2019全国硕士研究生招生考试英语一真题

绝密★启用前2019年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）（科目代码:201）☆考生注意事项翁I.答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生编号和考生姓名；在答题卡指定位置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号，并涂写考生编号信息点。.考生须把试题册上的“试卷条形码”粘贴条取下，粘贴在答题卡的“试卷条形码粘贴位置”框中。不按规定粘贴条形码而影响评卷结果的，责任由考生自负。.选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须书写在答题卡指定位置的边框区域内-超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在草稿纸、试题册上答题无效。.填（书）写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔书写，字迹工整、笔迹清楚；涂写部分必须使用2B铅笔填涂。.考试结束，将答题卡和试题册按规定交回。（以下信息考生必须认真填写）考生编号考生姓名SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)Today,weliveinaworldwhereGPSsystems,digitalmaps,andothernavigationappsareavailableonoursmartphones.]ofusjustwalkstraightintothewoodswithoutaphone.Butphones2onbatteries,andbatteriescandiefasterthanwerealize.3yougetlostwithoutaphoneoracompass,andyou4can'tfindnorth,afewtricksmayhelpyounavigate5tocivilization,oneofwhichistofollowtheland.Whenyoufindyourselfwell6atrail,butnotinacompletely7area,youhavetoanswertwoquestions:Which8isdownhill,inthisparticulararea?Andwhereisthenearestwatersource?Humansoverwhelminglyliveinvalleys,andonsuppliesoffreshwater.9,ifyouheaddownhill,andfollowanyH2Oyoufind,youshould10seesignsofpeople.Ifyou'veexploredtheareabefore,keepaneyeoutforfamiliarsights-youmaybe11howquicklyidentifyingadistinctiverockortreecanrestoreyourbearings.Another12:Climbhighandlookforsignsofhumanhabitation.13,evenindenseforest,youshouldbeableto14gapsinthetreelineduetoroads,traintracks,andotherpathspeoplecarve15thewoods.Headtowardthese16tofindawayout.Atnight,scanthehorizonfor17lightsources,suchasfiresandstreetlights,thenwalktowardtheglowoflightpollution.18,assumingyou'relostinanareahumanstendtofrequent,lookforthe19weleaveonthelandscape.Trailblazes,tiretracks,andotherfeaturescan20youtocivilization.

1.A.SomeB.MostC.FewD.All2.A.putB.takeC.runD.come3.A.SinceB.IfC.ThoughD.Until4.A.formallyB.relativelyC.graduallyD.literally5.A.backB.nextC.aroundD.away6.A.ontoB.offC.acrossD.along7.A.unattractiveB.uncrowdedC.unchangedD.unfamiliar8.A.siteB.pointC.wayD.place9.A.SoB.YetC.InsteadD.Besides10.A.immediatelyB.intentionallyC.unexpectedlyD.eventually11.A.surprisedB.annoyedC.frightenedD.confused12.A.problemB.optionC.viewD.result13.A.AboveallB.IncontrastC.OnaverageD.Forexample14.A.bridgeB.avoidC.spotD.separate15.A.fromB.throughC.beyondD.under16.A.postsB.linksC.shadesD.breaks17.A.artificialB.mysteriousC.hiddenD.limited18.A.FinallyB.ConsequentlyC.IncidentallyD.Generally19.A.memoriesB.marksC.notesD.belongings20.A.restrictB.adoptC.leadD.exposeSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)Text1FinancialregulatorsinBritainhaveimposedaratherunusiuilruleonthebossesofbigbanks.Startingnextyear,anyguaranteedbonusoftopexecutivescouldbedelayed10yearsiftheirbanksareunderinvestigationforwrongdoing.Themainpurposeofthis44clawbackMruleistoholdbankersaccountableforharmfulrisktakingandtorestorepublictrustinfinancialinstitutions.Yetofficialsalsohopeforamuchlargerbenefit:morelong-termdecision-making,notonlybybanksbutbyallcorporations,tobuildastrongereconomyforfuturegenerations.uShort-termism,Morthedesireforquickprofits,hasworsenedinpubliclytradedcompanies,saystheBankofEngland'stopeconomist,AndrewHaldane.Hequotesagiantofclassicaleconomics,AlfredMarshall,indescribingthisfinancialimpatienceasactinglike44childrenwhopicktheplumsoutoftheirpuddingtoeatthematonce“ratherthanputtingthemasidetobeeatenlast.TheaveragetimeforholdingastockinboththeUnitedStatesandBritain,henotes,hasdroppedfromsevenyearstosevenmonthsinrecentdecades.Transientinvestors,whodemandhighquarterlyprofitsfromcompanies,canhinderafirm'seffortstoinvestinlong-termresearchortobuildupcustomerloyalty.Thishasbeendubbeduquarterlycapitalism.0Inaddition,newdigitaltechnologieshaveallowedmorerapidtradingofequities,quickeruseofinformation,andthusshorterattentionspansinfinancialmarkets."Thereseemstobeapredominanceofshort-termthinkingattheexpenseoflong-terminvesting/*saidCommissionerDanielGallagheroftheUSSecuritiesandExchangeCommissioninaspeechthisweek.IntheUS,theSarbanes-OxleyActof2002haspushedmostpubliccompaniestodeferperformancebonusesforseniorexecutivesbyaboutayear,slightlyhelpingreduceushort-termism.MInitslatestsurveyofCEOpay,TheWallStreetJournalfindsthat“asubstantialpart"ofexecutivepayisnowtiedtoperformance.Muchmorecouldbedonetoencourage44long-termism,Msuchaschangesinthetaxcodeandquickerdisclosureofstockacquisitions.InFrance,shareholderswhoholdontoacompanyinvestmentforatleasttwoyearscansometimesearnmorevotingrightsinacompany.Withincompanies,therightcompensationdesigncanprovideincentivesforexecutivestothinkbeyondtheirowntimeatthecompanyandonbehalfofallstakeholders.Britain'snewruleisaremindertobankersthatsocietyhasaninterestintheirperformance,notjustfortheshorttermbutforthelongterm.AccordingtoParagraph1,onemotiveinimposingthenewruleisto.enhancebankers,senseofresponsibilityhelpcorporationsachievelargerprofitsbuildanewsystemoffinancialregulationguaranteethebonusesoftopexecutivesAlfredMarshallisquotedtoindicate.theconditionsforgeneratingquickprofitsgovemments,impatienceindecision-makingthesolidstructureofpubliclytradedcompaniesushort-termismMineconomicactivitiesItisarguedthattheinfluenceoftransientinvestmentonpubliccompaniescanbe.indirectadverseminimaltemporaryTheUSandFranceexamplesareusedtoillustrate.theobstaclestopreventing**short-termismnthesignificanceoflong-termthinkingtheapproachestopromotingMlong-termism"theprevalenceofshort-termthinkingWhichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?FailureofQuarterlyCapitalismPatienceasaCorporateVirtueDecisivenessRequiredofTopExecutivesFrustrationofRisk-takingBankersText2Gradeinflation—thegradualincreaseinaverageGPAs(grade-pointaverages)overthepastfewdecades-isoftenconsideredaproductofaconsumererainhighereducation,inwhichstudentsaretreatedlikecustomerstobepleased.Butanother,relatedforce-apolicyoftenburieddeepincoursecatalogscalledMgradeforgiveness—ishelpingraiseGPAs.Gradeforgivenessallowsstudentstoretakeacourseinwhichtheyreceivedalowgrade,andthemostrecentgradeorthehighestgradeistheonlyonethatcountsincalculatingastudent'soverallGPA.Theuseofthislittle-knownpracticehasacceleratedinrecentyears,ascollegescontinuetodotheirutmosttokeepstudentsinschool(andpayingtuition)andimprovetheirgraduationrates.Whenthispracticefirststarteddecadesago,itwasusuallylimitedtofreshmen,togivethemasecondchancetotakeaclassintheirfirstyeariftheystruggledintheirtransitiontocollege-levelcourses.Butnowmostcolleges,saveformanyselectivecampuses,allowallundergraduates,andevengraduatestudents,togettheirlowgradesforgiven.Collegeofficialstendtoemphasizethatthegoalofgradeforgivenessislessaboutthegradeitselfandmoreaboutencouragingstudentstoretakecoursescriticaltotheirdegreeprogramandgraduationwithoutincurringabigpenalty.44Ultimately,MsaidJackMiner,OhioStateUniversity'sregistrar,“weseestudentsachievemoresuccessbecausetheyretakeacourseanddobetterinsubsequentcoursesormasterthecontentthatallowsthemtograduateontime."Thatsaid,thereisawayinwhichgradeforgivenesssatisfiescolleges,ownneedsaswell.Forpublicinstitutions,statefundsaresometimestiedpartlytotheirsuccessonmetricssuchasgraduationratesandstudentretention—sobettergradescan,byboostingfigureslikethose,meanmoremoney.AndanythingthatraisesGPAswilllikelymakestudents-who,attheendoftheday,arepayingthebill—feelthey'vegottenabettervaluefortheirtuitiondollars,whichisanotherbigconcernforcolleges.Indeed,gradeforgivenessisjustanotherwaythatuniversitiesarerespondingtoconsumers'expectationsforhighereducation.Sincestudentsandparentsexpectacollegedegreetoleadtoajob,itisinthebestinterestofaschcx)ltoturnoutgraduateswhoareasqualifiedaspossible-oratleastappeartobe.Onthis,students'andcolleges'incentivesseemtobealigned.Whatiscommonlyregardedasthecauseofgradeinflation?Thechangeofcoursecatalogs.Students'indifferencetoGPAs.Collcgcs,neglectofGPAs.Theinfluenceofconsumerculture.Whatwastheoriginalpurposeofgradeforgiveness?Tohelpfreshmenadapttocollegelearning.Tomaintaincolleges,graduationrates.Topreparegraduatesforachallengingfuture.Toincreaseuniversities'incomefromtuition.AccordingtoParagraph5,gradeforgivenessenablescollegesto.obtainmorefinancialsupportboosttheirstudentenrollmentsimprovetheirteachingqualitymeetlocalgovernments'needsWhatdoesthephrase“tobealigned”（Line5,Para.6）mostprobablymean?Tocounterbalanceeachother.Tocomplementeachother.Tobeidenticalwitheachother.Tobecontradictorytoeachother.Theauthorexaminesthepracticeofgradeforgivenessby.assessingitsfeasibilityanalyzingthecausesbehinditcomparingdifferentviewsonitlistingitslong-runeffectsText3ThisyearmarksexactlytwocenturiessincethepublicationofFrankenstein；or,TheModernPrometheus,byMaryShelley.Evenbeforetheinventionoftheelectriclightbulb,theauthorproducedaremarkableworkofspeculativefictionthatwouldforeshadowmanyethicalquestionstoberaisedbytechnologiesyettocome.Todaytherapidgrowthofartificialintelligence（AI）raisesfundamentalquestions:"Whatisintelligence,identity,orconsciousness?Whatmakeshumanshumans?”Whatisbeingcalledartificialgeneralintelligence,machinesthatwouldimitatethewayhumansthink,continuestoevadescientists.Yethumansremainfascinatedbytheideaofrobotsthatwouldlook,move,andrespondlikehumans,similartothoserecentlydepictedonpopularsci-fiTVseriessuchas"Westworld"andMHumans.wJusthowpeoplethinkisstillfartoocomplextobeunderstood,letalonereproduced,saysDavidEagleman,aStanfordUniversityneuroscientist.44Wearejustinasituationwheretherearenogoodtheoriesexplainingwhatconsciousnessactuallyisandhowyoucouldeverbuildamachinetogetthere.MButthatdoesn'tmeancrucialethicalissuesinvolvingAIaren'tathand.Thecominguseofautonomousvehicles,forexample,posesthornyethicalquestions.Humandriverssometimesmustmakesplit-seconddecisions.Theirreactionsmaybeacomplexcombinationofinstantreflexes,inputfrompastdrivingexperiences,andwhattheireyesandearstelltheminthatmoment.AI44visionMtodayisnotnearlyassophisticatedasthatofhumans.Andtoanticipateeveryimaginabledrivingsituationisadifficultprogrammingproblem.Wheneverdecisionsarebasedonmassesofdata,**youquicklygetintoalotofethicalquestions,MnotesTanKiatHow,chiefexecutiveofaSingapore-basedagencythatishelpingthegovernmentdevelopavoluntarycodefortheethicaluseofAI.AlongwithSingapore,othergovernmentsandmega-corporationsarebeginningtoestablishtheirownguidelines.Britainissettingupadataethicscenter.IndiareleaseditsAIethicsstrategythisspring.OnJune7Googlepledgednotto44designordeployAI“thatwouldcause44overallharm,”ortodevelopAi-directedweaponsoruseAIforsurveillancethatwouldviolateinternationalnorms.ItalsopledgednottodeployAIwhoseusewouldviolateinternationallawsorhumanrights.Whilethestatementisvague,itrepresentsonestartingpoint.SodoestheideathatdecisionsmadebyAIsystemsshouldbeexplainable,transparent,andfair.Toputitanotherway:Howcanwemakesurethatthethinkingofintelligentmachinesreflectshumanity'shighestvalues?OnlythenwilltheybeusefulservantsandnotFrankenstein'sout-of-controlmonster.MaryShelley'snovelFrankensteinismentionedbecauseit.fascinatesAIscientistsallovertheworldhasremainedpopularforaslongas200yearsinvolvessomeconcernsraisedbyAItodayhassparkedseriousethicalcontroversiesInDavidEagleman'sopinion,ourcurrentknowledgeofconsciousness.helpsexplainartificialintelligencecanbemisleadingtorobotmakinginspirespopularsci-fiTVseriesistoolimitedforustoreproduceitThesolutiontotheethicalissuesbroughtbyautonomousvehicles.canhardlyeverbefoundisstillbeyondourcapacitycauseslittlepublicconcernhasarousedmuchcuriosityTheauthor'sattitudetowardGoogle'spledgesisoneof.affirmationskepticismcontemptrespectWhichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?Al'sFuture：IntheHandsofTechGiantsFrankenstein,theNovelPredictingtheAgeofAITheConscienceofAI：ComplexButInevitableAIShallBeKillersOnceOutofControlText4StateswillbeabletoforcemorepeopletopaysalestaxwhentheymakeonlinepurchasesunderaSupremeCourtdecisionThursdaythatwillleaveshopperswithlighterwalletsbutisabigfinancialwinforstates.TheSupremeCourt'sopinionThursdayoverruledapairofdecades-olddecisionsthatstatessaidcostthembillionsofdollarsinlostrevenueannually.Thedecisionsmadeitmoredifficultforstatestocollectsalestaxoncertainonlinepurchases.Thecasesthecourtoverturnedsaidthatifabusinesswasshippingacustomerspurchasetoastatewherethebusinessdidn'thaveaphysicalpresencesuchasawarehouseoroffice,thebusinessdidn'thavetocollectsalestaxforthestate.Customersweregenerallyresponsibleforpayingthesalestaxtothestatethemselvesiftheyweren'tcheirgedit,butmostdidn'trealizetheyoweditandfewpaid.JusticeAnthonyKennedywrotethatthepreviousdecisionswereflawed.“EachyearthephysicalpresencerulebecomesfurtherremovedfromeconomicrealityandresultsinsignificantrevenuelossestotheStates,Mhewroteinanopinionjoinedbyfourotherjustices.KennedywrotethattherulewlimitedStates'abilitytoseeklong-termprosperityandhaspreventedmarketparticipantsfromcompetingonanevenplayingfield.MTherulingisavictoryforbigchainswithapresenceinmanystates,sincetheyusuallycollectsalestaxononlinepurchasesalready.Now,rivalswillbechargingsalestaxwheretheyhadn'tbefore.Bigchainshavebeencollectingsalestaxnationwidebecausetheytypicallyhavephysicalstoresinwhateverstateapurchaseisbeingshippedto.A,withitsnetworkofwarehouses,alsocollectssalestaxineverystatethatchargesit,thoughthird-partysellerswhousethesitedon'thaveto.Untilnow,manysellersthathaveaphysicalpresenceinonlyasinglestateorafewstateshavebeenabletoavoidchargingsalestaxeswhentheyshiptoaddressesoutsidethosestates.SellersthatuseeBayandEtsy,whichprovideplatformsforsmallersellers,alsohaven'tbeencollectingsalestaxnationwide.UndertherulingThursday,statescanpasslawsrequiringout-of-statesellerstocollectthestate'ssalestaxfromcustomersandsendittothestate.Retailtradegroupspraisedtheruling,sayingitlevelstheplayingfieldforlocalandonlinebusinesses.Thelosers,saidretailanalystNeilSaunders,areonline-onlyretailers,especiallysmallerones.Thoseretailersmayfaceheadachescomplyingwithvariousstatesalestaxlaws.TheSmallBusiness&EntrepreneurshipCounciladvocacygroupsaidinastatement,uSmallbusinessesandinternetentrepreneursarenotwellservedatallbythisdecision.MTheSupremeCourtdecisionThursdaywill.betterbusinesses,relationswithstatesputmostonlinebusinessesinadilemmamakemoreonlineshopperspaysalestaxforcesomestatestocutsalestaxItcanbelearnedfromParagraphs2and3thattheoverruleddecisions.haveledtothedominanceofe-commercehavecostconsumersalotovertheyearswerewidelycriticizedbyonlinepurchaserswereconsideredunfavorablebystatesAccordingtoJusticeAnthonyKennedy,thephysicalpresencerulehas・hinderedeconomicdevelopmentbroughtprosperitytothecountryharmedfairmarketcompetitionboostedgrowthinstates'revenueWhoaremostlikelytowelcometheSupremeCourtruling?Internetentrepreneurs.Big-chainowners.Third-partysellers.Smallretailers.IndealingwiththeSupremeCourtdecisionThursday,theauthor.givesafactualaccountofitanddiscussesitsconsequencesdescribesthelongandcomplicatedprocessofitsmakingpresentsitsmainpointswithconflictingviewsonthemcitessomecasesrelatedtoitandanalyzestheirimplicationsPartBDirections:Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions41-45,youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherenttextbychoosingfromthelistA-Gandfillingthemintothenumberedboxes.ParagraphsCandFhavebeencorrectlyplaced.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.（10points）Thesetoolscanhelpyouwineveryargument-notintheunhelpfulsenseofbeatingyouropponentsbutinthebettersenseoflearningabouttheissuesthatdividepeople,learningwhytheydisagreewithusandlearningtotalkandworktogetherwiththem.Ifwereadjustourviewofarguments—fromaverbalfightortennisgametoareasonedexchangethroughwhichweallgainmutualrespectandunderstanding-thenwechangetheverynatureofwhatitmeansto“win”anargument.Ofcourse,manydiscussionsarenotsosuccessful.Still,weneedtobecarefulnottoaccuseopponentsofbadargumentstooquickly.Weneedtolearnhowtoevaluatethemproperly.Alargepartofevaluationiscallingoutbadarguments,butwealsoneedtoadmitgoodargumentsbyopponentsandtoapplythesamecriticalstandardstoourselves.Humilityrequiresyoutorecognizeweaknessesinyourownargumentsandsometimesalsotoacceptreasonsontheoppositeside.Noneofthesewillbeeasy,butyoucanstartevenifothersrefuseto.Nexttimeyoustateyourposition,formulateanargumentforwhatyouclaimandhonestlyaskyourselfwhetheryourargumentisanygood.Nexttimeyoutalkwithsomeonewhotakesastand,askthemtogiveyouareasonfortheirview.Spellouttheirargumentfullyandcharitably.Assessitsstrengthimpartially.Raiseobjectionsandlistencarefullytotheirreplies.Carnegiewouldberightifargumentswerefights,whichishowweoftenthinkofthem.Likephysicalfights,verbalfightscanleavebothsidesbloodied.Evenwhenyouwin,youendupnobetteroff.Yourprospectswouldbealmostasdismalifargumentswereevenjustcompetitions—like,say,tennisgames.Pairsofopponentshittheballbackandforthuntilonewinneremergesfromallwhoentered.Everybodyelseloses.Thiskindofthinkingiswhysomanypeopletrytoavoidarguments,especiallyaboutpoliticsandreligion.Inhis1936workHowtoWinFriendsandInfluencePeople,DaleCarnegiewrote:44Thereisonlyoneway...togetthebestofanargument-andthatistoavoidit."Thisaversiontoargumentsiscommon,butitdependsonamistakenviewofargumentsthatcausesprofoundproblemsforourpersonalandsociallives—andinmanywaysmissesthepointofarguinginthefirstplace.Theseviewsofargumentsalsounderminereason.Ifyouseeaconversationasafightorcompetition,youcanwinbycheatingaslongasyoudon'tgetcaught.Youwillbehappytoconvincepeoplewithbadarguments.Youcancalltheirviewsstupid,orjokeabouthowignoranttheyare.Noneofthesetrickswillhelpyouunderstandthem,theirpositionsortheissuesthatdivideyou,buttheycanhelpyouwin—inoneway.Thereisabetterwaytowinarguments.Imaginethatyoufavorincreasingtheminimumwageinourstate,andIdonot.Ifyouyell,"Yes,"andIyell,“No,"neitherofuslearnsanything.Weneitherunderstandnorrespecteachother,andwehavenobasisforcompromiseorcooperation.Incontrast,supposeyougiveareasonableargument:thatfull-timeworkersshouldnothavetoliveinpoverty.ThenIcounterwithanotherreasonableargument：thatahigherminimumwagewillforcebusinessestoemployfewerpeopleforlesstime.Nowwecanunderstandeachother'spositionsandrecognizeoursharedvalues,sincewebothcareaboutneedyworkers.PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)Itwasonlyafter1startedtowriteaweeklycolumnaboutthemedicaljournals,andbegantoreadscientificpapersfrombeginningtoend,thatIrealisedjusthowbadmuchofthemedicalliteraturefrequentlywas.Icametorecognisevarioussignsofabadpaper:thekindofpaperthatpurportstoshowthatpeoplewhoeatmorethanonekiloofbroccoliaweekwere1.17timesmorelikelythanthosewhoeatlesstosufferlateinlifefromperniciousanaemia.(46)Thereisagreatdealofthiskindofnonsenseinthemedicaljournalswhich,whentakenupbybroadcastersandthelaypress,generatesbothhealthscaresandshort-liveddietaryenthusiasms.Whyissomuchbadsciencepublished?Arecentpaper,titled44TheNaturalSelectionofBadScienceM,publishedontheRoyalSociety'sopensciencewebsite,attemptstoanswerthisintriguingandimportantquestion.Itsaysthattheproblemisnotmerelythatpeopledobadscience,butthatourcurrentsystemofcareeradvancementpositivelyencouragesit.Whatisimportantisnottruth,butpublication,whichhasbecomealmostanendinitself.Therehasbeenakindofinflationaryprocessatwork:(47)nowadaysanyoneapplyingforaresearchposthastohavepublishedtwicethenumberofpapersthatwouldhavebeenrequiredforthesamepostonly10yearsago.Nevermindthequality,then,countthenumber.Attemptshavebeenmadetocurbthistendency,forexample,bytryingtoincorporatesomemeasureofqualityaswellasquantityintotheasses