quantity of fluid is forced past it. Combined back pressure and check valve spring tension close the check Figure 4-16.Mechanical driveStratopower pump. 4-14igure 4-12.Nine-piston radial piston pump. UpFluid NextFigure 4-15.Relationship of the universal joint in Power operation of the axial piston pump. Axial Piston Pumps In axial piston pumps of the in-line type, where the cylinders and the drive shaft are parallel (fig. 4-13), the reciprocating motion is created by a cam plate, also known as a wobble plate, tilting plate, or swash plate. This plate lies in a plane that cuts across the center line of the drive shaft and cylinder barrel and does not rotate. In a fixed-displacement pump, the cam plate will be rigidly mounted in a position so that it intersects the center line of the cylinder barrel at an angle approximately 25 degrees from perpendicular. Variable-delivery axial piston pumps are designed so that the angle that the cam plate makes with a perpendicular to the center line of the cylinder barrel may be varied from zero to 20 or 25 degrees to one or both sides. One end of each piston rod is held in contact with the cam plate as the cylinder block and piston assembly rotates with the drive shaft. This causes the pistons to reciprocate within the cyIinders. The length of the piston stroke is proportional to the angle that the cam plate is set from perpendicular to the center line of the cylinder barrel. A variation of axial piston pump is the bent-axis type shown in figure 4-14. This type does not have a tilting cam plate as the in-line pump does. Instead, the cylinder block axis is varied from the drive shaft axis. The ends of the connecting rods are retained in sockets on a disc 轴向活塞泵 轴向活塞泵是一种典型的同轴的泵，它的汽缸和传动轴是平行的（如图 413），它的往复运动被一个平板形凸轮带动，也叫摆动盘，倾斜盘，或旋转斜盘。这个盘位于一个平面穿过主动轴和汽缸筒的同一轴线所以不能旋转。在定量泵中，凸轮盘必须要严格的安装在合适的位置上结果它与汽缸筒的中心线以垂线方向倾斜 25 度的角度交叉。变量传输的轴向柱塞泵的设计是有意图的所以凸轮盘与汽缸筒中心线的正交处角度的变化范围在 0 到 20 或25 到一或两侧。每个活塞杆的末端被用来与凸轮盘相接触因为汽缸体和活塞的装配同传动轴一起旋转。这引起了活塞在汽缸内的互换。活塞的长度是与角度成比例的这个角度是凸轮盘的位置与汽缸筒中心线垂直方向的角度。一个变化的轴向柱塞泵是一个倾向轴的类型如图 4-14。这种型式的泵没有倾斜的凸轮盘类似于同轴的泵。取而代之，汽缸体轴不同于传动轴。连杆的末端保留在圆盘上面的孔内这样与传动轴一起旋转。气缸体随传动端一起旋转在传动轴与汽缸体活塞杆的通用交叉点的带动下。为了去改变泵的排量，气缸体和阀盘被连接好并且整个装置是摇动的在一对装备枢轴的周围放在泵房上。轴向活塞泵的动作是由万向接头或链接促成的。that turns with the drive shaft. The cylinder block is turned with the drive shaft by a universal joint assembly at the intersection of the drive shaft and the cylinder block shaft. In order to vary the pump displacement, the cylinder block and valve plate are mounted in a yoke and the entire assembly is swung in an are around a pair of mounting pintles attached to the pump housing. The pumping action of the axial piston pump is made possible by a universal joint or link. Figure 4-13.In-line axial piston pump. 4-12 Figure 4-15 is a series of drawings that illustrates how the universal joint is used in the operation of this pump. First, a rocker arm is installed on a horizontal shaft. (See fig. 4-15, view A.) The arm is joined to the shaft by a pin so that it can be swung back and forth, as indicated in view B. Next, a ring is placed around the shaft and secured to the rocker arm so the ring can turn from left to right as shown in view C. This provides two rotary motions in different planes at the same time and in varying proportions as may be desired. The rocker arm can swing back and forth in one arc, and the ring can simultaneously move from left to right in another arc, in a plane at right angles to the plane in which the rocker arm turns. Next, a tilting plate is added to the assembly.图 4-15 是一系列的图那些是举例说明在泵的操作过程中怎样使用万向接头。首先摇杆臂被安装在水平杆上（看图 4-15.图片 A）臂被一个销钉连接在杆状物上所以能来回的摇动，就象图 B 所示。接下来，一个环放在杆状物的周围来保护摇杆臂，所以环可以左右来回转如图 C 所示。这样可以提供你可能需要的在同一时间不同位面变化比例时的两个旋转运动。摇杆臂能在一弧形内来回摇摆并且环能同时在另一弧形内前后的摇摆，在平面内以一个恰当的角度这个平面使摇杆臂旋转。下一个在总装中增加一个倾斜的平面。这个倾斜的平面放在杆状物轴心倾斜的位置上，象图 4-15 中图 D 描述的那样。摇杆臂在这时倾斜的位置与倾斜盘是同一位置，所以基本上是与倾斜盘上平行的。这个环也是平行的，它与倾斜盘相接触。环的位置与摇杆臂是有关联的而且是无法改变的，从图 4-15C 和 4-15E 中可知，杆体装完以后，仍然在一水平位置，使其直角转弯旋转。摇杆臂仍然和倾斜盘在同一位置上而且正交于杆状物的轴线。环可以在摇杆销上旋转，与摇杆臂相比它能改变自己的位置，但是他必须要保持平行，并且要与倾斜盘相接触。图 4-15F 所示杆状物在另一个直角拐弯处被旋转。这些零部件处于同一位置如图 D 所示，但是同摇杆臂的末端一起翻转。环仍然承担着反向的倾斜盘。当杆继续旋转时，伴随各自相互关联的变化和环总是对盘施加压力使摇杆臂和环转变它们的支点。图 4-45G 所示有一个附加轮子的装置The tilting plate is placed at a slant to the axis of the shaft, as depicted in figure 4-15, view D. The rocker arm is then slanted at the same angle as the tilting plate, so that it lies parallel to the tilting plate. The ring is also parallel to, and in contact with, the tilting plate. The position of the ring in relation to the rocker arm is unchanged from that shown in figure 4-15, view C. Figure 4-15, view E, shows the assembly after the shaft, still in a horizontal position, has been rotated a quarter turn. The rocker arm is still in the same position as the tilting plate and is now perpendicular to the axis of the shaft. The ring has turned on the rocker pins, so that it has changed its position in relation to the rocker arm, but it remains parallel to, and in contact with, the tilting plate. View F of figure 4-15 shows the assembly after the shaft has been rotated another quarter turn. The parts are now in the same position as shown in view D, but with the ends of the rocker arm reversed. The ring still bears against the tilting plate. As the shaft continues to rotate, the rocker arm and the ring turn about their pivots, with each changing its relation to the other and with the ring always bearing on the plate. Figure 4-15, view G, shows a wheel added to the as