2021年6月大学英语六级阅读理解真题及答案-2

第第PAGE2121页20216Questions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage:ItissaidthatthepublicandCongressionalconcernaboutdeceptivepackagingrumpusstartedbecauseSenatorHartdiscoveredthattheboxesofcerealsconsumedbyhim,Mrs.Hart,andtheirchildrenwerebecominghigherandnarrower,withadeclineofnetweightfrom12to10.5 ounces,withoutanyreductioninprice.Therewerestilltwelvebiscuits,buttheyhadbeenreducedinsize.Later,theSenatorrightlycomplainedofastore-boughtpieinahandsomelyillustratedboxthatpictured,inasingleslice,almostasmanycherriesaswereinthewholepie.Themanufacturerwhoincreasestheunitpriceofhisproductbychanginghispackagesizetolowerthequantitydeliveredcan,withoutunduehardship,puthisproductintoboxes,bags,andtinsthatwillcontaineven4-ounce,8-ounce,one-pound,two-poundquantitiesofbreakfastfoods,cakemixes,etc.Astudyofdrugstoreandsupermarketshelveswillconvinceobserverthatallpossiblesizeandshapesofboxes,jars,bottles,andtinsareinuseatthesametimeand,asthepackagejournalsshow,weekbyweek,thereisneveranyhesitationintroducinganewsize,andshapeofboxorbottlewhenitaidsinproductdifferentiation.Theproducersofpackagedproductsarguestronglyagainstchangingsizesofpackagestocontainevenweightsandvolumes,butnooneinthetradecommentsunfavorablyonthehugecostsincurredbyendlesschangesofpackagesizes,materials,shape,artwork,andnetweightsthatareusedforimprovingaproduct’smarketposition.Whenapackagingexpertexplainedthathewasabletomultiplythepriceofhardsweetsby2.5,from1dollarto2.50dollarsbychangingtoafancyjar,orthathehadmadea5-ouncebottlelookasthoughitheld8ounces,hewasineffecttellingthepublicthatpackagingcanbeaveryexpensiveluxury.Itevidentlydoescomehigh,whenanaveragefamilypaysabout200dollarsayearforbottles,cans,boxes,jarsandothercontainers,mostofwhichcan’tbeusedanythingbutstuffingthegarbagecan.WhatstartedthepublicandCongressionalconcerndeceptivepackagingrumpus?Consumers’complaintsaboutthechangesinthepackagesize.Expensivepackagingforpoorqualityproducts.Asenator’sdiscoveryofthetricksinpackaging.Theriseintheunitpriceformanyproducts.Theword“undue”(Para.2)means“ ”.improperadequateunexpectedexcessiveConsumersareconcernedaboutthechangesinthepackagesize,mainlybecause .theyhatetoseeanychangesinthingstheyarefamiliarwiththeyunitpriceforaproductoftenrisesasaresulttheyhavetopayforthecostofchangingpackagesizesthisentailsanincreaseinthecostofpackagingAccordingtothispassage,varioustypesofpackagingintoexistenceto .meettheneedsofconsumerssuitallkindsofproductsenhancethemarketpositionofproductsintroducenewproductsTheauthoriscriticalmainlyof .dishonestpackaginginferiorpackagingthechangesinpackagesizeexaggeratedillustrationsonpackagesQuestions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Ifsustainablecompetitiveadvantagedependsonwork-forceskills,Americanfirmshaveaproblem.Human-resourcemanagementisnottraditionallyseenascentraltothecompetitivesurvivalofthefirminUnitedStates.Skillacquisitionisconsideredanindividualresponsibility.Labourissimplyanotherfactorofproductiontobehired-rentedthelowestpossiblecost-muchasonebuysrawmaterialsorequipment.Thelackofimportanceattachedtohuman-resourcemanagementcanbeseeninthecorporatehierarchy.InanAmericanfirmthechieffinancialofficerisalmostalwayssecondincommand.Thepostofheadofhuman-resourcemanagementisusuallyaspecializedjob,offattheedgeofthecorporatehierarchy.Theexecutivewhoholdsitisneverconsultedonmajorstrategicdecisionsandhasnochancetomoveup toChiefExecutiveOfficer(CEO).Bywayofcontrast,inJapantheheadofhuman-resourcemanagementiscentral-usuallythesecondimportantexecutive,aftertheCEO,inthefimshierarchy.WhileAmericanfirmsoftentalkaboutthevastamountsontrainingtheirworkforces,infacttheyinvestlessintheskillsoftheiremployeesthandoeitherJapaneseorGermanfirms.Themoneytheydoinvestisalsomorehighlyconcentratedonprofessionalandmanagerialemployees.Andthelimitedinvestmentsthataremadeintrainingworkersarealsomuchmorenarrowlyfocusedonthespecificskillsnecessarytodothenextjobratherthanonthebasicbackgroundskillsthatmakeitpossibletoabsorbnewtechnologies.Asaresult,problemsemergewhennewbreakthroughtechnologiesarrive.IfAmericanworkers,forexample,takemuchlongerlearnhowtooperatenewflexiblemanufacturingstationsworkersinGermany(astheydo),theeffectivecostofthosestationsislowerinGermanythanitisintheUnitedStates.Moretimeisrequiredbeforeequipmentisupandrunningatcapacity,andtheneedforextensiveretraininggeneratescostsandcreatesbottlenecksthatlimitthespeedwithwhichnewequipmentcanbeemployed.Theresultis aslowerpaceoftechnologicalchange.Andintheendtheskillsofthepopulationaffectthewagesofthetophalf.Ifthebottomhalfeffectivelystafftheprocessesthathavetobeoperated,themanagementandprofessionaljobsthattowiththeseprocesseswilldisappear.26.WhichofthefollowingappliestothemanagementofhumanresourcesinAmericancompanies?Theyhirepeopleatthelowestcostregardlessofskills.Theyseethegainingofskillsastheiremployees’business.Theyattachmoreimportancetoworkersthanequipment.Theyonlyhireskilledworkersbecauseofkeencompetition.Whatisthepositionoftheheadofhuman-resourcemanagementinanAmericanfirm?Heisoneofthemostimportantexecutivesinfirms.Hispostislikelytodisappearwhennewtechnologiesintroduced.Heisdirectlyunderthechieffinancialexecutivesinfirms.Hehasnosayinmakingimportantdecisionsinthefirm.ThemoneymostAmericanfirmsputintrainingmainlyto .workerswhocanoperatenewequipmenttechnologicalandmanagerialstaffworkerswholackbasicbackgroundskillstopexecutivesAccordingtothepassages,thedecisivefactormaintainingafirm’scompetitiveadvantageis .theintroductionofnewtechnologiestheimprovementofworker’sbasicskillstherationalcompositionofprofessionalandmanagerialemployeestheattachmentofimportancetothebottomhalfofemployeesWhatisthemainideaofthepassage?AmericanfirmsaredifferentfromJapaneseandGermaninhuman-resourcemanagement.Extensiveretrainingisindispensabletoeffectivehuman-resourcemanagement.Theheadofhuman-resourcemanagementmustbeinthecentralpositioninafirm’shierarchy.Thehuman-resourcemanagementstrategiesofAmericanaffecttheircompetitivecapacity.重点单词查看全部解释critical['kritikl]想一想再看adj.批评的，决定性的，危险的，挑剔的aflexible['fleksəbl]想一想再看adj.联想记忆Xflexibleflex+ibleappeal[ə'pi:l想再看n.恳求，上诉，吸引力n.诉诸裁决联想记忆X单词appeal联想记忆：apdeceptive[di'septiv想再看adj.迷惑的，虚伪的，诈欺的联想记忆Xdeceptivede坏＋cept拿，抓，握住+ive→拿坏的东西来→欺骗性的accurate['kjurit]想一想再看adj.准确的，精确的联想记忆Xaccurateac+cur关心+ateun]想一想再看adj.未知的，不出名的exchange[iks'tʃeindʒ]想一想再看n.交换，兑换，交易所v.交换，兑换，交competitive[kəm'petitiv]想一想再看adj.竞争的，比赛的联想记忆Xcompetitivecom共同+pet追求+itivelistener['lisənə]想一想再看n.听者，听众improvement[im'pru:vmənt]想一想再看n.改进，改善Questions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Thebiographerhastodancebetweentwoshakypositionswithrespecttothesubject.Tooclosearelation,andthewritermaybeobjectivity.Notcloseenough,andthewritermaythesympathynecessarytoanyefforttoportrayamind,asoul-thequalityoflife.Whoshouldwritethebiographyoffamily,forexample?Becauseoftheirclosenesstothesubject,familymembersmayhavespecialinformation,butbythesametoken,theymaynothavethedistancethatwouldallowthemtobefair.Similarly,aking’sservantmightnotbethebestonetowriteabiographyofthatking.Butaforeignermightnothavetheknowledgeandsympathynecessarytowritethekin’sbiography-notforareadershipfromwithinthekingdom,atanyrate.Thereisnoidealpositionforsuchatask.Thebiographertoworkwiththepositionheorshehasintheworld,adjustingthatpositionasnecessarytodealwiththesubject.Everypositionhasstrengthsandweaknesses:tothrive,awritermusttrytobecomeawareofthese,evaluatethemintermsofthesubject,andselectapositionaccordingly.Whentheirsubjectsareheroesorfamousfigures,biographiesoftenrevealademocraticmotive:theyattempttoshowthattheirsubjectsareonlyhuman,nobetterthananyoneelse.Otherbiographiesaremeanttochangeus,toinviteustobecomebetterthanweare.ThebiographiesofJesusfoundintheBibleareinthisclass.Biographersmayclaimthattheiraccountisthe“authentic”one.Inadvancingthisclaim,theyarehelpedifthebiographyis“authorized”bythesubject,thispresumablyallowsthebiographer special access to private information.“Unauthorized”biographiesalsohavetheirappeal,however,sincetheycansuggestanindependenceofmindinthebiographer.Inbookpromotions,the“unauthorized”characterisationusuallysuggeststheprospectofjuicygossipthatthesubjecthadhopedtosuppress.Asubjectmighthaveseveralbiographies,evenseveral“authentic”ones.Wesenseintuitivelythatnooneisinapositiontotellthestoryofalife,perhapsnoteventhesubject,andthishasbeenprovedbythehistoryofbiography.Accordingtotheauthor,anidealbiographerwouldbewho .knowsthesubjectverywellandyetmaintainsaproperdistancefromhimisclosetothesubjectandknowsthetechniquesofbiographywritingisindependentandtreatsthesubjectwithfairnessobjectivitypossessesspecialprivateinformationandissympathetictowardthesubjectTheauthorcitesthebiographiesofJesusintheBibleordertoshowthat .thebestbiographiesaremeanttotransformtheirreadersbiographiesareauthenticaccountsoftheirsubjects’livesthebestbiographiesaretheofheroesandfamousfiguresbiographiescanservedifferentpurposeWhichofthefollowingstatementsistrue,accordingtothepassage?Anauthenticbiographyseldomappealstoitsreaders.Anauthenticbiographyisoneauthorizedbythesubject.Noonecanwriteaperfectbiography.Authorizedbiographieshaveawiderreadership.Anunauthorizedbiographyislikelytoattractmorereadersbecause .itportraysthesubjectbothfaithfullyandvividlyitcontainsinterestinginformationaboutthesubject’sprivatelifeitrevealsalotofaccuratedetailsunknowntooutsidersitusuallygivesasympatheticdescriptionofthesubjetscharacterInthispassage,theauthorfocuseson .thedifficultyofabiographerinfindingtheproperperspectivetodohisjobthesecretofabiographertowinmorereadersthetechniquesrequiredofabiographertowriteabiographythecharacteristicsofdifferentkindsofbiographies重点单词查看全部解释critical['kritikl]想一想再看adj.批评的，决定性的，危险的，挑剔的aflexible['fleksəbl]想一想再看adj.联想记忆Xflexibleflex+ibleappeal[ə'pi:l想再看n.恳求，上诉，吸引力n.诉诸裁决联想记忆X单词appeal联想记忆：apdeceptive[di'septiv想再看adj.迷惑的，虚伪的，诈欺的联想记忆Xdeceptivede坏＋cept拿，抓，握住+ive→拿坏的东西来→欺骗性的accurate['kjurit]想一想再看adj.准确的，精确的联想记忆Xaccurateac+cur关心+ateun]想一想再看adj.未知的，不出名的exchange[iks'tʃeindʒ]想一想再看n.交换，兑换，交易所v.交换，兑换，交competitive[kəm'petitiv]想一想再看adj.竞争的，比赛的联想记忆Xcompetitivecom共同+pet追求+itivelistener['lisənə]想一想再看n.听者，听众improvement[im'pru:vmənt]想一想再看n.改进，改善Questions36to40arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Whethertheeyesare“thewindowsofthesoul”isdebatable,that they are intensely important in interpersonalcommunicationisafact.Duringthefirsttwomonthsofababy’slife,thestimulusthatproducesasmileisapairofeyes.Theeyesneednotbereal:amaskwithtwodotswillproduceasmile.Significantly,arealhumanfacewitheyesthenthefacewillnotmotivateasmile,norwillthesightofonlyoneeyethenthefaceispresentedinprofile.Thisattractiontoeyesasopposedtothenoseormouthcontinuesasthebabymatures.Inonestudy,whenAmericanfour-year-oldswereaskedtodrawpeople,75percentofthemdrewpeoplewithmouths,but99percentofthemdrewpeoplewitheyes.InJapan,however,wherebabiesarecarriedontheirback,infantstonotacquireasmuchattachmenttoeyesastheydoinothercultures.Asaresult,Japaneseadultsmakelittleuseoffaceeithertoencodeordecodemeaning.Infact,Argylerevealsthatthe“properplacetofocusone’sgazeduringaconversationinJapanisontheneckofone’sconversationpartner.”TheroleofeyecontactinaconversationalexchangebetweentwoAmericansiswelldefined:speakersmakecontactwitheyesoftheirlistenerforaboutonesecond,thenglanceastheytalk;inafewmomentstheyre-establisheyecontactwiththelistenerorreassurethemselvesthattheiraudienceisstillattentive,thenshifttheirgazeawayoncemore.Listeners,meanwhile,keeptheireyesonthefaceofthespeaker,allowingthemselves-toglanceawayonlybriefly.Itisimportantthattheybelookingatthespeakeratthe`precisemomentwhenthespeakerreestablisheseyecontact:iftheyarenotlooking,thespeakerassumesthattheyaredisinterestedandeitherwillpauseuntileyecontactisresumedorwillterminatetheconversation.Justhowcriticalthiseyemaneuveringistothemaintenanceofconversationalflowbecomesevidentwhentwospeakersarewearingdarkglasses:theremaybeasortoftrafficjamofwordscausedbyinterruption,falsestarts,andunpredictablepauses.Theauthorisconvincedthattheeyesare .ofextremeimportanceinexpressingfeelingsandexchangingideassomethingthroughwhichonecanseeaperson’sinnerworldofconsiderablesignificanceinmakinginterestingsomethingthevalueofwhichislargelyamatterofdebateBabieswillnotbestimulatedtosmilebyaperson .whosefrontviewisfullyperceivedwhosefaceiscoveredwithamaskwhosefaceisseenfromthesidewhosefaceisfreeofanycoveringAccordingtothepassage,theJapanesefixtheirgazetheirconversationpartner’sneckbecause .theydon’tliketokeeptheireyesonthefaceofthespeakertheyneednotcommunicatethrougheyecontacttheydon’tthinkitpolitetohaveeyecontacttheyhavemuchopportunitytoc