高中英语定语从句讲解

1、高中英语定语从句详解1) three signs that indicate a person is suffering from a panic attack rather than a heart attack 三种意味着个人是患有惊恐症而不是心脏病的迹象在这个带有定语从句的名词短语中: signs是：被修饰的名词；that是:关系词；that indicate a person is suffering from a panic attack rather than a heart attack 是定句2) those who drink a lot那些大量饮洒的人在这个带有定语从句的代

2、词用语中： those是：被修饰的名词；who是：关系词;who drink a lot是:定语从句假如”先行词“自身表达的意义是表示”人的意义“或是”物的意义”，那么我们就相应地选择表 示'人的意义或是”物的意义'的”先行词“。“先行词”在从句中的语法功能也是决定“关系词” 选择的重要条件。比如说，同样都是表示”人的意义”的”先行词”，如果它在从句中作主语, “关系词“就得用表示”人的意义“的主格形式，如果它在从旬中作定语，”关系词“就得用表示” 人的意义的所有格形式。另外，有时“先行词“本身是表示事物的名词，而它在从句中却与 介词构成了短语，在从句中充当状语，在这种情况卞，

3、我们就应该用”关系副词”而不能用” 关系代词”了。例如：some people who are successful language learners often fail in other fields .冇些在语言学习上很冇成就的人,在其他领域常常一无所成。in our class , wc have some students whose families arc not in wuhan.我们班上有些家不在武汉市的同学。there are many sounds which have a meaning and yet are not words .有许多声音有意义但不是词。tell

4、 him to go to the classroom where we often have our english class .如果把这个复合句拆成两个分句，那就是：tell him to go to the classroom .we often have our english class in the classroom )告诉他去我们常上英语课的那间教室。(一)关系词从前面的讨论中我们可以清楚地看出，关系词在定语从句的构成里是至关重要的。我们甚至 可以说，掌握不好关系词就无法做成定语从句，也无法理解文中带有定语从句部分的意思。 因此，我们首先讨论一下关系词的有关问题。定语从句屮的

5、关系词只有两类：关系代词和关系副词；没有连词。也就是说，定语从句小的 所有关系词不但都有具体的意义而且都在从句中担任一定的成分。1) 关系代词:who , whom , whose , which , that 等。who用于代替”表示人的意义“的先行词，并且在从句中作主语；在现代英语里，也可取代 whom在从句中作动词的宾语。例如：i have no idea about the man who wrote the article .我不认识写这篇文章的那个人。the little boy who is singing there can recite quiet a number of c

6、hinese poems .whom用于代替”表示人的意义“的先行词，并且在从句中作动词或介词的宾语。在现代英语 里，如果whom在从句中作动词的宾语，它与who可以通用；但是如果whom在从句中作 介词的宾语，那么就只能用whom而不能与who通川了。当然，如果在口语或非正式文体 中，介词没冇提前，也就没冇这点要求了。例如：who is the girl whom ( who ) you talked to just now ?刚才和你说话的那个女孩子是谁？yesterday, i happened to meet, in the shopping center , the professo

7、r who ( whom ) i got to know at a party 昨天在购物中心，我碰巧遇见了那位我在一次聚会上认识的教授。they are looking for the patient on whom doctors just performed an operation .彳也们ie在寻找那 位医生刚刚给他做过手术的病人。(句屮的关系代词whom代替the patient ,在从句屮作介词on的宾语，而且介词on提到关 系代词的前面，所以who和whom就绝不可以通用了，此处只能用whom。)who is the girl to who (whom) you talked

8、just now ?(错误)佝中的关系代诃whom(who)代替the girl ,在从句中作介诃to的宾语，但是由于介词to已 提到了关系代词的前面,who和whom就绝不可以通川了，所以如果还继续使用who旬了就错 t o此处只能用whom o )whose用于代替”表示人或物意义“的先行词，在从句中作定语，往往与它所修饰的名词一起 构成一个名词短语在从句中担当成分。whose常表达“某人的、某物的”z意。例如：do you know the name of that girl whose brother is your roommate ?你知道她的哥哥与你同寝室的那位女孩的名字吗？wa

9、ter whose boiling point is at 100 degree centigrade has no color, no flavor.沸点在摄氏10()度的水无色、无味。which用于代替“表示事物意义”的先行词，在从句中作主语、宾语。例如：views which arc entirely new or foreign may also be hard to accept.那些全新的或是來自国外的观点或许也很难被接受。i've got a novel which you may like to read .我弄到一木你或许想看的小说。that was a fault

10、which could not be forgiven .那是不能饶恕的错误。that既用于代替”表示人的意义“的先行词，也用于代替”表示事物意义“的先行词；在从句中 既可以作主语，也可以作谓语动词的宾语，但是不能作介词的宾语。在一定范围内,that = who /whom / which。例如：views that (which ) are entirely new or foreign may also be hard to accept.那些全新的或是来自国外的观点或许也很难被接受。salaried people that ( who) earn more than a few thou

11、sand dollars must pay a certain percentage of their salaries to the federal government .1薪在儿千美元以上的人必须将工资中的一定百分 比交付给联邦政府。who is the girl to that you talked just now ?(错误)要点提示：定语从句中作宾语的关系代词可以省略;如果关系代词在定语从句中作宾语可以省略。例如:this is the book ( which ) you were looking for yesterday .这就是你昨天找的那本书。i don't li

12、ke the novel (that) you are reading .我不喜欢你看的这本小说。who is the man ( whom ) you're talking about ?你们谈论的那个人是谁？定语从句屮，关系代词的单复数取决于先行词的单复数。例如：those who arc in their forties arc required to have a physical examination this afternoon （先行词those是复数，关系代词who也就看作是复数，所以从句的谓语动词就用了复数 形式are 了。）请那些年龄在四十儿岁的人于今天下午去进行

13、体检。this is the magazine which was sent to me by post （先行词the magazine是单数，关系代词which也就看作是单数，所以从句的谓语动词就用 了单数形式was sent）这是通过邮局寄给我的杂志。v >/关系代词that和which的区另!）that和which在一般情况都可以用于代替“表示事物意义喲先行词，在从句中作主语、宾语。 但在下列情况下一般只用（hat而不用which : 先行词本身是 all, everything , something , nothing , anything 等不定代词时,例如： anythi

14、ng that can burn is a source of heat energy .任何能够燃烧的东西都是热能源。there must be something that happened to you .你一定出了 什么事。they had nothing that could cure of his disease .他们没有一点能治愈他疾病的东西了。-先行词已冇序数词或形容词的最高级或the last, the only等作定语时，例如：this is the most impressive tv theater that has never been put on show be

15、fore . 这是以前从未上 演过的最有感染力的电视剧。that is the only way that leads to your success .那是通向你成功的唯一之路。we have to consider the first thing that starts our work .我们必须要考虑启动我们工作的第一件事。然而，在下列情况下却只用which而不用that：-当先行词表示事物意义，并口在从句中作介词的宾语，那么就只能用which。当然，如 果在口语或非正式文体屮，介词没有提前，也就没有这点要求了。例如：the world in which we live is made

16、 of matter .我们生活于其中的世界是由物质组成的。ocean currents affect the climates of the lands near which they flow .洋流影响具流经的附近地区的气候。the world that we live in is made of matter.（正确。因为关系代词虽然在从句中作介词的宾语，但是介词没冇提前，所以没冇这点要求。） 我们生活于其中的世界是由物质组成的。the world in that we live is made of matter.（错误。因为关系代词在从句屮作介词的宾语，而且介词己经提前，所以必须遵

17、从这点要求。） -在非限定性定语从句（关于这一点随后就要讲解）中，当关系词表示事物意义吋，只能用 which o这是语法所规定的，没冇任何解释。例如：the sun heats the earth , which makes it possible for plants to grow .太阳给予大地热，这就使植物的生长成为可能。the most important form of energy is electrical energy , which is widely used in our daily life .最 重要的能源形式是电能，它广泛地运用于我们的日常生活之屮。7s可以作为关

18、系代词引导限定性定语从句、非限定性定语从句。例如：限定性定语从句（常 用于suchas和the sameas等句式中）such points as you've mentioned are really important in solving the problem .你提到的这些方面在解决这个问题上的确很重要。people such as you describe arc rarely seen nowadays .你描述的这种人现在很少见了。this computer has the same functions as that one has .这台计算机有着和那台计算机一样的

19、功能。非限定性定语从句（as可以作为关系代词引导非限定性定语从句时，as是指全句：也就是 说，将整个主句看成一件事或是一个事实；并对其进行补充、说明。这种非限定性定语从句 既可以放在主句z前，也可以放在主句z后。）as i know , she hasn't got married .如我所知，她还未结婚。they won the first place in the game, as could be expected.可以预料，他们在比赛屮得了第一。professor li is extremely popular among students , as is known to a

20、ll of us .如我们人家所知，李 教授极受学生们的欢迎。2）关系副词：when , where , why等。在定语从句，关系副词二介词+ which。也就是说, 每个关系副词里本身就己经含有了一个介词：when =在什么时候，where =在什么地方， why二为什么原因，等。至于在英文中用哪个具体的介词，就得依具体情况而定了。when代替表示时间的名词，而这个名词在从句中又与介词构成了短语，在从句中充当状语, 例如：people will always remember the time when hong kong and macao returned to our motherl

21、and . 人们会永远记住香港和澳门冋归祖国的那一时刻。he came at a time when wc needed help .他在我们需要人帮忙的时候来f。we don't know the exact time when the english evening will be held .我们彳、知道英语晚会举 行的确切时间。where代替表示地点的名词，而这个名词在从句中又与介词构成了矩语,在从句中充当状语。 例如：the place where we're to have the speech contest has not been decided yet.我们

22、举行演讲比赛的 地点还未定下来。he is living in a newly-built house where there used to be a pond .他现在居住的新房是原先一 个池塘的旧址。that is a beautiful campus where i made a lot dreams .那是一座我曾经在那儿冇过许多梦想的美丽的校园。why代替表示原因的名词，而这个名词在从句中又与介词构成了短语，在从句中充当状语。 例如：he didn't tell her the reason why he was so happy .他没有告诉她为什么他那么高兴的原因。th

23、e reason why she was late is not so acceptable .她迟到的原因不那么令人接受。they explained the reason to us why they had misunderstood us before .他仆j向我们解释为什么他仆j以前误解了我们的原因。介词+关系代词在这种结构中，关系代词若是表示人的意义，就只能用whom ；关系代词若是表示事物的 意义，就只能用which。而这种结构中较难解决的问题是介词的选择问题，因为这个问题 的解决収决于多种因素：a）动词与介词的搭配b）名词与介词的搭配c）形容词与介词的搭配，等等。总之，要依

24、从句的具体需要而定。例如：a）动词与介词的搭配he has found a good job for which he is qualified . （ qualify + 名词 + for "使具有资格"） 他找到了一份他能胜任的工作。the man to whom you talked just now will chair the meeting tomorrow . （ talk to + 名词 ”与某 人谈话”）你刚才与他谈话的那个人明天主持那个会议。he is bargaining with the landlord over the monthly price

25、 at which the apartment rents .名 rent at +表示价格的词”某物以某价格出租”） 他在与房东就那套公寓出租的月租金进行磋商。b）名词与介词的搭配they arc still living in the little house in which they've been lived for 15 years .（ in the house "在屋子里”）他们现在还住在他们已住了 15年的那个小房了里。we've worked out a method by which our production can be raised on

26、 a large scale.（ by a method 通过某种方法）我们已研制出了一个能大规模提高生产的方法。she didn't realize the extent to which she had been distracted . （ to extend "到某种程度"）她 没有意识到她心烦意乱的程度。c）形容词与介词的搭配the secretary with whom the boss is not happy will be fired for her inefficiency . （happy with ” 对表示满意”）老板对其不满意的那个秘书将

27、由于她没冇工作效率而被解雇。i've found the job for which i've been eager for a long time. （ eager for "渴望得到"）我已找 到了我渴望已久的那份工作。he is a learned man with whom we are familiar .（familiar with熟悉）他是一位我们熟悉的有学识的人。2）定语从句的种类在英文中，有两种定语从句：限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从句。这两种定语从句在其功 能和形式方面都有明显的区别：限定性定语从句限定性定语从句与主句的关系很紧奏，对其先

28、行词起限定、修饰的作用。如果将其去掉，会 影响句子意思的完整性；有时甚至于引起费解、误解。例如：rainforests are being cleared for valuable timber and other resources to speed up the economic growth of the nationsin which they are located .为了加速他们各自所在国家的经济发展，热带雨林作为冇价值的原木和其他资源正为人们所 砍伐。ocean currents affect the climates of the lands near which they f

29、low.洋流影响其流经的附近地区的气候。they explained the reason to us why they had hated us before.他们向我们解释为什么他们不喜欢我们的原因。非限定性定语从句非限定性定语从句在形式上就与主句很松散，它与主句之间有一个逗点“，”隔开；它对其先 行词没有限定、修饰的作用，只起补充、说明的作川。有时也用它來对全句进行补充、说明。 即使将其去掉，也不会影响句子意思。由于上述原因，非限定性定语从句在表达意思方面也 有别于限定性定语从句。另外，非限定性定语从句在中文译文里，我们往往将其作为一个分 句处理，而不把它作定语翻译。例女口: earli

30、er , the babylonians had attempted to map the world , but they presented it in the form of a flattened disc rather than a sphere , which was the form adopted by ptolemy .（此句中，非限定性定语从句是对先行词a sphere进行补充、说明。）更早之前，巴比伦人曾试图绘制世界地图，但是他们把它绘制成平盘状而不是托勒密所采用 的球休状。the combination of satellites, which transmit inf

31、ormation , computers , which store information , and television , which displays information , will change every home into an education and entertainment center.（此句屮，三个非限定性定语从句分别对三个先彳亍词：satellites , computers和television进 行补充、说明。如果去掉这三个非限定性定语从句，那么句子可简化为：the combination of satellites , computers and t

32、elevision will change every home into an education and entertainment center .）卫星能传输信息，计算机能储存信息，电视能显示信息，把这些 手段结合起来可以使每个家庭都成为教育娱乐的中心。the sun heats the earth , which makes it possible for plants to grow .（此句中，非限定性定语从 句是对全句进行补充、说明，将全旬表达的意思、看成“一件事情）。太阳给予大地热，这就使 植物的生长成为可能。the old man has a son , who is in

33、 the army .（此句中，非限定性定语从句是对先行词son进行 补充、说明。但木句所传达的信息是：”这位老人只有一个儿了”。如果将此句改写成限定 性定语从句：the old man has a son who is in the army .那位老人有一个在部队工作的儿子。那么，限定性 定语从句就要对先行词son进行限定、修饰。这样一來，句了所传达的信息就变成了：”这 位老人有一个儿子在部队工作，还有其他的儿子在干别的工作“。）那位老人有一个儿子，他 在部队工作。知识过关1 do you still remember the dayi first came to beijing?1) a

34、. which b. that c. when d. where 2) a. where b. that c. which d. what2 fm going to visit the schoolmy mother taught physics ten years ago.3 she was not the womanshe was beforea. what b. that c. who d. as4 in the dark street, there wasn't a single personthey could turn for helpa. whom b who c. to

35、 whom d from whom5 a paper plant ispaper is made.a. which b. where c. what d. in which6 they stayed with me for three weeks,they drank all the wine i had.a. which b. which time c. during which time d. during which7. how do you like the cake? it's quite different fromi had last month.a. that b. w

36、hich c. the one d the one what8. the nile,electricity is produced, no longer destroys villages and crops.a. which b. from which c. from it d from that9. in the 1950s,blacks didn't have equal rights, a lot of marches took place.a. when b. that c. which d. from which10. bob's father, spent fou

37、r years in egypt.a. that worked onthe projectb. he worked on the project c who worked on the project d. whom worked on the project11. the retiring teacher made a speechshe thanked the class for the gift.a. which b. of which c. in which d. that12. he has to work on sundays,he does not likea. and whic

38、h b. which c and when d when13. which of the two cowsyou keep produces more milk?a. that b. which c. whom d. when14. he paid the boy us $10 for washing ten windows, mosthadn't been cleaned forat least year.a. these b those c. that d. of which15. the boys,could not reach the shelf, went to look f

39、or something to stand on.a. the tall of whom b. the tallest of whom c the tallest one d. the tallest of them16. rabbits make their homes in fieldshide their young under bushes or among tallerasses.a. can where they b. where they can c where can they d. where can17. is this the factorycolor tv sets a

40、re produced? a. that b. which c. in which d. in thatix. who is that comradewas there? a. whom b. that c which d. whose19. this is mr smith,i think has something interesting to tell you.19) a. who b. whom c. which d. whose 20) a. what b. that c. who d. which20. mother bought me a dictionary on my bir

41、thday,made me very happy.仿真训练1 she wore a heavy fur coat in such a hot day,i found quite strange 1) a. which b. that c. what d. when 2) a. in which b. at which c. of which d. from which2 china has hundreds of islands,the largest is taiwan.3 we came to a placethey had never paid a visit before3) a. t

42、o where b. to which c. that d. which 4) a. since b. which c. that d. when4 it was twelve o' clockthey finished the work. 5) a whom b. whoc when d. because5 he often helps the studentshe thinks are not quick at their studies.6 is there a restaurant aroundi have something to eat?a. that b what c w

43、hich d. where7 it was at the schoolwas named after a herohe spent his childhood.a. which; that b where; where c that; where d which; where8 look at the watch. don't you see it iswatchhelen lost the other day?a. as the same; as b. the same; as c. the same; which d. as the same ; that9 there is a

44、popular belief among parents schools don't pay any attention tohandwriting.a. whose b. that c. which d in which10 wasbill,played football well,helped the blind mancross the road?一yes, you are right. he is always ready to help others.a. it; that; who b. which; that; that c it; who; that d who; wh

45、ich; that11 his sister has become a teacher,was what she wanted to be.a. whob. whatc. thatd. which12 in the open boat, the four men,was a doctor, met with a storm on the sea.a. one of which b. one of who c. one of whom d. one of them13. his glasses,he was like a blind man, fell to the ground and bro

46、kea. which b. from which c with which d. without which14. the look, the coveris broken, is not mine. a. of it b. for c. whose d. of which15 the great trouble heshow us how to run the machinehim completelytired.a. what b. which c. that d. all that16 (1995 上海)in the office i never seem to have time un

47、til 5:30 pm，many peoplehave gone homea. whose time b that c. on which d. by which time17. not onlythe car hebeen sold by his son for gambling debts, but alsohis new housea. /; has b. has; had c has; has d was ; has18. the theory he's stuckus that earthquakes can be forecast.a, to prove to b. to

48、proves to c proves to d. which proved19. the high buildingis a big hotel.a. we are looking at it b we looking c. at that we are looking d. we are looking at20. the babyis not hers. a. of that she is taking good care b. who she is takinggood carec. of who she is taking good care d whom she is taking

49、good care of21 (2001) the film brought the hours back to me i was taken good care of in thatfar-away village.1) a. until b. that c. when d. where 2) a. it b. as c. that d. what22 2001)is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month.23 (1994) the weather turned out to be very

50、 good,was more than we could expect.a. what b. which c. that d. it24 (1996) after living in paris for fifty years he returned to the small town,he grew up asa child.a. which b. where c. that d. when25 (1998) he made another wonderful discovery,of great importance to sciencea. which i think is b.whic

51、h i think it is c. which i think itd. i think which is26 (1999)i drove to zhuhai for the air show last week.一 is that the reasonyou had a few days off? a. whyb whenc whatd. where27 (1992) in the dark street, there wasn't a single personshe could turn for helpa. that b. who c from whom d. to whom

52、28 (1997 上海)all of the flowers now raised here have developed from thosein theforest.a. once they grew b they grew once c. that once grew d. once grew29. (1999) carol said the work would be done by october,personally i doubt very much.30(1993 上海)i don' t likeyou speak to he匚 29) a. it b. that c.

53、 when d. whicha. the way b. the in that c the way which d the way of which【专项训练】i football is a very interesting game、 is played all over the world.a that b which c. it d who2. is there anything else you require?a which b that c. who d. what3. the last place we visited was the great walla. which b t

54、hat c. where d it4. he talked happily about the men and books interested him greatly in the school.a which b who c. it d. that5 the railway tunnel, though the train goes, will be completed soon.a which b. that c. it d whom6. his uncle works in a factory bicycles are made.a that b which c. where d th

55、ere7.a.8.a.9-a.there is no dictionary you can find everything c. where d in thatyou' 11 spend in your hometown is coming.c. when d. whereyou' 11 be in your hometown is coming.c. when d wherethat b whichnext month, which b thatnext month,which b. that10.a.i often thought of my childhood , i l

56、ived on a fann which b. where c. when d who11.he wanted to know the time he needed to know .a.that b when c. where d what12.therea.that b isn t so much noise in the country in big cities, which c where d. as13. they could only read such stories had been rewritten in simple english . a that b which c

57、. as d. what14. the stems of bamboo are hollow makes them very light-a which b as c. that d. it15. crusoej s dog became ill and died , made him very lonely a. as b which c. that d. this16. they" ve invited me to their party，is kind of them.a- as b. which c- that d- this17. wc know now ,bats come out only at night a. asb. which c . thatd. what18 john got beaten in the game , had been expected .a. as b that c. what d who19. has been said above ,grammar is a set of dead rules-a. which b. what c. thatd. as20.