上海高考英语概要写作理论及范文

1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上上海高考英语题型训练：概要写作概要写作是在正确理解文章的基础上，在不改变原文的中心思想，体裁和结构的前提下，省去细节，用简明、精炼的语句高度浓缩地概况文章的主要内容和观点。注意只需要用不同语言复述原文主旨，不能加入自己的观点。I helped an old man in rags who lost his way,Main point: I helped an old man. Details: in rags, who lost his way.概要写作是阅读理解和书面表达的沟通桥梁，考查的是学生在实现自由的思维表达之前，对他人的信息在理解的基础上进行概括表达的能力

2、。选材上，提供一篇350词以内的短文，题材不限，一般以议论文说明文或者记叙文为主，要求考生写出一篇60词以内的内容概要。完成一篇概要写作，需要经过下列步骤。1，读原文，找出全文中心思想和段落主题句。注重全文第一句，每段首尾句。碰上细节句，比如具体数字、举例等可以跳过不读。2， 组织语言，对主题句和中心思想同义替换表达。在转换改写中，注重语言表达的准确性、高级性，不照抄原文句子，同时注意篇幅的比例安排，用较多的文字表达重要的内容。转换方式：（1） 常用词替换：比如be able to 替代can, have the ability；a great many 替换a lot of; convinc

3、ing替换persuasive等。（2） 改变词性，比如successful变成succeed in doing; happy变成happily; adapt替换adaptive, reproduction替换reproduce、reproductive等。（3） 改变句式，比如把原文两个句子变成主从复合句，把原文的从句变成非谓语动词，普通句改成it is句式等。3， 找出恰当的关联词，连贯全文。如：first, whats more, last but not least等，关注各段落之间的逻辑关系，关注一切有转承关系的连接词，如however, besides, in addition,

4、therefore, instead等。4， 大略估算一下字数，如果不足50个字，尝试加上形容词、副词如：extraordinary, amazing, significantly, greatly等，或者用定语从句，状语从句、非谓语动词加上一点文中的细节扩张原来的短句。 5， 检查：语法错误如单复数、主谓一致、时态、主干和从句主谓齐全、非谓语动词准确。杜绝低级错误。为写好概要写作，在平时的阅读中，应注意：1， 培养抓中心句、概况中心思想的习惯。2， 掌握词性和句型转换方法，学会用不同的语法结构表达同一个主题。3， 积累同义替换词和连接词。Summary Writing Direction:

5、Read the following passage. Sammarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.Unit 1, A remarkable variety of insects live in this planet. More species of insects exist than all other animal species together. Insects have sur

6、vived on earth for more than 300 million years, and may possess the ability to survive for millions more. Insects can be found almost everywhere - on the highest mountains and on the bottom of rushing streams, in the cold South Pole and in bubbling hot springs. They dig through the ground, jump and

7、sing in the trees, and run and dance in the air. They come in many different colors and various shapes. There are many reasons why insects are so successful at surviving. Their amazing ability to adapt permits them to live in extreme ranges of temperatures and environments. The one place they have n

8、ot yet been found to any major extent is in the open oceans. Insects can survive on a wide range of natural and artificial foodspaint, pepper, glue, books, grain, cotton, other insects, plants and animals Because they are small they can hide in tiny spaces. Also, insects have an enormous reproductiv

9、e capacity: An African ant queen can lay as many as 43,000 eggs a day.Another reason for their success is the strategy of protective color. An insect may be right before our eyes, but nearly invisible because it is cleverly disguised(伪装) like a green leaf, lump of brown soil, gray lichen (青苔),a seed

10、 or some other natural object Some insects use bright, bold colors to send warning signals that they taste bad, sting or are poison. Others have wing patterns that look like the eyes of a huge predator, confusing their enemies. Some insects also imitate bitter-tasting insects; hungry enemies are foo

11、led into avoiding them.参考答案： The reasons why insects succeed in surviving for a long time and existing everywhere are as follows . First, their outstanding adaptive behaviours for survival allow them to live in very difficult / desperate conditions / in terrible situations. Moreover, insects are abl

12、e to reproduce themselves at an exceptionally /extraordinarily high rate. The third is that they can change colours to protect themselves from being eaten. (57 words)Unit 2,Have you ever been involved in animal rescue? This is what happened to Winter the dolphin. Winter was found off the coast of Fl

13、orida in December of 2005. She was just a few months old, alone, and caught in a crab trap. The ropes from the trap were wrapped tightly around her body. The fisherman who found her called for help, and the rescue team soon arrived. The ropes had cut off the blood circulation to her tail. She was ba

14、dly hurt. Her rescuers didn't think she would survive. Hoping for a miracle and racing against time to save her, the rescuers transferred her to the Clearwater Marine Aquarium in Florida. The doctors managed to save Winter, but sadly, not her tail. Her tail flukes were too damaged and had to be

15、removed so Winter could live.The little dolphin Winter survived against all odds, but she would never be able to swim normally without a tail. Thankfully the story doesn't end here. Winter was able to swim, but not very well. Because she didn't have a tail. She moved her body in a side-to-si

16、de motion like a shark. But doctors at the aquarium were worried that unconventional movement would hurt her spine.Kevin Carroll heard Winters story and thought he could help. He is a specialist who designs and provides prostheses for people. If he could help people, why not help a dolphin? He start

17、ed working with Winter and came up with a solution for the new fluke and tail sectionKevin designed a stretchy sleeve to fit winters body and protect her skin. Then a tail made of silicone and plastic was made to tightly fit over the sleeve. Now winter can swim like other dolphins. And she is a grea

18、t inspiration to people who struggle with their own injuries. 参考答案： A dolphin Winter was found trapped in ropes by a fisherman. Badly injured, she had to be transferred to an aquarium where doctors saved her but had to remove her damaged tail. Luckily, an expert offered his help by making an artific

19、ial tail for her. Winter is able to swim normally again, which inspires people in difficulties. (55words) Unit 3,Take Care of Your Spine (脊柱) The spine stands at the center of your health, providing your body with structure and support. It also contains your spinal cord, a massive collection of nerv

20、es that sends electric signals from the rest of your body to your brain. Therefore, its important to take care of it.Maintaining your good posture is one of the most important things you can do to keep your spine healthy. Proper posture means standing or sitting while keeping your spine straight, ex

21、cept for its natural curves. Posture comes into play even when youre asleep. Sleeping on your side puts less stress on your spine than most other positions. Having a comfortable bed is also very important as sleeping in a position that isnt comfortable can leave your back feeling sore the next day.

22、Exercise is also an important factor in the health of your spine. Staying still for too longeven if your posture is goodcan be hard on your back. Especially if you work at a desk most of the day, its important to get up and stretch periodically. Stretches can help the muscles around your spine relax

23、 and allow bones to shift into better positions. Strength exercises with light weights or bodyweight exercises like pushups can also help by strengthening the muscles around your spine. However, dont overdo the exercise, as repeated motions can hurt the muscles around your spine.Your diet also affec

24、ts the health of your spine because many vitamins are necessary for bones and nerves. In particular, B vitamins help keep nerves healthy, so you may want to consider taking a supplement (补充物). Another important factor is vitamin D, which is essential for strong bones, but its also absorbed from sunl

25、ight, so it may help to do some of those back exercises outside.Many of the actions necessary to keep your spine healthy are identical to those need to preserve your health in other ways. So protect our back, and the rest of body will benefit.参考答案1： How can you keep your spine healthy to enjoy a bet

26、ter life? First, avoid poor posture and long-time motionlessness when standing, sitting or sleeping. Second, do some stretching and strengthening exercises but avoid overtraining. Finally, for healthy bones and nerves , take a supplement of vitamins if necessary and expose yourself to sunlight. (54w

27、ords)参考答案2： Central to health, your spine needs good care. First, keep a good posture, standing or sitting straight and sleeping on your side in a comfortable bed. Second, dont stay motionless for long and take proper exercises. Third, have a diet with enough vitamins for healthy bones and nerves an

28、d expose yourself to sunlight. (55 words)Unit 4,As is known to all, many things can be measured in terms of data. Sometimes data can indeed tell the truth. With the help of data we can easily know the price of a can of Coke in the supermarket or the result of a football match or the temperature of a

29、 certain day. Obviously, data can make our life easier and more comfortable. What is more important, data seem to be fairer than words or statements. If the data are true, we dont have to worry about being cheated. Nowadays, as lies exist in the world, data are expected to tell the truth. There

30、fore, many of us would rather believe data. On the other hand, if we judge things only by data from the so-called specific research, arent we a little too narrow-minded? Many people often treat the so-called specific data unwisely just to make sure that they are making the right decisions. But somet

31、imes we may find that data arent everything.  For example, how can you tell that somebody isnt a good student just because he or she doesnt get high marks in the final examination?  There are many things in our life which cannot be measured by data. For example, the degree of your fee

32、ling happy in your life, the depth of love between you and your friends, and the faith you have in your country. We can only feel them in our hearts but can never express them in data.There is no doubt that analyzing the exact data is important to assessment of an actual event. But data should be de

33、alt with wisely. We often get wrong data which mislead us. We should try our best to be wise thinkers. Remember, data have no feeling but we humans have. Data do not mean much to people if we do not have the abilities to analyze the data with the knowledge and confidence to judge whether they a

34、re true or false. Data are data after all. Life is much more colorful than the pale data. So give the cold data a warm heart and well find that the world is far more wonderful than the pale data can describe. 参考答案： People believe data because they make our life easier and comfortable and becaus

35、e data seem to be fair. However, its unwise to rely too much on data. Firstly, sometimes data only tell half the truth. Secondly, not everything can be valued by data. Lastly, wrong data may prevent us from making a good judgment. (55words) Unit 5,All Must Have DegreesIn a classroom in Seoul a group

36、 of teenagers sit over their desks in total silence. Study begins at eight in the morning and ends at half past four in the afternoon. And some even go back home at midnight. Like thousands of South Koreans, they are preparing for the important exam, which will largely determine whether they go to a

37、 good university or not. Degrees have become useful. Seventy percent of students who graduate from the countrys secondary schools now go straight to universities.Many more countries have seen a big rise in the share of young people with degrees, but South Korea is an extreme case. As technological r

38、eforms require workers to do many difficult and demanding jobs that they would not have done before, there seems to be reasonable to insist that more workers receive a good education than before. And a degree is an obvious way for bright youngsters from poor families to prove their abilities. People

39、 tend to earn more if they have degrees.Employers do not have to pay for higher education and they are increasingly able to demand degrees to screen out the least motivated or capable. A recent study by Joseph Fuller and Manjari Romaan of Harvard Business School shows that companies routinely requir

40、e applicants to have degrees, even though only a minority of those already working in the role have them.The Economists analysis found that between 1970 and 2015, the proportion of 256 workers aged 25-64 with at least a bachelors degree increased. Some of them are highly intellectually demanding job

41、s, such as aviation engineers. Others are non-graduate jobs such as waiting tables. Sixteen percent of waiters now have degrees, because probably in most cases they could not find jobs and live poorly. Today, having a degree is usually an entry requirement.参考答案： The reasons why the young study hard

42、in South Korea are as follows. Firstly, the rapidly changing technology is challenging, which requires the employees have more knowledge. Secondly, with degrees, the youngsters from poor families can demonstrate their abilities. Lastly, it is difficult for people to get a work and earn more money wi

43、thout a degree, (56words)Unit 6,To Friend or Unfriend Social networking makes it very easy to have friends lots and lots friends. Hundreds or millions of people have joined QQ, Wechat, and other sites so that they can communicate with friends online. However, the meaning of the word “friend” seems c

44、hanged. In the past, a friend was someone you had a close personal relationship with. Now, anyone in the world can be your friend online! Some people have thousands of cyber friends, but what do you do if you dont want to have so many friends?Easy! You can dump an unwanted friend with just one click

45、 of your mouse. in recent years, it has become so common to get rid of friends in this way that there is a new word to describe it to “unfriend”. The new Oxford American Dictionary named it word of the Year in 2009 and defined it like this: “to remove someone as a friend from social networking site”

46、. But why would you want to do such a thing as unfriending someone?The most common reason for unfriending someone is to eliminate annoying people from your social life. For example, some friends post messages much too frequently, especially those messages found to be extremely boring. They endlessly

47、 post status updates which say something like “Im cooking dinner” or “Im doing homework”. Another reason for unfriending someone is disagreement about world issues. A third reason is to get rid of people who write dirty things on social websites.Although dumping friends is not just an Internet pheno

48、menon, far more online friendships end suddenly than off-line ones. Even in this computer age, it remains true that many people prefer spending time together face-to face. After all, thats what friends are for!参考答案：“Unfriend”, to delete someone from your friend list, becomes ordinary and there are s

49、everal reasons for it. First, those who always give uninteresting information are likely to be unfriended. Besides, expressing different opinions on world issues and writing dirty things may cause others to leave you. Anyway, people would rather have friends in real life than on line. (58words)Unit

50、7,The drug store was closing for the night and Alfred Higgins was about to go home when his new boss approached him. “Empty your pockets please, Alfred,” Sam Carr demanded in a firm voice. Alfred pretended to be shocked but he knew hed been caught. From his coat he withdrew a make-up kit, a lipstick

51、 and two tubes of toothpaste.“Im disappointed in you, Alfred!” said the little gray-haired man.“Sorry, Sir. Please forgive me. Ive never done such a thing before.” Alfred lied, hoping to gain the old mans sympathy. Mr Carrs brow furrowed (皱眉) as he reached for the phone, “Do you take me for a fool?

52、Lets see what the police have to say. But first Ill call your mother and let her know her son is heading to jail.”“Do whatever you want,” Alfred shot back, trying to sound big. But deep down he felt like a child. He imagined his mother rushing in, eyes burning with anger, maybe in tears. Yet he wanted her to come quickly before Mr. Carr called the police.Mr. Carr was surprised