国际经济学教学课件：ch06 Economies of Scale,

1、International EconomicsTenth EditionEconomies of Scale, Imperfect Competition, and International TradeDominick SalvatoreJohn Wiley & Sons, Inc.CHAPTER S I X6In this chapter:6.1 Introduction 引言6.2 The Heckscher-Ohlin Model and New Trade Theories 赫克歇尔俄林模型与新贸易理论6.3 Economies of Scale and International

2、Trade 规模经济与国际贸易6.4 Imperfect Competition and International Trade 不完全竞争与国际贸易In this chapter:6.5 Trade Based on Dynamic Technological Differences 基于动态技术差异的贸易6.6 Costs of Transportation, Environmental Standards, and International Trade 运输成本环境标准与国际贸易6.1 Introduction 引言 Heckscher-Ohlin theory based compa

3、rative advantage on differences in factor endowments among nations. 赫克歇尔俄林理论是建立在各国要素禀赋差异引起比较优势的基础上的。6.1 Introduction 引言 Leaves significant portion of international trade unexplained. 但是该理论未能解释当今很大一部分的国际贸易问题。 Need complementary trade theories to fill in the gaps. 需要用一些新的贸易理论来弥补这一缺陷。6.2 The Heckscher-

4、Ohlin Model and New Trade Theories赫克歇尔俄林模型与新贸易理论Relaxing most assumptions of H-O theory modifies but does not invalidate the theory.放弃赫克歇尔俄林模型的一些假设并不影响赫俄理论的正确性6.2 The Heckscher-Ohlin Model and New Trade Theories赫克歇尔俄林模型与新贸易理论However, relaxing assumptions of perfect competition and constant economies

5、 of scale require complementary theories to explain trade.然而，去掉规模报酬不变和完全竞争的假设之后，我们需要新的贸易理论来解释赫俄理论所不能解释的一部分国际贸易产生的原因。6.2 The Heckscher-Ohlin Model and New Trade Theories赫克歇尔俄林模型与新贸易理论Additional trade model required to explain trade based on differences in technological changes over time.另外基于各国技术进步差异的

6、国际贸易也需要新的理论。6.3 Economies of Scale and International Trade规模经济与国际贸易Increasing returns to scale 规模报酬递增Production situation where output grows proportionately more than the increase in inputs (doubling inputs more than doubles output).指产出水平增长比例高于要素投入增长比例的生产状况（所有要素投入增加一倍产出将增加一倍以上）6.3 Economies of Scale

7、 and International Trade规模经济与国际贸易With increasing returns to scale, mutually beneficial trade can occur even if nations are identical in every way.在规模报酬递增的条件下，即使两个国家在各方面完全相同的情况下互利贸易也可以发生。FIGURE 6-1 Trade Based on Economies of Scale.6.3 Economies of Scale and International Trade规模经济与国际贸易Significant in

8、ternational economies of scale from:新的重要的国际规模经济：Outsourcing purchase by firm of parts and components abroad in order to keep costs down.外包指企业为了削减成本，在海外采购零部件Offshoring firm producing in its own plants abroad some of the parts and components used in its products.离岸外包指企业在自己设在海外的工厂生产产品所使用的部分零件6.4 Imperf

9、ect Competition and International Trade不完全竞争与国际贸易6.4A 基于产品差别的贸易International trade can involve the exchange of differentiated products of the same industry or broad product group.国际贸易中有很大一部分包含了同一产业内或同一类商品组中差别产品6.4 Imperfect Competition and International Trade不完全竞争与国际贸易Leads to intra-industry trade i

10、n differentiated products, as opposed to inter-industry trade in completely different products.与完全不同的商品之间的国际贸易相对，很大一部分国际贸易是差别商品的产业内贸易6.4 Imperfect Competition and International Trade不完全竞争与国际贸易Allows economies of scale in production产业内贸易的产生完全是为了利用生产的规模经济6.4 Imperfect Competition and International Tra

11、de不完全竞争与国际贸易Contrasts to H-O Model 与赫俄模型对比1. Trade in H-O model based on factor endowment differentials, but intra-industry trade is based on product differentiation and economies of scale, and will likely be larger for nations of similar size and factor 赫俄模型中的贸易是基于各国比较优势或要素禀赋差别的，而产业内贸易是基于产品差别和规模经济的

12、，而且发生在在具有相同的经济规模和要素比例的国家之间较大6.4 Imperfect Competition and International Trade不完全竞争与国际贸易 2. With differentiated products produced under economies of scale, pretrade-relative commodity prices may not accurately predict patterns of trade as they do under H-O model. 在规模经济条件下进行差别产品的生产，贸易前相对商品的价格将不再能准确预测贸

13、易模式6.4 Imperfect Competition and International Trade不完全竞争与国际贸易 3. H-O model predicts trade will lower returns of nations scarce factor. With intra-industry trade based on economies of scale, it is possible for all factors to gain.赫俄模型预测贸易会降低一国稀缺资源的收入，与之相比较的，基于规模经济的产业内贸易可以使所有要素都获得收入6.4 Imperfect Comp

14、etition and International Trade不完全竞争与国际贸易 4.Intra-industry trade is related to sharp increases in international trade in parts and components of a product, or outsourcing. 产业内贸易与产品零部件的国际贸易或称外包的飞速发展密切相关 6.4 Imperfect Competition and International Trade不完全竞争与国际贸易Comparative advantage seems to determin

15、e patterns of inter-industry trade.More likely with dissimilar factor endowments.比较优势确定产业间贸易模式要素禀赋的差别越大，产业间贸易就约占主导地位6.4 Imperfect Competition and International Trade不完全竞争与国际贸易Economies of scale in differentiated products gives rise to intra-industry trade.More likely with similar factor endowments.差

16、别产品生产中的规模经济导致产业内贸易当要素禀赋比较相似时，产业内贸易就会占主导地位6.4 Imperfect Competition and International Trade不完全竞争与国际贸易6.4B Intra-industry Trade Index (T): 产业内贸易测度指数：T = 1 -|X - M|X + MX = exports 出口额M = imports 进口额Numerator is absolute value 分子表示差的绝对值T ranges from 0 to 1 T取值范围01T=0 when nation only imports or exports

17、 the goodT=0时表示只有进口或者出口T=1 when exports = imports. T=1时表示对某一商品进口额等于出口额FIGURE 6-2 Production and Pricing Under Monopolistic Competition.6.4C 产业内贸易的正规模型FIGURE 6-3 Monopolistic Competition and Intra-Industry Trade.6.4D 产业内贸易模型的另一种形式6.5 Trade Based on Dynamic Technological Differences基于动态技术差异的贸易6.5A Pro

18、duct Cycle Model (Vernon, 1966) 产品生命周期模型（弗农，1966）Advanced industrialized countries develop and introduce new products, with temporary monopoly power as the sole exporter of the product.发达的工业国家开发出新产品，使得厂商或者国家作为唯一的该产品出口者获得暂时的垄断地位6.5 Trade Based on Dynamic Technological Differences基于动态技术差异的贸易As the tec

19、hnology producing the product becomes more widespread, production will spread to other nations.随着该产品的生产技术变得越来越普及，产品的生产也将向其他国家开始转移6.5 Trade Based on Dynamic Technological Differences基于动态技术差异的贸易 As production becomes standardized, the original introducer of the product loses its technologically based

20、comparative advantage in the production of the product and becomes an importer of the product. 随着产品生产变得标准化，对于该产品的最早发明者会失去它的以生产技术为基础的比较优势，转而变成该产品的进口者FIGURE 6-4 The Product Cycle Model.6.5B 对产品周期模型的说明6.6 Costs of Transportation, Environmental Standards and International Trade运输成本环境标准与国际贸易6.6A Transpor

21、tation costs 运输成本Transport, or logistics, costs are the freight charges, warehousing costs, costs of loading and unloading, insurance premiums, and interest charges incurred while goods are in transit between nations.运输成本或物流成本包括运费储藏费装卸费保险费及货物在运输期间的利息费用6.6 Costs of Transportation, Environmental Stand

22、ards and International Trade运输成本环境标准与国际贸易Homogeneous goods will be trade internationally only if the pretrade price difference exceeds transport costs.同质商品要想进入国际贸易流通，它在两国贸易前的价格差必须大于把该商品从一国运至另一国的运输成本6.6 Costs of Transportation, Environmental Standards and International Trade运输成本环境标准与国际贸易 Nontraded go

23、ods and services are goods for which transport costs exceed price differences across nations. 非贸易商品与劳务就是那些运输成本超过其在国家间价格差的商品或服务 Examples 例如Average people do not travel from New York to London for a haircut.大多数人不会选择从伦敦飞到纽约去理发6.6 Costs of Transportation, Environmental Standards and International Trade运

24、输成本环境标准与国际贸易Two ways to analyze transport costs 两种分析运输成本的方法General equilibrium analysis Uses production frontiers or offer curves, and expresses transport costs in terms of relative commodity prices.一般均衡分析利用一国的生产可能性曲线或者提供曲线，用相对商品价格来表示运输成本6.6 Costs of Transportation, Environmental Standards and Inter

25、national Trade运输成本环境标准与国际贸易Partial equilibrium analysisAnalyze absolute cost by holding constant exchange rates, income, and all else in the two nations except amount of good produced, consumed and traded.More straightforward method than general equilibrium analysis.局部均衡分析分析运输成本的绝对价值或者货币价值，除了两国间某一商品

26、的生产消费贸易量之外的货币汇率收入水平以及其他变量为常数比一般均衡分析更为直接的一种方法.FIGURE 6-5 Partial Equilibrium Analysis of Transport Costs.6.6 Costs of Transportation, Environmental Standards and International Trade运输成本环境标准与国际贸易6.6B Transport costs influence location of production and industry： 运输成本与产业选址：Resource-oriented industries

27、locate near the source of raw materials used by the industry.资源定向型产业指倾向于靠近其生产所需原材料产地的产业6.6 Costs of Transportation, Environmental Standards and International Trade运输成本环境标准与国际贸易Market-oriented industries produce goods that become heavier or more difficult to transport during production, so they locate near the markets for their products.市场定向型产业指靠近该产业产品的市场的产业Footloose industries face neither substantial weight gains nor losses during pr