基于JAVA的电子政务-外文翻译

0中外文翻译1外文原文(1)WebdatabaseoverviewTheriseofInternettechnologyanddevelopment,socialsystemsandtheemergenceofahugeflowofinformationambitiousdataflow,accompaniedbytheflourishoftheWebtechnologies,andsoonoccupythemainstreamofInternettechnology.Todaydatabasetechnologiesareproperlymature,andparticularlysuitedtothelargenumberoforganizationsdatamanagement.Becauseofthetremendousvolumeofavailableinformation,withthefurtherdevelopmentoftheInternetandWebtechnologyanddatabasetechnologiescombined-WebdatabasetechnologywillconstitutethemostpopularofthenewgenerationInternetinformationdisseminationtechnologies,andhasdeeplychangedthefaceofnetworkapplications.Whethernetworklibrary,networkinformationretrievalsystem,networkinformationprint,orbasedontheclient/servermodelofinformationmanagementsystemscannotbeseparatedWebdatabasetechnology.Fore-commerceenterprises,largeenterprisesintheInternetpublicationofinformationproductsandservicesaretheimportantelementinbuildinge-commercewebsites.DatabasethroughWebtechnology,theWebanddatabasesnotonlyalltheadvantagestogether,butalsomakefulluseofalargenumberofavailableinformationresourcesdatabase,enableuserstoconvenientlyretrieveandbrowseWebbrowserdatabasecontent,WebdatabasetechnologiescombinedwiththedevelopmentofdynamicWebdatabaseapplications,isanessentialpartofbuildinge-commercewebsiteenterprise.(2)WebdatabaseproduceThedatabasetechnologyisthetoolthatisusedtostoreavarietyofinformation.Today,theInternethasbeenfoundinallthecornersoftheworld,thewholeworldhasbeenintegrated,andthereforeWebdatabasetechnologyandtheInternetinfiltrateeverycorneroftheplanet.IntheInternet,Webtechnologygrowfast,howeveronlythedisseminationfunctionsofinformationsharingplatformWebisstatic,serverresponsetotherequestofusers,1documentssenttousers,usersreceivethisdocumentandincludethedemonstrationthatsuchworkcannotbereal-timedynamicinformationintheworld,communicationbetweenclientandserverisverylimited,cannotmeettheneedsofmodernbusinessactivities.WiththesubsequentintroductionofCGItechnology,particularlytheintroductionofJavalanguageandJavaScriptmakeWebpagecanfacilitatedisseminationofinformationdynamics,andusersintheworld.ThroughtheuseofJavaandJavaScriptlanguages,andotherlanguageslaterVbscript,Perlcanbeconvenientlydesignedwithanimation,voice,graphics,videoandallsortsofspecialeffectsWebpage.ThisinteractivedynamicWebpageofalargeamountofdataneededtoachievebasicresource.Inordertocarryoutefficientdataresourcesvisitation,thedatabasesystemwillautomaticallyentertheInternetarena,soWebdatabasealsocameintobeing.(3)TheadvantageofthedatabasethroughWebvisitationDatabaseapplicationdataisanimportantaspectofthevisit,butmanydatabasesystemscurrentlyavailablevisit,oracharactermodeenquiriesinterface,orthroughprogrammingrealization,eitherwayitisused.InrecentyearsanumberofRADdevelopmenttoolssuchasVB,Dephi,Powerbuidercanconvenientlyvisitdatabaseinterfacedevelopmentofanumberofgraphicssoftware,butsuchdevelopmentneedsoftheusersofprogrammingtoolstechnologyandthedevelopmentofprocedurescannotbecross-platformoperation.Moreover,theuseofRADdevelopmenttoolsoftwareasusersdemandchange,ormayneedtoaddanewfunctiontodosomechangesintheinterface.Ifabroaderrangeofsoftwarehasdeveloped,softwareupdatewillbeagreatwork.HoweverInternettechnology,hasjustsolvedtotheproblem.IfestablishedWebservicedevicescanachievethroughthevisittothedatabase,theabove-mentionedissueswillberesolved.Comparedwiththetraditionalway,theadvantagesofWebvisitationdatabase:1)loanavailablebrowsersoftware,withoutthedevelopmentofdatabasefront-end.IfthevisittothedatabasethroughtheWeb,itdoesnotneedtodevelopcustomer-procedures,theuseofdatabaseapplicationscanbeachievedthroughthebrowser,unifiedinterface,andreducetrainingcosts,enableusersconvenientlyaccessdatabasesofinformation.2)uniformstandards,thedevelopmentprocesssimple.HTMLisWebinformation2organization,isaninternationalstandard,developerscanevenlearnHTMLlanguage,andusersonlyneedtolearnalanguageinterface-browserinterface.3)cross-platformsupport.Inalmosteveryoperatingsystem,thebrowserhasmadeavailabletotheHTMLfile.ThewrittenWebservicedevice,thebrowsercanbeallthebrowsingplatform,achievingcross-platformoperation.(4)WebdatabasesystembasicmodelsAstheWebuser-friendlynature,practicality,itwilloccupyadominantposition,hasbecomethemostwidelyused,mostpromising,mostcharmoftheinformationandcommunicationtechnologies.However,WebserviceonlyprovidesInternetinformationplatformintheworld,theInternetisreal,wemustbepeople,enterprises,socialintegrationandtheInternet,whichreliesontheapplicationofinformationtechnologytoachieve.Networktechnologyande-commerceWebdatabasetechnologyissupported,includingWebdatabasetechnologytobethecoreofe-commercetechnologiestosupporte-commercehasbecomeamajorfocusofthemanufacturerscompetition,andthedevelopmentofanewWebdatabaseishotwithproblems.WebdatabaseisthedatabasetechnologythatcanintegrateverywellwithWebtechnologies,databasesystemstobecomeanimportantintegralpartoftheWebdatabase,adatabaseandnetworktechnologytoachievetheseamlessintegrationoftheorganic.Theearlyintroductionofthetwo-tiersystemofInternetdatabasewasclient/serverarchitecture.ThisstructurewasagreatearlyintheInternetapplicationdevelopment.WiththepopularityofInternetapplications,asaresultofInternetinformationresourcesandthecomplexityofnon-normative,thistwo-tierstructureofthedatabasesysteminthedevelopmentofInternetapplicationsseemunable,notperformanceinthemanagementofcomplexweb-basedandmultimedia-baseddatafileresources,thelackofopenstandards,generalcannotcross-platformoperation.Tothisendrequiressomeadaptiveadjustmentofthedatabase,suchastheobject-orienteddatabasecomponentstoincreasehandlingcomplexdatatypesincreasethecapacityandincreasethevariousInternet-basedmiddlewareapplicationstoexpandcapacitythroughtheapplicationserverexplainedthattheimplementationofthevariousHTMLwithembeddedscriptstoaddressInternetdatabase3applicationsdatashowsthatmaintenance,aswellasexporttoHTMLformatconversion.Atthistime,Internet-baseddatabaseapplicationtothetypicalpatternforathreeorfourperformancemulti-storeystructure,inwhichmulti-storeystructuresystem,theInternetaddressofthedatabaseapplicationmethods,makingvariousonlinedatabasedatadissemination,retrieval,maintenance,generaldatamanagementapplicationsbecomeeasierandsimple.(5)WebdatabasedevelopmenttrendsInrecentyears,therapiddevelopmentofthedatabasemarket,e-commercehasbecomeoneofthefocalpointsofbusinessdevelopment,andevensomepeoplepredictedthate-commercewillmostlikelyestablishanewtypeofvirtualbusiness,andevenvirtualindustry.E-commerceanddatabasetechnologyandnetworktechnologyissupported,whichisitscoredatabasetechnology.Moreusersontheimportanceofthedatabasehavebeenveryimportantposition,mainlybecauseuserswilluseapplicationsoftwareandapplicationneedsinthefirstplace,andapplicationsoftwaredevelopmenttooldirectlydependentondatabasedevelopment.Inaddition,thehardwareaschiptechnologyisbecomingmoreandmorealackofidentity,hardwareindicatorswillbecomesecondaryconsiderations.Applicationsforprofessionalspeaking,thefirstchoiceofthedatabaseisnowpossibletoconsiderhardwaremanufacturers.Itisthechangetothedatabaseuserneedstoprovidemanufacturersnewopportunities.Itcanbepredictedthatinthenearfuture,thedatabasewillbecomeaWebdatabaseresearchareashottechnology.1)UnstructureddatabaseInformationcanbeclassifiedintotwocategories,dataorinformationusedtobethataunifiedstructure,knownasstructureddata,suchasfigures,andothersymbols.Figuresorinformationthatcouldnotbeunifiedstructure,suchastext,graphics,voice,web,callunstructureddata.Structureddataareunstructureddata,thedataisunstructuredexception.2)HeterogeneousunitdatabasesystemInterrelateddatabasescaneasilybegroupedtogethertocreateasinglevirtualdatabase,alsoknownastheheterogeneousunitdatabasesystem.Heterogeneousunitdatabasesystemisadatabasesystemrelatedtotheassembly,toachievedatasharingandtransparencyvisit.4Eachdatabasesystemintheheterogeneousunitbeforethedatabasesystemitselfalreadyexists,itsownDBMS.Heterogeneousunitofitsmainexpressioninthefollowingareas:computerarchitectureheterogeneousunit;theheterogeneousunit;DBMSbasedoperatingsystemitselfheterogeneousunit.Itsgoalistoachievedatabetweendifferentdatabasesofinformationresources,hardwareandhumanresourcesintegrationandsharing.Theheterogeneousunitdatabasesystemintegrationandtheestablishmentofthisfoundationinthedatawarehouse,datanetworkdatabasetechnologyresearchexcavationhasbecomeoneofthefocalpoints.Renownedmanufacturersandthedatabasewillalsoheterogeneousunitdatabasesystemasthefocusofcompetition,howwillthetraditionalresearchmaybedistributedinvariouspartsoftherelationaldatabaseintegrationtogetherfortheimprovementanddevelopmentofavirtualHeterogeneousunitdatabasesystemsanddatawarehousestobetterserveenterpriseinformation,e-commerceservices.(6)WebdatabasetechnologyprofilesFromatechnicaldevelopmentstandpoint,previouslyadoptedbrowsersvisitdatabaseistheonlychannelforCGI.Subsequently,theSAPIandJDBCtechnologyprogrammes,andrecentpopularASP、JSPtechnology.1)CGICGIisWebservicedevicesoperatingprocedures,externalnorms,preparedinaccordancewiththeCGIprocedurestoexpandserverfunctionality,completeserveritselfunabletocompletethework,externalprocedurescanbegeneratedHTMLfiles,andfilesreturnWebservicedevices.CGIapplicationsforinteractionwiththebrowser,etc.andalsothroughthedatabase,suchasexternaldatasourcesdatabaseservercommunications,suchasaCGIprocesscanobtaindatafromthedatabaseserver,andthenformattedforHTML,files,senttobrowsers.Itcanalsoobtaindatafromthebrowsertothedatabase,almostallserversoftwaresupportCGI,developerscanuseanykindofCGIWebservicedevicesembeddedlanguages,includingpopularC,C+,VBandDephi.Inaccordancewiththedifferentenvironmentalapplications,CGIcanbedividedintostandardCGIandindirectCGI.CGIapplicationsasanindependentexternalapplicationtotheoperationwithotherprocedurescompetitionprocessorserverresourceswouldleadtooperateataslowerpace.5Moreover,theuseofCGIWebapplicationdevelopmentsupportisamoredifficultprocessofthedatabase,linkingstatemanagementisveryimportant.Withoutstatemanagement,theneverybrowserrequest,requiretheestablishmentofalinkwiththereleaseprocesslessefficient.CGIdoesnotprovidestatemanagementfunctions,andmustuseaspecificdatabaseserverdedicatedtoSQLlanguagemanualpreparationofthedatabaseinterface,anditsportabilityiswell.2)JDBCDiscusstheintroductionofavibrantanddynamicWeb.InternetuserscandownloadJavafromWebserviceobjectstothesmalllocalbrowser,operatingprocedures.Theseprocedureslikedownloadingsmalllocalprocedures,canindependentlyvisitlocalserversandotherresources,andtheinitialdatabaseprogramminglanguagedidnotvisitfunctional,withapplicationsindepth,providingadatabaseforJavavisitfunctionhasbeengettinghigherandhigher.TopreventtheemergenceofJavainthedatabasevisitsdifferentexpansionJavaSoftJDBCcompanydevelopedasadatabaseprogramminglanguageisthefirstvisitAPI,JDBCstandards,supportJavadatabaseAPI,whichmakesiteasiertodiscussproceduresanddatabaseconnections.JDBCandODBCfunctionsinthesamedevelopmentstafftoprovideaunifieddatabasevisitinterfaces.Atpresent,manymanufacturershaveJDBCsupport,includingBorland,OracleandSybase,andothercompanies.MostofthecurrentpopulardatabasesystemsareintroduceditsownJDBC-drivenprocess.3)JSPJSPJavaServerPagesisshortSunistheJavalanguagedevelopmentonthebasisofdynamicwebtechnology.ServletandJSPwithJavaBeantechnology,Logicandthewebsitedesignandwebsiteshowsseparation,andsupportforreusablecomponent-baseddesign,Web-basedapplicationdevelopmentbecomesquickandsimple.JSPtogoodportabilityandplatformindependent,powerfulinteractivecapabilities,anddataprocessingcapabilityquicklyswepttheworld.ontheInternetalmosteverywherecanseeitinahurry,andthewebsitelanguageisadynamicfuturedevelopmenttrends.JSPtechnologyforthecreationofdynamicallygeneratedcontentshowedtheWebpageprovidesasimpleandrapidmethod.JSPisdesignedtomakeWeb-basedstructural6applicationseasierandfaster.TheseapplicationscanwithavarietyofWebserver,applicationserver,browseranddevelopmenttoolsworktogether.JSPstandardWebservers,applicationservers,transactionsystemandthedevelopmenttoolvendorsextensivecooperationbetweentheresults.IntraditionalwebHTMLdocument(*htm.html)toaddJavafragment(Scriptlet)andJSPtags(tag),constitutesaJSPwebsite(*.jsp).WebserverinthefacevisitthewebsiteattherequestofJSP,thefirstimplementationoftheproceduresfootageTheresultswouldthenbeimplementedinHTMLformatbacktothecustomer.Proceduresfragmentcanoperatedatabases,andthereorientationwebsiteemail,etc.,Thisdynamicsiteistobuildthenecessaryfunctions.Alloperatingproceduresintheimplementationofserver,networkuploadsgivenclientisonlytheresult,ontheclientbrowserrequestsaminimum,canbeachievedwithoutplug-in,noActiveX,noJavaApplet,evenwithoutFrame.JSPtechnologyisbasedonJavaopenprocessproductssoitcansupportthewidelydifferentproviderswiththetools,Webserversandapplicationservices,Thisenablestheusertochoosethebestmethodofdevelopingandselectthemostresponsivetotheirapplicationdevelopmenttoolkits,effectiveprotectionoftheusercode,andstafftrainingontheinvestment,sotheyhaveanevenbroaderprospectsfordevelopment.4)ASPASPisMicrosoftCorporationinNovember1996launchedWebapplicationdevelopmenttechnology.Microsoftintherelevantfiles,ASPisdescribedas:aserverscriptenvironment,andcangeneratedynamicoperation.Theworld,high-performanceWebservicedeviceapplications.ASPisaWindowsdynamicsiterecognizedthebesttool.Itisfullyintegratedwithadotoprovideapowerfuldatabasevisitationfunctiontobecomeamajoronlinedatabasemanagementtools.72中文翻译（1）Web数据库概述Internet技术的兴起与发展，使社会大系统中出现了巨大的信息流和宏大的数据流，伴之而来的是Web技术的蓬勃发展，并且很快就占据了Internet技术的主流地位。而数据库技术发展到今天已相对比较成熟，特别适合于对大量的数据进行组织管理。由于Internet信息量的巨大，随着Internet的进一步发展，Web技术和数据库技术的结合-Web数据库技术便构成了当今Internet上最流行的新一代信息传播技术，并且已深深地改变着网络应用的面貌。无论是网络图书馆，网络情报检索系统，网络信息出版，还是基于客户机/服务器模式下的信息管理系统，都离不开Web数据库技术。对于政府来讲，开展电子政务已成为全球关注的热点。20世纪90年代信息技术的迅猛发展，特别是互联网技术的普及应用，使电子政务的发展成为当代信息化的最重要的领域之一。通过Web数据库技术，不仅把Web与数据库的所有优点集中在一起，而且充分利用了大量已有的数据库信息资源，可以使用户在Web浏览器上方便地检索和浏览数据库的内容，所以，将Web技术与数据库相结合，开发动态的Web数据库应用，已是电子政务系统建设的一个必不可少的重要内容。（2）Web数据库的产生数据库技术是人们长期以来用来存储各种各样信息的手段。如今，Internet已经遍布世界的各个角落，整个世界也被连成一体，因此Web数据库技术也随着Internet而渗透到地球的每个角落。在Internet中，Web是发展最快的技术之一，但只具有信息发布功能的信息共享平台的Web是静态的，服务器响应用户请求，向用户发送文件，用户接收这个文件并把它显示出来，这种工作方式不能实时交互动态信息，客户机和服务器之间的交流是很有限的，满足不了现代商务活动的需求。后来随着CGI技术的引入，特别是Java和JavaScreipt语言的引入，使得Web页面可以方便地传播动态信息，与用户进行交互活动。通过应用Java和JavaScript语言，以及后来的VBscript，Perl等语言，可以很方便地设计具有动画，声音，图形图像和种种特殊效果的Web页面。这种交互式动态Web页面的实现需要大量的数据资源为基础。为了对数据资源进行高效的存取，数据库系统自然而然就要进入Internet的舞台，于是Web数据库也就应运而生了。（3）通过Web访问数据库的优点数据库应用的一个重要方面就是数据的访问，但是许多数据库系统目前提供的访问方式，或是一个字符方式的查询界面，或是通过编程方式实现，无论哪种方式都较难使用。近年来发展的一些RAD工具，如VB，Dephi，Powerbuider等可以方便地开发一些图形界面的访问数据库软件，但是这样的开发工具需要使用者具有编程技术，并且开发的程序不能跨平台运行。而且，用RAD工具开发的软件，随用户需求的改变，可能需要增添新的功能或在界面上做一些改动。如果开发的软件使用范围比较广泛的话，那么软件的更新将是一项很大的工作。而Internet技术的发展，使上述问题有了解决的办法，如果建立了Web服务器，就可以通过Web服务器实现对数据库的访问，上面提到的问题也就可以解决了。与传统方式相比，通过Web访问数据库的优点在于：1）借用现成的浏览器软件，无需开发数据库前端。如果能够通过Web来访问数据库，就不需要开发客户端的程序，使用的数据库应用都可以通过浏览器来实现，界面统一，也减少了培训费用，能使广大用户很方便地访问数据库信息。82）标准统一，开发过程简单。HTML是Web信息的组织方式，是一种国际标准，开发者甚至只需学习HTML语言，而使用者只需学习一种界面-浏览器界面。3）交叉平台支持。几乎在各种操作系统上都有现成的浏览器可供使用，为一个Web服务器书写的HTML文档，可以被所有平台的浏览器所浏览，实现了跨平台操作。（4）Web数据库系统的基本模型由于Web的易用性，实用性，它很快占据了主导地位，目前已经成为使用最为广泛，最有前途，最有魅力的信息传播技术。不过，Web服务只是提供了Internet上信息交互的平台，要想实现真正的Internet，就要将人，企业，社会与Internet融为一体，这就要靠信息化应用的实现。电子商务是以Web网络技术和数据库技术为支撑的，其中Web数据库技术是电子商务的核心技术，支持电子商务已经成为各大厂商竞争的焦点之一，Web数据库的发展成为新的热点和难题。Web数据库就是能将数据库技术与Web技术很好地融合在一起，使数据库系统成为Web的重要有机组成部分的数据库，能够实现数据库与网络技术的无缝的有机结合。早期的Internet数据库系统采用的是两层客户机/服务器结构。这种结构在Internet应用早期获得了极大的发展。随着Internet应用的普及，由于Internet上信息资源的复杂性和不规范性，这种两层结构的数据库系统在开发各种网上应用时显得力不从心，表现在无法管理各种网上的复杂的文档型和多媒体型数据资源，缺乏开放的标准，一般不能跨平台运行。为此就要求对数据库作出一些适应性调整，如增加数据库的面向对象成分以增加处理多种复杂数据类型的能力，增加各种中间件以扩展基于Internet的应用能力，通过应用服务器解释执行各种HTML中嵌入脚本来解决Internet应用中数据库数据的显示，维护，输出以及到HTML的格式转换等。此时，数据库的基于Internet应用的模式典型地表现为一种三层或四层的多层结构，在这种多层结构体系下，解决了数据库的Internet的应用的方法问题，使得各种网上数据库数据的发布，检索，维护，数据管理等一般性应用变得更加容易和简单。（5）Web数据库的发展趋势最近几年，数据库市场飞速发展，电子商务成为各种企业发展的重点之一，甚至有人预言，电子商务极有可能建立起新型的虚拟商业，乃至虚拟工业。而电子商务是以数据库技术和网络技术为支撑的，其中数据库技术是其核心。更多的用户已经把数据库的重要性放在十分重要的地位，其主要原因是用户将把应用软件和应用需求放在首位，而应用软件开发直接依赖于数据库开发工具。另外，由于硬件随着芯片技术的发展越来越缺乏特性，硬件指标将变成次要的考虑因素。对行业性应用来讲，而今可能是首先选择数据库厂家再考虑硬件厂家了。正是用户需求的这种变化给数据库厂商提供了新的发展机会。可以预言，在不久的将来，Web数据库将成为数据库领域研究的热点技术。1）非结构化数据库信息可以划分为两大类，一类信息能够用数据或统一的结构加以表示，称之为结构化数据，如数字，符号；而另一类信息无法用数字或统一的结构表示，如文本，图像，声音，网页等，称之为非结构化数据。结构化数据属于非结构化数据，是非结构化数据的特例。随着网络技术的发展，特别是Internet和Intranet的飞速发展，使得非结构化数据的数量日趋增大。这时，主要有于管理结构化数据的关系数据库的局限性暴露得越来越明显。因而，数据库技术相应地进入了“后关系数据库时代”，进入基于网络应用的非结构化数据库时代。所谓非结构化数据库，简单地说，就是字段可变的数据库。92）异构数据库系统相互关联的数据库可以很容易地被归纳在一起，创建一个单一的虚拟数据库，也叫做异构数据库系统。异构数据库系统是相关的多个数据库系统的集合，可以实现数据的共享和透明访问。每个数据库系统在加入异构数据库系统之前本身就已存在，拥有自己的DBMS。它的异构性主要体现在以下几个方面：计算机体系结构的异构；基础操作系统的异构；DBMS本身的异构。它的目标在于实现不同数据库之间的数据之间的数据信息资源，硬件设备资源和人力资源的合并和共享。目前，异构数据库系统的集成以及建立在此基础之上的数据仓库，数据挖掘已经成为网络数据库技术研究的重点之一。著名的国内外数据库厂商也将异构数据库系统作为竞争的焦点，研究如何将原来传统的，可能分布于各地的多个关系数据库集成起来，进行改进和发展，形成虚拟异构数据库系统和数据仓库，更好地为企业信息化，电子商务服务。（6）Web数据库技术简介从技术发展的角度来看，以前通过浏览器访问数据库的唯一渠道是CGI方