高中化学必修1 第四章知识点（high school chemistry 1 chapter 4 knowledge points）

高中化学必修1第四章知识点（HIGHSCHOOLCHEMISTRY1CHAPTER4KNOWLEDGEPOINTS）THEFOURTHCHAPTERTHEFIRSTSECTIONOFSILICONINNATURE,SILICONISINTHEFORMOFSILICAANDSILICATES,ANDTHEREISNOSUCHTHINGASSILICONTHEPROPERTIESOFSILICONDIOXIDEHIGHMELTINGPOINT,LARGEHARDNESSANDINSOLUBLEINWATER1SILICAISACIDICOXIDECANREACTWITHALKALIORALKALINEOXIDESIO2NAOH2NA2SIO3H2OTHEFORMATIONOFSODIUMSILICATEISMOREVISCOUS,SOTHEGLASSREAGENTOFTHEACIDSOLUTIONISNOTUSEDFORTHEGLASS,ANDTHERUBBERPLUGISUSEDSIO2CAOCASIO3HYDROFLUORICACIDISTHEONLYACIDTHATREACTSWITHSILICONDIOXIDESIO24HFSIF4ARROWH2OHYDROFLUORICACIDCANCORRODETHEGLASSANDCANBEUSEDTOSCULPTTHEGLASS,WHICHCANTBEUSEDINGLASSREAGENTBOTTLES,BUTPLASTICBOTTLESAPPLICATIONOFSILICAFIBEROPTICS,SILICON,GLASS,HANDICRAFTQUARTZ,CRYSTAL,AGATETHEPREPARATIONOFSILICICACIDNA2SIO32HCL2NACLH2SIO3SILICICACIDISAWHITECOLLOIDALSOLIDTHATISINSOLUBLEINWATERANDISMOREACIDICTHANCARBONATEDTOTHESODIUMSILICATESOLUTION,THECARBONDIOXIDEISFORMEDINWHITESILICATENA2SIO3CO2H2ONA2CO3H2SIO3SILICAGELCANBEDESICCANTAFTERDEHYDRATIONTHEAQUEOUSSOLUTIONOFSODIUMSILICATEISCALLEDWATERGLASS,WHICHCANBEUSEDASSOAPFILLER,WOODFIRERETARDANTANDADHESIVENOTETHEWATERGLASSIE,SODIUMSILICATESOLUTIONISSENSITIVETOTHECO2REACTIONINTHEAIRANDPRODUCESH2SIO3ITSHOULDBESEALEDANDPRESERVEDAPPLICATIONOFSILICATECERAMIC,GLASSANDCEMENTSIMPLESILICONPROPERTIESMETALLICBLACKSOLIDWITHMETALLICLUSTER,HIGHMELTINGPOINT,HIGHHARDNESS,STABLEATNORMALTEMPERATUREMETHODNORMALTEMPERATURECANREACTWITHALKALISOLUTIONANDHFSINAOH2H2O2NA2SIO3H2WRITESIPLUS4HFSIF42H2USESSEMICONDUCTORMATERIALS,PHOTOVOLTAICCOMPUTERCHIPS,SEMICONDUCTORTRANSISTORS,SECTIONIITHEELEMENTOFENRICHMENTINSEAWATERCHLORINE1THEPRESENCEOFCHLORINEINNATURECHLORINEEXISTSMAINLYINSEAWATER,MAINLYINCLFORM2PHYSICALPROPERTIESOFCHLORINEGASAGASWITHAPUNGENTSMELLANDPOISONOUSYELLOWANDGREEN,ITISSOLUBLEINWATER12,LOWTEMPERATUREANDEASYTOLIQUEFYWHENPRESSURIZED3CHEMICALPROPERTIESOFCHLORINEGASA,CHLORINEGASANDMETALREACTIONS2NACL22NACLYELLOWFLAME,WHITESMOKECUCL2CUCL2PALMYELLOWSMOKE,ASMALLAMOUNTOFWATERWITHAGREENSOLUTION,SUCHASALARGEAMOUNTOFWATERINBLUE2FE3CL22FECL3NOTGENERATINGFECL2BROWNSMOKEB,CHLORINEGASANDNONMETALLICREACTIONSH2CL22HCLWHITEFOGEXPLOSIONUNDERLIGHTOFCL2ANDH22P3CL2ASMALLAMOUNT2PCL3WHITEFOGWHITESMOKEWHENCHLORINEANDPARELIT2P5CL2LOTS2PCL5WHITESMOKECOMBUSTIONTHEINTENSECHEMICALREACTIONOFANYGLOWINGHEATISCALLEDCOMBUSTIONCOMBUSTIONDOESNOTHAVETOBEOXYGENTOPARTICIPATETHENATUREOFCOMBUSTIONISTHEREDOXREACTIONC,CHLORINEANDWATERCL2H2OHCLHCLOCL2DOBOTHOXIDANTANDREDUCINGAGENTHYPOCHLOROUSACIDHCLOUNARYWEAKACIDACIDISWEAKERTHANCARBONICACID,STRONGOXIDATIONSTERILIZATION,DISINFECTION,BLEACHING,UNSTABLEANDEASYTODECOMPOSE2HCLO2HCLO2NEWCHLORINEWATERCOMPOSITIONPARTICLECL2,H2O,HCLO,H,CL,CLOCHLORINEWATERCOMPOSITIONPARTICLEH2O,H,CLDRYCHLORINEGASISNOTBLEACHED,ANDTHEESSENCEOFBLEACHINGISHCLOINCHLORINEWATERD,THEREACTIONWITHABASESOLUTIONCL22OHMINUSCLCLOH2OUSINGSODIUMHYDROXIDETOABSORBEXCESSCL2THEINGREDIENTSOFBLEACH,CACL2ANDCACLO2THEACTIVEINGREDIENTOFBLEACHINGPOWDER,CACLO2BLEACHINGPRINCIPLEOFBLEACHINGPOWDERTHEPROCESSOFPRODUCINGHYPOCHLOROUSACIDBYCONTACTWITHCO2INTHEAIREREACTIONOFCHLORINEGASTOOTHERCOMPOUNDSSTRONGOXIDANTREDUCTIVESUBSTANCESSUCHASFE2,BR,I,SO2,SO32THESUBSTANCECANBEOXIDIZEDBYCHLORINEGAS2FECL2CL2FECL322NABRNACLBR2CL222NAICL2NACLI22H2SCL2S2HCLNA2SO3H2ONACLH2SO4CL22FLABORATORYPREPARATIONOFCHLORINEGASSECTION3OXIDESOFSULFURANDNITROGENSULFURYELLOWPOWDER,INSOLUBLEINWATER,SOLUBLEINALCOHOL,SOLUBLEINCS2SANDMETALREACTWITHMETALSULFIDESUCHASCU2S,FES,ETCSO2COLORLESS,PUNGENTANDPUNGENT,NOXIOUSGAS,WITHADENSERTHANAIR,EASYTOLIQUEFY,EASYTODISSOLVEINWATER,1VOLUMEOFWATERDISSOLVEDIN40VOLUMESOFSO2ITSTHEACIDANHYDRIDEOFH2SO3SO2H2OH2SO3SO2CAOH2CASO3H2OTHEBLEACHINGOFSO2MAKESTHEMAGENTACOLORFADE,THENONOXIDIZEDREDUCTIONREACTION,TEMPORARY,CANONLYMAKETHEPURPLELITMUSTESTLIQUIDRED,CANNOTMAKEITFADESO2CANBEUSEDTOKILLBACTERIATHEWEAKOXIDATIONOFSO2SO22H2S3S2H2OSTRONGREDUCIBILITYOFSO2SO2BR22H2OH2SO42HBRDISCOLORATIONOFBROMINESO2CL22H2O2H2SO4HCLSO2WITHCHLORINEWATERINTOTHECOLOREDSOLUTIONSUCHASMAGENTABLEACHING,ORNOBLEACHING5SO22KMNO42H2OK2SO42MNSO42H2SO4NOTMEMORYKNOWINGTHATSO2CANDISCOLORTHEKMNO4SOLUTION,SO32WITHH,KMNO4CANTCOEXISTINTHESOLUTIONSO2O2SO3SO2TESTAPPLYSO2TOBROMINE,KMNO4SOLUTIONANDMAGENTASOLUTIONTOSEEIFITFADESREMOVESO2ORHCLGASFROMCO2ANDUSESATURATEDNAHCO3SOLUTIONCHECKFORCO2ANDSO2INTHEMIXTUREOFGASESFIRSTTHROUGHMAGENTATHENTHROUGHKMNO4THROUGHMAGENTAANDTHENPASSTHROUGHTOCLARIFYTHELIMEWATERSO2ONLYREACTSWITHBANO32SOLUTIONANDPRODUCESWHITEPRECIPITATIONITDOESNTREACTWITHBACL23SO23BANO322H2O3BASO44HNO32NOTHEEQUATIONDOESNOTHAVETOBEREMEMBEREDREDANDBROWNPUNGENTSMELLPOISONOUSGAS,DENSERTHANAIR,EASYTOLIQUEFY,EASYTODISSOLVEINWATERTHEVALENCEOFN3,012345N2O5ISTHEANHYDRIDEOFHNO3,ANDN2O3ISTHEANHYDRIDEOFHNO2,4NO22H2OO24HNO34NOO22H2O34HNO3THEFOURTHSULFURICACID,NITRICACIDANDAMMONIADILUTESULFURICACIDWITHACIDITYWITHACIDBASEINDICATORANDREACTIVEMETALREACTIONTOGENERATEH2,WHICHREACTSWITHMETALOXIDETOFORMSALTANDWATER,THESALTREACTIONPRODUCESANOTHERACIDANDSALTTHESTRONGACIDWEAKACIDANDNEUTRALIZESTHEBASESTRONGH2SO4ANDHNO3REACTWITHMETALBUTNOTH2CONCENTRATEDSULFURICACID1CONCENTRATEDSULPHURICACIDISACOLORLESSOILLIQUIDSULFURICACIDISASTRONGACIDWITHHIGHBOILINGPOINT,WHICHISEASYTODISSOLVEINWATERANDCANBEMIXEDWITHWATERATANYRATECONCENTRATEDSULFURICACIDWILLGIVEOFFALOTOFHEATWHENDISSOLVEDINWATER2ITCANBEUSEDTODRYH2,O2,N2,CO,CO2,CH4,SO2,HCL,CL2,ETC,WHICHCANNOTBEUSEDTODRYNH3,H2S,HIANDHBRSTRONGOXIDIZINGMETALSANDNONMETALSTHATCANBEOXIDIZED2H2SO4THICKCUCUSO42H2OSO22H2SO4THICKCCO22SO22H2OHOWTOTESTTHEGASPRODUCED,SEETHEPREVIOUSSSECTIONNITRICACID1INSTABILITYEASYTODECOMPOSE4HNO34NO2ARROW2H2OO2ARROWSTRONGOXIDATION4HNO3THICKCUCUNO322NO28HNO3DILUTE3CU3CUNO322NOUPUNDERNORMALTEMPERATURECOLDTHICKH2SO4ORSTRONGHNO3WILLMAKETHEACTIVEMETALPASSIVATESUCHASALUMINUMANDIRON,SOTHEIRONTANKCANBEUSEDTOTRANSPORTTHICKH2SO4OR