应用化学专业英语考试必背

专业英语教案Teaching Plan on Specialized English Course for Applied Chemistry课程类型：化学系专业选修课Lesson Type: Specialized Course for Applied Chemistry,Teaching Plan on Specialized English Course for Applied ChemistryPart 1 Physical PropertiesPart 2 Chemical EquationsPart 3 Chemical CalculationPart 4 Nomenclature Of Inorganic ChemicalsPart 5 Some Basic Chemical TheoriesPart6 TranslationPart7 A brief introduction to scientific writing in English,Part 1 Physical Properties物 理 性 质,1）Colour 颜色 colourless red-brown violet-black purple-black pale yellow dark brown,2）state,solid liquid gasgaseous oily crystalline uncrystallinemolten fused,3）smell,odourless pungent penetratingchokingoffensive sour sweetbitter,4）solubility,soluble insoluble slightly soluble very soluble,5）observations,brisk effervescence precipitate milkyaqueous solution,6）density,heavy light less dense denser greatly denser slightly denser about the same dense,7）hardness,hard soft ductile malleable,8）toxicity,toxic poisonous,9）melting point boiling point,High low,10）conductivity,electronic conductivitythermal conductivityconductorsemiconductorinsulator,Disproportionation（歧化反应）neutralization; hydrolysis（中和反应，水解反应）exothermic reaction（放热反应） endothermic reaction（吸热反应） reversible reaction（可逆反应） forward reaction（正向反应） reverse reaction（逆反应） spontaneous reaction（自发的反应） nonspontaneous reaction （非自发反应）,1.反应名称：,化 学 方 程 式,Part 2 Chemical Equations,2、反应条件,heat ; burn ignite/ignition (点燃） electrolyze/electrolysis（电解） under/at ambient/room temperature under standard pressure with/in the prescence of catalyst,3、 读 法,3.1 Nitrogen reacts with hydrogen to form ammonia at high temperature and pressure with the presence of a catalyst.,高温，高压,1 mol nitrogen reacts with 3 mol hydrogen to form 2 mol ammonia at high temperature and pressure with the presence of a catalyst.,3.2,Nitrogen combines with hydrogen to form ammonia at high temperature and pressure with the presence of a catalyst.,Ammonia decomposes to nitrogen and hydrogen at high temperature and pressure with the presence of a catalyst.,3.3,Reaction between nitrogen and hydrogen at high temperature and pressure with the presence of a catalyst gives ammonia.,At high temperature and pressure, reaction of nitrogen with hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst takes place.,Zinc treated with hydrochloric acid forms hydrogen and zinc chloride,2,3.4,Calcium carbonate when heated produces calcium oxide and carbon dioxide Calcium carbonate is heated to yield calcium oxide and carbon dioxide Calcium carbonate decomposes to calcium oxide and carbon dioxide when it is heated,3.1 化 学 术 语,atomic mass/weight ； molecular weightamount (of substance)； mole摩尔;克分子 number of moles ； molar massmolar volume ； concentrationmolarity mulriti; mulriti: excess agentlimiting agent ； reactantproduct ； yield,Part 3 Chemical Calculation（化学计算 ）,3.2 数学术语：, 运算名称 addition substraction mulplication division动词读法add substract(ed)from multiply(ied)by divide(d)by介词读法plus minusmains times over运算结果 sum difference product quotientkwunt,0.001 o/zero point o o one2/3 two thirds equals/is equal to is approximately equal to less than greater thanx2 x squaredx3 x cubed x-10 x to the minus tenth power100oc one hundred degrees centigrade 5% five percent (by mass, volume)（） round brackets/parentheses square/angular brackets braces,基 本 形 状,linear pyramidal 三角锥的trigonal tetrahedral 正四面体的square spherical 球形的rectangularovalcircle,planar,steroscopic,无机物质的命名,Part 4 Nomenclature Of Inorganic Chemicals,element,compound,4.1 元素和单质的命名,“元素”和“单质”的英文意思都是“element”，有时为了区别，在强调“单质”时可用“free element”。因此，单质的英文名称与元素的英文名称是一样的。下面给出的既是元素的名称，同时又是单质的名称。,S-block Element,IAHydrogenLithiumSodiumPotassium RubidiumCesiumFrancium,IIABerylliumMagnesiumCalciumStrontiumBariumRadium,IIIAboronAluminiumGalliumIndiumThallium,IV ACarbonSiliconGermaniumTinLead,V ANitrogenPhosphorusArsenicAntimonyBismuth,VIAOxygenSulfurSeleniumTelluriumPolonium,VIIAFluorineChlorineBromineIodineAstatine,0HeliumNeonArgonKryptonXenonRadon,P-block Element,Common Transition Elememt,Fe : iron Mn : manganese Cu: copper Zn: zinc Hg: mercury Ag: silver Au: gold,4.2化合物的命名,化合物的命名顺序都是根据化学式从左往右读，这与中文读法顺序是相反的。表示原子个数时使用前缀：mono-di-tri- tetra-penta- hexa- hepta- octa-，nona-,deca-,但是在不会引起歧义时，这些前缀都尽可能被省去。,1 化合物正电荷部分的读法,直呼其名，即读其元素名称。 如CO: carbon monoxide Al2O3: aluminium oxide N2O4 ：Dinitrogen tetroxide (tetra-,mono-后缀中的a,o在后一o之前省去) 对于有变价的金属元素，除了可用前缀来表示以外，更多采用罗马数字来表示金属的氧化态，或用后缀-ous表示低价，-ic表示高价。如 FeO: iron(II) oxide 或 ferrous oxide Fe2O3: iron (III) oxide或ferric oxide Cu2O: copper(I) oxide 或cuprous oxide CuO: copper(II) oxide或cupric oxide,化合物负电荷部分的读法：,.二元化合物. 非金属氢化物 . 无氧酸. 含氧酸与含氧酸根阴离子. 盐,4.2.1二元化合物,常见的二元化合物有卤化物，氧化物，硫化物，氮化物，磷化物，碳化物，金属氢化物等，命名时需要使用后缀-ide，如：fluoride， chloride， bromide， iodide， oxide，sulfide，nitride, phosphide, carbide，hydride; OH -的名称也是用后缀-ide：hydroxide， 非金属氢化物不用此后缀，而是将其看成其它二元化合物（见4.）,非最低价的二元化合物还要加前缀， 如O22-: peroxide O2-: superoxide举例：NaF: sodium fluorideAlCl3: aluminium chloride Mg2N3: magnesium nitride Ag2S： silver sulfide CaC2: calcium carbide Fe(OH)2：iron(II) hydroxide 有些物质常用俗称，如NO nitric oxide N2O nitrous oxide,4.2 非金属氢化物,1)除了水和氨气使用俗称water，ammonia以外，其它的非金属氢化物都用系统名称，命名规则根据化学式的写法不同而有所不同。对于卤族和氧族氢化物，在化学式中写在前面，因此将其看成另一元素的二元化合物。 举例： HF hydrogen fluoride HCl hydrogen chloride HBr hydrogen bromide HI hydrogen iodide H2S hydrogen sulfide H2Se hydrogen selenide H2Te hydrogen telluride 2) 对于其它族的非金属氢化物，在化学式中写在后面，可加后缀ane，氮族还可加-ine 举例： PH3: phosphine或phosphane AsH3: arsine或arsane SbH3: stibine或stibane BiH3: bismuthane CH4: methane SiH4: silane B2H6: diborane,4. 无氧酸,命名规则：hydro-词根-icacid 举例： HCl: hydrochloric acid H2S : hydrosufuric acid,Symbol Element Stem Binary name endings,4. 含氧酸与含氧酸根阴离子,化学专业英语用前后缀的不同组合显示不同价态的含氧酸和含氧酸根阴离子，价态相同的含氧酸及含氧酸根阴离子具有相同的前缀，不同的后缀。高某酸 per-ic 正酸 ic 亚酸 -ous 次酸 hypo-ous高某酸根 per-ate 正酸根 ate 亚酸根 -ite 次酸根hypo-ite其它的前缀还有 ortho-正 meta- 偏 thio-硫代举例：HClO4 perchloric acid ClO4- perchlorate ion HClO3 chloric acid ClO3- chlorate ion HClO2 chlorous acid ClO2- chlorite ion HClO hypochlorous acid ClO- hypochlorite ion H2SO4 sulfuric acid H2SO3 sulfurous acid HNO3 nitric acid HNO2 nitrous acid HPO3 metaphosphoric acid S2O32- thiosulfate ion,4. 盐,正盐：根据化学式从左往右分别读出阳离子和阴离子的名称。 如FeSO4 iron(II) sulfate KMnO4 potassium permanganate酸式盐：同正盐的读法，酸根中的读做hydrogen，氢原子的个数用前缀表示。如NaHCO3: sodium hydrogencarbonate 或 sodium bicarbonate NaH2PO4: sodium dihydrogenphosphate,复盐：同正盐的读法，并且阳离子按英文名称的第一个字母顺序读。如 KNaCO3: potassuim sodium carbonateNaNH4HPO4: ammonium sodium hydrogenphosphate水合盐：结晶水读做water或hydrate如AlCl36H2O: aluminum chloride 6-water 或aluminum chloride hexahydrate AlK(SO4) 212H2O aluminium potassium sulphate 12-water,有机物质的命名,烷烃的英文命名,1）烷烃（Alkanes ）,有机化合物的英文命名很不统一，有普通命名、衍生命名、系统命名及CA系统命名等。,烷烃的英文名称字尾都有-ane,2 不饱和烃Unsaturated Hydrocarbon,CH3甲 基 methyl methylCH3CH2乙 基 ethyl ethylCH3CH2CH2正丙基n-propyl propyl异丙基isopropyl (1-methyl ethyl)CH3CH2CH2CH2 正丁基n-butyl butylCH3(CH2)3CH2 正戊基n-pentyl或n-amyl pentyl异戊基isopentyl或isoamyl (3-methyl butyl)新戊基neopentyl (2,2-dimethyl propyl),烷基的名称,CH2=CH2 乙 烯 ethylene ethylene,CH3CH=CH2 丙 烯 propylene propene,1丁烯1-butylene 1-butene,(CH3)2C=CH2 异丁烯isobutylene propene, 2methylCH3CH2CH2CH=CH2 1戊烯1-amylene 1-pentene,异戊二烯isoprene 1,3butadiene,2-methyl-烯基（alkenyl）是将烯的字尾-ene 改为-enyl。,烯类化合物的名称,烯基的名称,CH2=CH 乙烯基vinyl ethenyl烯丙基allyl (2-propenyl)丙烯基propenyl (1-propenyl)2-丁烯基(2-butenyl),炔类化合物的名称,HCCH 乙炔 acetylene ; ethyne,CH3CCH 丙 炔 methyl acetylene ;propyne,2丁炔dimethyl acetylene;2-butyne,丙烯基乙炔propenyl acetylene;3-penten-1-yne,系统命名是以芳香环为母体，取代基根据环上的位置而定位，苯环上表示2个基团的相对位置普通命名常用邻O,对P，间m表示,芳香烃Aromatic Hydrocarbon Compounds,苯 benzene,萘 naphthalene ,蒽 anthracene ,菲 phenanthrene ,甲苯 toluene; methyl- benzene邻二甲苯o-xylene; 1,2-dimethyl-benzene对二甲苯p-xylene; 1,4-dimethyl-benzene间二甲苯m-xylene; 1,3-dimethyl-benzene苯乙烯styrenestyrene;ethenyl-benzxene,卤代烃Organic Halides,CH3Cl 氯甲烷methyl chloride; chloro-methaneCH2Cl2 二氯甲烷methylene dichloride;dichloro-methaneCHCl3三氯甲烷（氯仿） chloroform; trichloro- methaneCCl4 四氯化碳carbon tetrachloride; tetrachloro- methaneCH3CH2Br 溴乙烷ethyl bromide;brormo- ethane1,2二溴乙烷ethylene dibromide;1,2-dibromo- ethaneCH2=CHCl 氯乙烯vinyl chloride; chloro- ethyleneCH2=CH-CH2Cl 烯丙基氯allyl chloride;3-chloro-1-propene氯 苯 phenyl chloride; chloro-benzene二氯苯p-phenylene dichloridebenzene, 1,4-dichlorop-dichlorobenzene,5 醇、酚、醚Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers,CH3OH 甲醇 methyl alcohol; carbinol methanol,C2H5OH 乙醇 ethyl alcohol; carbinol ethanol,CH3CH2CH2OH 正丙醇n-propyl alcohol;ethyl carbinol 1-propanol,异丙醇isopropyl alcohol;dimethyl carbinol 2-propanol,CH2(CH2)3OH 正丁醇n-butyl alcohol; propyl carbinol 1-butanol,苯甲醇(苄醇) benzyl alcohol;phenylmethanol,醇的英文名称,苯 酚 phenol, -萘酚-naphthol ;1-naphthalenol,-萘酚-naphthol ; 2-naphthalenol,对甲苯酚p-cresol phenol, 双酚A bisphenol A; 1-methylethylidene bis-phenol,酚的英文名称,CH3CH2OCH2CH3 乙 醚 diethyl ether或ethyl ether, 1,1-oxybis-ethaneCH3OCH2CH2CH2CH3 甲丁醚n-butyl methyl ether, 1-methoxy-butane苯甲醚methyl phenyl ether或methoxy-anisole,醚的英文名称,烷氧基的英文名称CH3O- 甲氧基methoxy C2H5O- 乙氧基ethoxyC3H7O- 丙氧基propoxy,含氮有机化合物(Nitrogenous Organic Compounds),CH3NH2 甲 胺 methyl amine;methanamine,CH3NHC2H5 甲乙胺ethyl methyl amine; N-methyl-ethanamine,醛和酮Aldehydes and Ketones,醛和酮Aldehydes and Ketones,CH2O 甲醛 formaldehyde,CH3CHO 乙醛 acetaldehyde,CH3CH2CHO 丙醛 propionaldehyde;propanal,CH3CH2CH2CHO 正丁醛n-butyraldehyde;butanal,CH3(CH2)3CHO 正戊醛n-valeraldehyde;pentanal,-甲基丁醛-methyl butyraldehyde;2-methyl- butanalCH2=CHCHO 丙烯醛acrolein 2-propenal,丙 酮 acetone; 2-propanone,acetone2-戊酮methyl propyl ketone 2-pentanone,环己酮cyclohexanone cyclohexanone,二苯酮diphenyl ketone benzophenone methanone, diphenyl-,羧酸和取代酸Carboxylic Acids and Substitute Carboxylic Acids,HCOOH 甲酸 formic acid,CH3COOH 乙酸 acetic acid,CH3CH2COOH 丙酸 propionic acid,CH3(CH2)2COOH 正丁酸n-butyric acid;butanoic acid,CH3(CH2)3COOH 正戊酸n-valeric acid;pentanoic acid,CH3(CH2)4COOH 正已酸n-caproic acid; hexanoic acid,乳 酸 lactic acid; 2-hydroxy-propanoic acidCH2=CHCOOH 丙烯酸acrylic acid;2-propenoic acid,草 酸 oxalic acid; ethanedioic acid,丙二酸malonic acid; propandioic acid,已二酸adipic acid; hexanedioic acid,顺-丁烯二酸maleic acid; Z-2-butenedioic acid, 反-丁烯二酸fumaric acid; E-2-butenedioic acid, 苯甲酸benzoic acid; benzoic acid,Part6 Translation,(English-Chinese and Chinese-English),I.Important Role of Translation,Translation is a rendering from one language into another,i.e., the faithful representation in one language of what is written orsaid in another language.,As ameans of communication, translation play an important role in human civilization. In the west, literary translation can traced back to300 BC, While in china, recorded translation activities are even earlier, dating from the Zhou Dynasty(1100BC).Hower, not until recent centuries,especially by the end of the 19th century did systematic study of translation get underway. In the past decadestranslation theories and activities have developed fast at home and abord.,A morden society sees an extensive use of translation on various occasion. If a foreign language is generlly accepted as a tool of life, translation then obviously serves as a dynamic means of emplooying this tool. A proper and dexterous translation helps to promote mutual understanding between pepoles of different cultural and social backgrounds, whereas a misunderstanding or improper rendering of words or expressions may lead to confusion.,.Nature and Scope of Translation,What is Translation? Some people believe it is a science, others take it as an art; and yet many consider it a craft, or rather, a skill.,Of these varied opinions, which one holds true for our purpose?,If it refers to a subject, namely, the study of translation theory and skills, it is no doubt a science, if it refers to some specific pieces of translation, then it is more like a n art, If it refers to a process, in which something is translated, then we may regard it as a craft or a skill.,Translation covers a very broad range. In terms of languages ,it can be divided into two categories: from native languages into foreign languages and vice versa; in terms of the mode, it can be divided into oral interpretation, written translation and machine translation; in terms of materials to be translated, there is translation of scientific materials, translation of literary works such as novels, poety drama, etc., translation of political essays such as treatises on social problems, reports, speeches, etc., in terms of disposal, it can be either full-text translation, abridged translation or adapted translation.,.Principles and Criteria of Translation,The so-called principles and criteria of translation are actually the two sides of the samething. The former lays emphasis on the translator; while the latter on the reader or critic.,Yan Fus “three-character guide”: faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance.,.Literal Translation and Free Translation,The so-called literal translation, generally speaking, means “not to alter the original words and sentences”; strictly speaking, it strives “to keep the sentiments and style of the original”.,Free translation is an alternative approach which is used mainly to convery the meaning and spirit of the original without trying to reproduce its sentence patterns or figures of speech.,1. Theres no pot so ugly it cant find a lid,2. Little fish does not eat big fish,3. What the tongue says, the neck pays for,4. What was hatched a hen must not try to be a rooster,5. A gift is the key to open the door closed agaist you,. Translation Techniques,Generally speaking, the basic translation techniques that merit our attention and that are to be applied in English-Chinese and Chinese-English translations include:,(1)Diction(2)Amplification(3)Omission(4)Repetition(5)Conversion(6)Restructuring(7)Negation(8)Division,科技英语的写作,科技论文中文写作,科技论文英文写作,科技论文的写作,明确所研究的方向,设计实验,着手实验,撰写论文,科技论文的中文写作,写作步骤,3结论,2结果与讨论,1实验部分,引言,作者及单位,题目,参考文献,摘要,作者为几个单位的，请在右上角用上标形式标出去，姓名间空一格，作者单位标至二级单位，单位间用分号隔开；,作者及单位,示例（注意项目、顺序、英文大小写、标点符号） 离体培养条件下半夏叶柄形成珠芽过程中内源激素的变化* 常 莉1) 徐有明1) 薛建平2)*(1)华中农业大学园艺林学学院，武汉 430070；2）安徽省淮北煤炭师范学院生物系，淮北 235000),首页面脚注示例（注意项目、顺序及标点符号）*国家农业成果转化基金(05EFN213400124)和淮北市重点项目(06125)资助*通讯作者. E-mail: 常莉,女,1981年生, 华中农业大学园艺林学学院硕士研究生,武汉 430070赵铭钦，男，1964年生，副教授.工作单位: 河南农业大学农学院,国家烟草栽培生理生化基地,郑州 450002. E-mail:,中文摘要为报道式摘要，包括简要介绍研究目的、 材料、方法和结论，结果要求详细 。,摘要,关键词间用分号隔开，分号后空半格。,关键词,摘要示例,为研究黄花蒿生长发育过程中青蒿素含量的动态变异特性，对黄花蒿生长发育过程中青蒿素含量的变化进行了研究，实验表明：黄花蒿下部叶中青蒿素含量明显高于中、上部；黄花蒿上午采收样青蒿素含量明显高于下午；时间越长，青蒿素的含量越黄花蒿生长高；黄花蒿在整个的生长发育过程中，从营养生长末期到花蕾期，青蒿素含量有递增趋势，开花后青蒿素含量明显下降。关键词：黄花蒿；青蒿素；动态变异；含量,摘要：为了探讨不同穗型品种水稻的穗部性状与产量和稻米品质的关系（表示目的），以辽宁省近年育成的水稻品种（品系）为试材（交待材料），（必要时介绍方法）进行了品种类型间的比较研究。结果表明：根据水稻着粒密度可将试材分为散穗型、半散穗型、半紧穗型和紧穗型四种类型。各类型间稻谷产量差异显著，其中半散穗型和半紧穗型品种产量较高。紧穗型品种的一次枝梗数、二次枝梗数和每穗空秕粒数都较多，成粒率较低。除了散穗型品种整精米率显著高于半散穗型和半紧穗型品种外，散穗型、半散穗型和半紧穗型间其它品质性状差异不显著，三者品质明显好于紧穗型品种。着粒密度与每穗成粒数、产量呈抛物线，与碱消值呈显著负相关，与谷草比呈显著正相关；产量与食味值呈显著的正相关。在籽粒灌浆结实期，半散穗型和半紧穗型品种的单叶净光合速率较高，后期生产的干物质较多，谷草比较大（明确介绍结果）。半紧穗型和半散穗型品种在产量较高，食味品质较好，选择适宜着粒密度的材料，容易育出高产优质品种（得出结论）。,包括研究的重要意义、前人研究进展、研究切入点及拟解决的关键问题。,前言,前言示例：【本研究的重要意义】穗型是株型的重要组成部分，是水稻的重要形态特征之一，随着水稻穗型由弯到直，穗型与稻米品质的协调关系已成为日益重要的研究内容1-3。【前人研究进展】徐正进等4按颈穗弯曲角度划分为直立、半直立和弯曲3种穗型；周开达等5按单穗重划分为重穗型、中穗型和轻穗型；Yamamoto6等按着粒密度划分为紧穗型、半紧穗型、半散穗型和散穗型。徐正进等按穗型指数2（PTI）划分为上部优势型、中部优势型和下部优势型。穗部性状与结实率7，与碾米品质8 、物质积累与分配9，籽粒灌浆特性10以及产量潜力11关系密切。【本研究切入点】近年来，随着水稻品种产量不断提高和要求品质的改善，介于紧穗型和散穗型之间的中间类型有增加的趋势。【拟解决的关键问题】本文以辽宁省近年育成的水稻品种（品系）为材料，对以着粒密度为指标，对不同穗型品种的穗部性状和稻米品质进行探讨。旨在探索穗型分类与指标，为水稻产量提高和品质的改良提供理论依据。,有机磷农药作为高效杀虫剂, 对蔬菜、稻米、瓜果生长作出了巨大贡献,但是,这些农药对水体和生态环境的污染也日益严重，这些污染影响了人类的生存,它对人畜毒性较大,近年来许多食物中毒事件都是由于有机磷等农药残留所引起的,农药残留严重威胁着人类健康。目前除了推广使用低毒农药外, 研究此类农药的有效降解方法也有重要意义。近年来逐渐发展起来的光催化降解技术为这一问题的解决提供了良好的途径1-2。 二氧化钛(TiO2)光催化降解技术是近年来逐渐发展起来污染治理的技术之一。TiO2在环保方面的突出优点就是活性高、稳定性好、对人体无害、过量使用也不会引发污染问题，成为最受欢迎的一种光催化剂，被称为“绿色”的污染治理技术3-4。TiO2及其改性物对农药的催化作用在国内较少报道,尤其是稀土改性的TiO2对农药降解的相关报道甚少,本文研究了铒掺杂TiO2对甲胺磷的光催化降解的影响。,科技论文的英文写作,写作步骤,4.Conclusion,3.Rusults and discussion,2.Experimental section,1.Introduction,Author and his work,Title,Refference,Abstract,Figure captions,Acknowledgement,Figures,Tables,Keep these in mind when you read What is the major question addressed in this paper? Is this question important and why? What are the approaches used in this paper, and whether they are adequate for the questions?What are the novel idea or using innovative approaches? What is the concept coming out of this paper? Do the results presented support this new concept?,How to Read Scientific Papers?,Titles, Important/significant Unexpected/