机械设计制造及其自动化外文翻译外文文献英文文献普通钻床改造为多轴钻床资料讲解

1、精品文档普通钻床改造为多轴钻床目前，我国中、小型企业的产品质量和生产效率都需要有一个新的提高 , 但是加工手段 却远远不能满足需要 , 许多中小型企业都结合自己的实际对设备的技术状态进行改进，通过 强化自身 , 以求自我发展普通钻床为单轴机床，但安装上多轴箱就会成为多轴的钻床，改造 成多轴钻床后，能大大地缩短加工时间，提高生产效率。多轴加工应用 ：据统计， 一般在车间中普通机床的平均切削时间很少超过全部工作时间的 15%。其余时间是看图、装卸工件、调换刀具、操作机床、测量以及清除铁屑等等。使用数控机床虽然能提高 85%，但购置费用大。 某些情况下， 即使生产率高， 但加工相同的零件， 其成本不

2、一定比普通机床低。故必须更多地缩短加工时间。不同的加工方法有不同的特点， 就钻削加工而言，多轴加工是一种通过少量投资来提高生产率的有效措施。多轴加工优势： 虽然不可调式多轴头在自动线中早有应用， 但只局限于大批量生产。 即使 采用可调式多轴头扩大了使用范围， 仍然远不能满足批量小、 孔型复杂的要求。 尤其随着工 业的发展， 大型复杂的多轴加工更是引人注目。 例如原子能发电站中大型冷凝器水冷壁管板 有15000个“ 20孔，若以摇臂钻床加工，单单钻孔与锪沉头孔就要842.5小时，另外还要划线工时 151.1 小时。但若以数控八轴落地钻床加工， 钻锪孔只要 171.6 小时，划线也简单， 只要 1

3、.9 小时。因此，利用数控控制的二个坐标轴，使刀具正确地对准加工位置，结合多轴 加工不但可以扩大加工范围， 而且在提高精度的基础上还能大大地提高工效， 迅速地制造出 原来不易加工的零件。 有人分析大型高速柴油机 30 种箱形与杆形零件的 2000 多个钻孔操作 中，有 40%可以在自动更换主轴箱机床中用二轴、三轴或四轴多轴头加工，平均可减少20%的加工时间。 1975年法国巴黎机床展览会也反映了多轴加工的使用愈来愈多这一趋势。多轴加工的设备 ：多轴加工是在一次进给中同时加工许多孔或同时在许多相同或不同工件上各加工一个孔。这不仅缩短切削时间，提高精度，减少装夹或定位时间，并且在数控机 床中不必计

4、算坐标， 减少字块数而简化编程。 它可以采用以下一些设备进行加工： 立钻或摇 臂钻上装多轴头、 多轴钻床、 多轴组合机床心及自动更换主轴箱机床。甚至可以通过二个能自动调节轴距的主轴或多轴箱， 结合数控工作台纵横二个方向的运动，加工各种圆形或椭圆形孔组的一个或几个工序。现在就这方面的现状作一简介。多轴头 ： 从传动方式来说主要有齿轮传动与万向联轴节传动二种。这是大家所熟悉的。前 者效率较高，结构简单，后者易于调整轴距。从结构来说有不可调式与可调式二种。前者轴 距 不能改变，多采用齿轮传动，仅适用于大批量生产。为了扩大其赞许适应性，发展了可 调式多轴头， 在一定范围内可调整轴距。 它主要装在有万向

5、 . 二种。（ 1）万向轴式也有二种 : 具有对准装置的主轴。 主轴装在可调支架中， 而可调支架能在壳体的 T 形槽中移动， 并能在 对准的位置以螺栓固定。（ 2）具有公差的圆柱形主轴套。主轴套固定在与式件孔型相同的 模板中。 前一种适用于批量小且孔组是规则分布的工件 （如孔组分布在不同直径的圆周上） 后一种适用于批量较大式中小批量的轮番生产中， 刚性较好， 孔距精度亦高， 但不同孔型需 要不同的模板。 多轴头可以装在立钻式摇臂钻床上， 按钻床本身所具有的各种功能进行工作。 这种多轴加工方法，由于钻孔效率、加工范围及精度的关系，使用范围有限。多轴箱 ： 也象多轴头那样作为标准部件生产。美国 S

6、ecto 公司标准齿轮箱、多轴箱等设计 的不可调式多轴箱。有32种规格，加工面积从300 X 300毫米到600 X1050毫米，工作轴达60根，动力达22.5千瓦。Romai工厂生产的可调多轴箱调整方便，只要先把齿轮调整到接近孔型的位置， 然后把与它联接的可调轴移动到正确的位置。 因此，这种结构只要改变模板， 就能在一定范围内容易地改变孔型， 并且可以达到比普通多轴箱更小的孔距。 根据成组加工 原理使用多轴箱或多轴头的组合机床很适用于大中批量生产。为了在加工中获得良好的效 果，必需考虑以下数点： （ 1）工件装夹简单， 有足够的冷却液冲走铁屑。 （2）夹具刚性好， 加工时不形变，分度定位正确

7、。（3）使用二组刀具的可能性，以便一组使用，另一组刃磨与调整，从而缩短换刀停机时间。（4）使用优质刀具，监视刀具是否变钝，钻头要机磨。（5）尺寸超差时能立即发现。多轴钻床： 这是一种能满足多轴加工要求的钻床。诸如导向、功率、进给、转速与加工范围 等。 巴黎展览会中展出的多轴钻床多具液压进给。其整个工作循坏如快进、 工进与清除铁屑等都是自动进行。 值得注意的是， 多数具有单独的变速机构， 这样可以适应某一组孔中不同 孔径的加工需要。（1） 自动更换主轴机床自动更换主轴机床顶部是回转式主轴箱库， 挂有多个不可调主轴箱。 纵横配线盘予先编好工 作程序， 使相应的主轴箱进入加工工位， 定位紧并与动力联

8、接， 然后装有工件的工作台转动 到主轴箱下面，向上移动进行加工。当变更加工对象时，只要调换悬挂的主轴箱，就能适应 不同孔型与不同工序的需要。（2） 多轴转塔机床转塔上装置多个不可调或万向联轴节主轴箱， 转塔能自动转位， 并对夹紧在回转工作台的工 件作进给运动。通过工作台回转，可以加工工件的多个面。因为转塔不宜过大，故它的工位 数一般不超过 46 个。且主轴箱也不宜过大。当加工对象的工序较多、尺寸较大时，就不 如自动更换主轴箱机床合适，但它的结构简单。(3) 自动更换主轴箱组合机床它由自动线或组合机床中的标准部件组成。 不可调多轴箱与动力箱按置在水平底座上， 主轴 箱库转动时整个装置紧固在进给系

9、统的溜板上。 主轴箱库转动与进给动作都按标准子程序工 作。换主轴箱时间为几秒钟。工件夹紧于液压分度回转工作台，以便加工工件的各个面。好 果回转工作台配以卸料装置， 就能合流水生产自动化。 在可变生产系统中采用这种装置， 并 配以相应的控制器可以获得完整的加工系统。(4) 数控八轴落地钻床大型冷凝器的水冷壁管板的孔多达15000个，它与支撑板联接在一起加工。 孔径为 20 毫米，孔深 180 毫米。采用具有内冷却管道的麻花钻， 5 7 巴压力的冷却液可直接进入切削区， 有利于排屑。钻尖磨成 90°供自动 定心。它比普通麻花钻耐用，且进给量大。为了缩短 加工时间，以 8 轴数控落地加工。

10、多轴加工趋势 ：多轴加工生产效率高， 投资少， 生产准备周期短， 产品改型时设备损失少。 而且随着我国数控技术的发展，多轴加工的范围一定会愈来愈广，加工效率也会不断提高。生产任务 ：在一批铸铁连接件上有同一个面上有多个孔加工。在普通立式钻床上进行孔加 工，通常是一个孔一个孔的钻削， 生产效率低， 用非标设备， 即组合机床加工， 生产效率高， 但设备投资大。但把一批普通立式普通单轴钻床改造为立式多轴钻床，改造后的多轴钻床， 可以同时完成多个孔的钻、扩、铰、等工序。精品文档General transformation of multi-axis drillingmachine drilling m

11、achinAt present, China's small and medium enterprises in product quality and production efficiency are the need for a new increase. But the processing means is far from sufficient. Many small and medium enterprises with their actual technical state of equipment improvements, through strengthenin

12、g its own. In order to self-development.Common drilling for single-axis machine tools, but the installation will become a multi-axis multi-axle box of the drill, transformation into a multi-axis drilling, we could greatly shorten the processing time, improve production efficiency.Application of mult

13、i-axis machining： According to statistics, in general machinetools in the workshop in general, the average cutting time rarely exceeds 15% of total working hours. The remaining time is plug-in, loading and unloading the workpiece, exchange tools, operation tools, measurements, and clear the iron fil

14、ings and so forth. Although the use of CNC machine tools can improve 85%, but the purchase of costly. In some cases, even if the high productivity, but the processing of the same components, the cost is not necessarily lower than the average machine. Therefore must be more to shorten the processing

15、time. Different processing methods have different characteristics, the drilling process, the multi-axis machining is a small investment to increase productivitythrough effective measures.The adva ntages of multi-axis machi ning:Although it is not the first in automaticmulti-axis adjustable long line

16、 applications,but only limited to high-volumeproduction.Even with the adjustable multi-axis head expa nded the scope of use is still far from being able to meet the volume is small, hole complex requireme nts. In particular, as in dustrial development, large and complex multi-axismachining is even m

17、ore compelling.Forexample, large-scale nuclear power plants in the water-wall tube plate condenser has 15000 © 20 holes, if radial drilling machine processing, and simply drilling holes and countersink countersunk head is necessary to 842.5 hours, while also crossed hours 151.1 hours. However,

18、if the 8-axis CNC machining floor drilling, drilling countersink holes as long as 171.6 hours, crossed is also simple, as long as 1.9 hours. Therefore, the use of numerical control of two axis, so that proper alignment tool processing location, combined with multi-axis mach ining can not only expa n

19、d the range of process ing, but also on the basis of improvi ng the accuracy can greatly enhance the work efficie ncy, easy to quickly create origi nal process ing parts. Some an alysis of large high-speed diesel engine with 30 kinds of box-shaped rod-shaped parts of the more than 2,000 drilling ope

20、rations, 40% could be the automatic replaceme nt of machi nes using two-axis spi ndle box, three-axis or four-axis multi-axis machi ning head, the average can be reduced 20% of the process ing time. Machine Tool Exhibition in Paris in 1975 also reflected the multi-axis machining using more and more

21、the trend.Multi-axis machining equipment : Multi-axis machining is the same time in a feed processing a number of holes or simultaneously in many of the same or different processing of a workpiece on each hole. This will not only shorten the cutting time and improve accuracy, reduce fixturing or pos

22、itioning time, and in the CNC machine tool is not necessary to calculate the coord inates,reducing the number of character blocks andsimplified program min g. It can be processed using the follow ing equipme nt: radial drilli ng vertical drilling, or upload multi-axis head, multi-axis drilling machi

23、ne, multi-axis modular machine tool spindle box heart and automatic replacement of machines. May even be able to automatically adjust wheelbase by two or more of the spin dle axle box, j unction All CNC vertical and horiz on tal table two directi ons of moveme nt, process ing a variety of round or o

24、val-shaped hole group of one or several steps. Now the status quo in this regard to make a profile.Multi-Axis Head : Transmission is from the maindrive gear drive with two kinds ofuniversal joint couplings. This is our familiar. Former is more efficient, simple structure, which is easy to adjust whe

25、elbase. From the structure is concerned there is not adjustable and the adjustable two kin ds. The former can not cha nge the wheelbase, multi-use gear drive, only applies to high-volume producti on. Adaptability in order to expa nd its approval to develop a multi-axis adjustable head, in a certain

26、range adjustable wheelbase. It is mai nly moun ted in a uni versal. Two. (1) there are two kinds of uni versal axis: alig nment device with a spin dle. Spin dle moun ted on adjustable bracket in an adjustable bracket can be T-shaped slot in the shell move, and the positi on in alig nment with bolted

27、. (2) with a tolerance of cylindrical spindle units. Set of fixed spindle hole with pieces of the same type template. The former applies to small batch and the rules of distribution of pore groups are artifacts (such as the hole groups in differe nt diameter circle). The latter applies to a larger b

28、atch-type product ion of small qua ntities of turns, rigid better pitch accuracy is also high, but a differe nt hole requires a differe nt template.Multi-axis head can be mounted on vertical drilling-type radial drilling machine, press the drill itself with the various functions work. This multi-axi

29、s processing methods, due to drilli ng efficie ncy, range and accuracy of process ing of the relati on ship betwee n the use of limited scope.Multi-axlebox : As also the first multi-axis as the product ion as a sta ndardcomponent.U.S. Secto's standard gear boxes, multi-axle box, etc. are not des

30、ignedadjustable multi-axle box. 32 kinds of specificati ons, process size from 300X300 mm to 600X1050 mm, the work in g-axis up to 60, and power up to 22.5 kilowatts. Romai factory adjustable multi-axle box easy to adjust, as long as the gear should first be adjusted to the location near the pass an

31、d then connected with its adjustable-axis move to the correct locatio n. Therefore, this structure cha nges as long as the template, will be able to pass a certa in exte nt cha nge the content of shoes, and can reach more tha n ordinary axle box smaller pitch.Accord ing to prin ciples of the use of

32、group process ing the first multi-axle, or a comb in ati on of multi-axis mach ine tool is applicable to large and medium volume product ion. In order to process to get good results, need to consider the following points: workpiece clampi ng simple, there is eno ugh coola nt away iron fili ngs. (2)

33、The fixture rigidity, processing, without deformation, dividing the right position. (3) the possibility of using the two group knives for a group to use, another set of grinding and adjustment, thereby reduci ng tool cha nge dow ntime. (4) The use of quality tools to mon itor whether the blunt tool,

34、 drill grinding to machine. (5) Dimensions can be detected immediately when the ultra-poor.Multi-axis drilling machine : This is a multi-axismachiningto meet therequirements of the drill. Such as orientation, power, feed, speed and processing range.Displayed at the Paris Exhibition of multi-axis dri

35、lling machine with hydraulic multi-feed. Throughout its work, such as fast-forward through the bad, workers en ter and clear the iron filings are all automatically. It is noteworthy that the majority of agencies with separate variable speed, so that one group can adapt to the different pore size hol

36、e processing needs. 1.2.4 automatic replacement machine tool spindle boxIn order to rati on alize the n eeds of small and medium volume product ion in recent years the developme nt of the automatic replaceme nt of modular mach ine tool spin dle box.(1) The automatic replaceme nt spi ndle mach ineAut

37、omatic replaceme nt of rotary spin dle mach ine tool spin dle box at the top is a library, there are several non-adjustable hanging spin dle box. Vertical and horiz on tal patch panel to the first series of good working procedures, so that the corresponding spindle box into the processing station, I

38、ocation and with the power connection tight, and then turn to the table with the workpiece spindle box below, upward mobility for processing. When the cha nge process ing object, as long as the excha nge suspe nsion spin dle box, you can pass with differe nt processes for differe nt n eeds.(2) The m

39、ulti-axis mach ine tool turretTurret to in stall more non-adjustable or uni versal coupli ng spin dle box, turret can automatically switch to digital, and clamp the workpiece in the rotary table to feed moti on.Through the rotary table can be a nu mber of workpiece surface. Because the turret n ot b

40、e too big, so it is gen erally not exceed the media n of workers 4-6. And the spi ndle box is also not too large. When the machining process more objects, size larger, it should automatically replace the mach ine tool spin dle box fit, but its simple structure.(3) Automatic replaceme nt of modular m

41、achi ne tool spin dle boxIt con sists of automatic line or a comb in ati on of sta ndard mach ine parts. Non-adjustable multi-axle box and power box by home base in the horizontal, the spindle rotates, the entire case library fastening device to the system in the slip into the board. Library Headsto

42、ck rotati on and feed moveme nt is based on sta ndard rout ines of work. Headstock time for a few sec on ds. Clamp ing the hydraulic sub-degree rotary table so that each workpiece surface. Good fruit rotary table accompanied by discharging device, we can co-flow production automation. In the variable production system using this device, accompa nied by the corresp onding con troller can obta in a complete process ing system.(4) 8-axis CNC drill floorLarge conden ser water wall tube pl