英国职业安全健康认证NEBOSH学习教材

1、cover page neboshnational general certificatesection onepageprinciples of accident prevention 4common law 11health and safety at work, etc, act 1974 22court structure 29employment tribunals 33management of health and safety at work regulations 1999 36safety management systems, (hs (g) 65) 42section

2、twosafety policies 48safe systems of work, peme 50permits to work 53human factors 59communication and motivation 66stress 73training 76young persons 81section threethe workplace (health, safety and welfare) regulations 1992 87introduction to fire safety 91the fire precautions (workplace) regulations

3、 1997 (amended) 98the fire precautions act 1971105the highly flammable liquids and liquefied petroleum gases regulations 1972107techniques for monitoring safety performance108section fourprovision and use of work equipment regulations 1998111machinery guarding115lifting operations and lifting equipm

4、ent regulations 1998121safety committees and safety representative regulations 1977127health and safety (consultation with employees) regulations 1996135construction (health, safety & welfare) regulations 1996136safe place of work - construction146section fivean introduction - occupational h

5、ealth and hygiene157coshh 1999165the chemicals (hazard information and packaging for supply) regulations173chemical storage hazards174environmental protection177radiation and the ionising radiations regulations 1999178light and lighting186thermal environment189section sixnoise and occupational deafn

6、ess195vibration205confined spaces regulations 1997209personal protective equipment regulations 1992213personal protective equipment216sources of information219the health and safety (information to employees) regulations 1989 (revised)222the health and safety (safety signs and signals) regulations 19

7、96224section sevenergonomics227the display screen equipment regulations 1992233manual handling operations regulations 1992237accident investigation241riddor 1995246the working time regulations 1998251section eightsafe working with electricity255first aid at work267controlling the contractor270constr

8、uction (design and management regulations) 1994274risk assessment281examinationcandidate briefing sheetmock examination papersassessors marking sheetmock practical/candidates observation sheetprinciples of accident preventionintroductionthe reasons put forward for practising accident prevention are

9、humanitarian, economic, and legal. in practice, all three are inter-related and probably reinforce one another. adoption of the following principles will provide a base for protecting company assets be they people, plant and/or equipment which is essential in a competitive market. 1accident preventi

10、on is an essential part of good management and of good workmanship.2management and workers must co-operate wholeheartedly in securing freedom from accidents.3top management must take the lead in organising safety in the works.4there must be a definite and known safety policy in each workplace.5the o

11、rganisation and resources necessary to carry out the policy must exist.6the best available knowledge must be applied.accident definitionan accident is an unplanned, uncontrolled event that results in personal injury, property damage and/or some other loss, or could have resulted in personal injury,

12、property damage and/or some other loss in slightly different circumstances.theory of accidentsaccident prevention is the technique of anticipating and controlling events so that accidents are avoided and the consequent damaging results do not occur. this technique covers a very wide field, dealing,

13、as it does, with the attitudes and the unsafe conditions in the environment, thus ensuring the correct control systems are in operation.detailed research carried out in 1969 by f. bird extended the theory by bringing in property damage and likened the situation to an iceberg. the numbers quoted are

14、averages from a great variety of industries and will vary from industry to industry, but the principle applies universally. the position of the waterline on the "iceberg" represents the effective state of any accident prevention control system in any organisation because it denotes

15、 the dividing line between what is investigated and controlled and what is ignored.the essential fact to remember is that any "critical incident" could result in personal injury or property damage, or both; the seriousness of the result is purely a matter of chance. there are many

16、examples to illustrate this idea. for example:a maintenance job had been carried out years earlier and some brackets, although no longer of any use, had been left in place. an employee was walking past when one of the brackets fell.1it struck him on the head.result: a very serious, probably fatal in

17、jury.2the bracket bounced off a nearby shelf, caught the victim on the arm.result: minor injury.3the bracket knocked the material the employee was carrying from his/her grasp damaging it.result: property loss.4the bracket fell as the employee passed and dropped harmlessly to the floor.result: no vis

18、ible injury or damage.this is why it is vital to control "critical incidents" which are the potential sources of personal injury and/or damage.identification and control of critical incidents leads to a safer work place, fewer incidents, fewer injuries, less damage to property and

19、product.human contribution to accidentsaccording to bird and loftus a preventable accident is one of five factors in a sequence that results in injury, damage or some other loss. thus accidents are preventable , and so only occur as the culmination of a series of events or circumstances, which occur

20、 in a fixed, chronological order. here a comparison can be made with a series of dominoes, placed on end such that if one falls it will cause the next to fall, and so on throughout the series. however, if the first domino were removed then the chain of events will be halted. the sequence of events a

21、re as follows:lack of management control from the organisation, permitting;basic causes (i.e. personal and job factors), leading to;immediate causes (unsafe acts and unsafe conditions), which are the direct cause of the accident, which results in a;contact with an energy or substance;loss (which may

22、 be categorised as injury, damage or some other loss).this sequence can be applied to all accidents, and is a basic tool for management control and accident investigation.the domino theoryunderlying, (root), causesdomino no. 1:organisationwherever people seek to make a living or achieve specified go

23、als, organisations arise. the one characteristic that they all have in common is structure. they cannot function by allowing their members to do whatever they think needs to be done; they have to be organised.the formal structure takes place as duties are assigned, procedures adopted. so rules, and

24、regulations are circulated and the production processes are begun. in health and safety terms this is expressed in the setting of goals of commitment to safety and the demonstration to individuals that deviations are not acceptable.all the above is achieved by:1.controls?producing a safety policy. p

25、roviding objectives and standards for safety which are communicated to all.communication of these standards is achieved via information, instruction and training?carrying out risk assessments. to identify possible routes to human failure.producing rules and procedures to remove or minimise the risks

26、 identified by the risk assessments, together with the mechanisms for reviewing them. (safe systems of work).2.monitoring controls?effective monitoring of these safe systems to check on their implementation. (audits, surveys, tours, inspections, safety contact, safety sampling and hazop studies).ade

27、quate and effective supervision with the power to remedy deficiencies when necessary.3.emergency preparedness?a strategy aimed at reducing/minimising the effects of an accident. areas covered will include first aid, fire, explosion and environmental pollution control.4.accident investigation?acciden

28、t investigations and effective use of the lessons learned.domino no 2:basic causes:job factorssuccessful management of human factors involves the development of systems which have taken into account human capabilities and fallibilities. so careful design of the job is essential, and should ensure th

29、at no mis-match (either physical or mental) occurs between the job requirements and the employees capabilities. otherwise, there will be the potential for human error.factors to be considered are:?likely human errors highlighted by risk assessments ?operator decision making - deciding on the optimum

30、 balance between human and automatic contributions to safety actions. in other words, the level of automation required within the task.?ergonomics - this concerns the man/machine interface, and concerns how we make the job or machine fit the man. thus we consider layout of control panels, informatio

31、n displays, control devices etc.?design and presentation of procedures and operating instructions. do we use operating manuals only, or do we use training sessions and leaflets as well? do we use words only, or words and pictures?organisational control of environmental factors: workspace, access for

32、 maintenance, and the effects of noise, lighting and the thermal environment etc.?provision of the correct/safe tools and equipment?scheduling of work patterns to control fatigue and stress - shift organisation, rest breaks, work variety, and arrangements for emergency situations.?effective communic

33、ationspersonal factorsthe organisation and job factors will lead to a potential accident situation, and it will be the personal factors which now dictate how the person(s) will behave in that situation.these factors are as follows:stress stress is perhaps best understood in engineering terms. in a s

34、tructure the various members are subject to loading, as in a bridge which is subject to different loadings at different times. for example, when traffic flows over the bridge it gives rise to internal and external stress.overloading structural members leads to overstress which can result in bending

35、and/or fatigue, without necessarily getting anywhere near the breaking strength. these well known conditions of stress and strain in engineering apply equally as well to people who live and work in stressful conditions. different personality types are better able to cope with high stress levels, and

36、 this is important when considering appointing persons to high stress jobs egg fighter pilot, air traffic controller etc.stress due to organisational and job factors will be revealed in several ways, one of which is increased accident frequency.skillsskill concerns the performance of a task in a suc

37、cessful and rapid way. many tasks fulfil this definition from typists to skilled craftsmen. it is recognised that there are individual differences in skill acquisition, and consequently, this must be a consideration in job design, especially when complicated skills are involved.personalitypersonalit

38、y is the word used to describe the individuals perception of his total environment, including himself. so personality is directly linked to a persons behaviour as perceived by others egg honest, intelligent, loyal, serious etc. so where a supervisor has a personality that is considered by other work

39、ers to be weak, unintelligent, and disloyal this is important from a health and safety viewpoint because he will not be respected, and consequently any instructions that he gives are unlikely to be followed when he is not present.physiquethis concerns a physical rather than mental mis-match. certain

40、 jobs require strong physiques e.g. scaffolder, labourer or soldier, whereas other jobs require less physical ability e.g. electrician, manager, receptionist. again if this is not considered by the organisation then this could result in a person that is not strong enough having an accident e.g. drop

41、ping a scaffolding tube from height.attitudeattitudes are sub-conscious filters that colour all information we receive. attitudes arise out of our beliefs, and are shaped by our education and experiences. this sub-conscious filter is important because it will colour all information, and so decide wh

42、ether we perceive to like or dislike this information.motivationmotivation is important because it is a requirement within an unsafe individual in order to achieve a lasting alteration in his behaviour form unsafe to safe behaviour. this behaviour change is achieved by altering the persons underlyin

43、g attitude(s), and this will only be possible with a suitably motivated individual.experienceour experiences as we grow older will shape and change our attitudes and thus, perceptions of ourselves and the world around us. the prime influences are:?economic?parents/friends?school?intelligenceconsider

44、ations should include:1.task analysis for critical jobs will produce a job description and a specification for the person to match the job. this may include age, physique, skill qualifications, experience, aptitude, knowledge, intelligence, personality and will form the basis for recruitment and/or

45、selection.2.training should aim to, provide the skills for trainees to understand the workings of the plant and process so that they can work correctly under both routine and emergency conditions.3.monitoring of personal performance.4.fitness for workmedical standards, health surveillance, counselli

46、ng/advice during stressful periods.domino no 3:immediate causesunsafe acts88% of all accidents are caused by people - the unsafe act. this error could be on the part of anyone within the chain. therefore before we examine the unsafe act, we must examine the unsafe condition.we must decide to follow

47、established safety rules and practices and also use as many of our senses as possible to observe the workplace to ensure it is safe."plan your action to remove the immediate causes""plan your action to remove the basic causes"“plan your action to remove the organi

48、sations lack of management control”the guide to accident causes illustrated, outlines some basic unsafe acts and unsafe conditions which management/supervision must control.unsafe actsunsafe conditionsactions by personnel who inadvertently physical conditions that if or wilfully disregard correctlef

49、t may become the cause(s) procedures or practices and thus reduceof an accident.the degree of safety.1using equipment without authority 1inadequate guarding ofor incorrectly.machinery.2making safety devices inoperative2faulty design, constructione.g. removing, disconnecting.3defects in equipment, to

50、ols3unsafe or damaged equipment.or machinery e.g. frayed4taking unsafe posture or position,lifting ropes, chipped hammere.g. lifting with back bent, heads, incorrectly adjustedexposing body to hazardsbrakes.5unsafe loading or stacking of 4incorrect dress for job, e.g.materials.loose clothing on dril

51、ling6failing to use protectivemachines.clothing.5lack of knowledge, e.g.7horseplay, e.g. distracting,skill or training.teasing, practical jokes.6poor housekeeping, e.g.8hazardous movements, e.g. running,material in walkways; untidyjumping, stepping on or climbingstacking over.7unsafe systems of work

52、.9unsafe acts not classified above.8unsafe physical or mechanicalconditions not classified above.domino no 4:incidentthis is the point in the accident sequence where there is a contact with an energy (e.g. electricity) or a substance (a corrosive chemical).domino no 5:lossthis domino is the end resu

53、lt of the accident injuries to person(s), damage to property (e.g. a damaged forklift truck), or some other loss (bad reputation, environmental pollution etc.). common law - tort of negligence the meaning of tort a tort has been defined as "civil wrong for which the remedy is a common law a

54、ction for unliquidated damages, and which is not exclusively the breach of a contract or the breach of trust or other merely equitable obligation" (salmond).basically, a tort is a civil wrong, as distinct from a criminal wrong. one individual committing a wrong against another individual commits a tort.major torts are:- negligence- nuisance- defamation- conversion- trespass of goods- trespass to a person- trespass to landtort of negligencewhat is negligence?"negligence is the omission to do something which a reasonable man, guided upon those considerations which ordi