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2015英语专业四级真题及答案解析TESTFORENGLISHMAJORS(2015)

-GRADEFOUR-TIMELIMIT130MINPARTIDICTATIONListentothefollowingpassage.Altogetherthepassagewillbereadtoyoufourtimes.Duringthefirstreading,whichwillbedoneatnormalspeed,listenandtrytounderstandthemeaning.Forthesecondandthirdreadings,thepassagewillbesentencebysentence,orphrasebyphrase,whichintervalsof15seconds.Thelastreadingwillbedoneatnormalspeedagainandduringthistimeyoushouldcheckyourwork.Youwillthenbegiven2minutestocheckthroughyourworkoncemore.PleasewritethewholepassageonAnswerSheetOne..PARTIILISTENINGCOMPREHENSIONInSectionA,BandCyouwillheareverythingONCE.ListencarefullyandthenanswerthequestionsthatfollowMarkthebestanswertoeachquestiononAnswerSheetTwo.SECTIONACONVERSATIONSInthissectionyouwillhearseveralconversation.Listentotheconversationcarefullyandthenanswerthequestionsthatfollow.Question1to3arebasedonthefollowingconversation.Attheendoftheconversation,youwillbegiven15secondstoanswerthequestions.Now,listentotheconversation.WhyisthetriptoMarsaone-waytrip?Thereturntripistooexpensive.Thereisnotechnologytogetpeopleback.Peopledon’twanttoreturn.Thereturntripistoorisky.Accordingtotheman,whatismoreimportantforthoserecruits?A.Intelligence.B.Health.C.Skills.D.Calmness.Whatisthelastpartoftheconversationabout?Thekindofpeoplesuitableforthetrip.Interestsandhobbiesofthespeakers.Recruitmentofpeopleforthetrip.PreparationforthetriptoMars.Question4to7arebasedonthefollowingconversation.Attheendoftheconversation,youwillbegiven20secondstoanswerthequestions.Now,listentotheconversation.Whatisshowrooming?Goingtothehighstreet.Visitingeverydayshops.Buyingthingslikeelectricalgoods.Visitingshopsandbuyingonline.Accordingtotheconversation,themanhadboughtallthefollowingthingsonlineEXCEPTA.shoesB.CDsC.camera D.foodAccordingtotheconversation,thepercentageofpeoplewhoshowroomedwhileChristmasshoppingwasA.3% B.33%C.42% D.24%OnereasonforpeopletoshowroomisthattheywanttoknowmoreaboutpricingcanreturntheproductlaterwanttoseetherealthingfirstcanbargainforalowershoppriceQuestion8to10arebasedonthefollowingconversation.Attheendoftheconversation,youwillbegiven15secondstoanswerthequestions.Now,listentotheconversation.Whatistheconversationmainlyabout?A.Howtoavoidclashesofexams.Howtoscheduleexams.Howtousethefacultylounge.Howtochoosethecourses.Whatdoesthestudenthavetodofirstinordertotaketheexams?Tochooseadateonthedraftschedule.Tofindtheinformationonthebulletinboard.Todrawupthefinalschedule.Toarrangeaninvigilator.Accordingtotheconversation,theDeanwillsignthesheetinthefacultyloungetakecareofthebulletinboardconsultthestudentsfinalizetheexamscheduleSECTIONBPASSAGESInthissection,youwillhearseveralpassage.Listentothepassagecarefullyandthenanswerthequestionsthatfollowing.Question11to13arebasedonthefollowingconversation.Attheendoftheconversation,youwillbegiven15secondstoanswerthequestions.Now,listentotheconversation.WhichofthefollowingcitieshastheoldestChinatowninNorthAmerica?A.NewYork. B.SanFrancisco.C.Boston. D.SanDiego.TheChinatowninSanFranciscoattractstouristsayear.A.20,000 B.100,000 C.7million D.17millionWherecantouristsseethefishmarkets?A.InStocktonStreet.InGrantAvenue.InPortsmouthSquare.InBushStreet.Question14to17arebasedonthefollowingconversation.Attheendoftheconversation,youwillbegiven20secondstoanswerthequestions.Now,listentotheconversation.WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedinthepassage?Obesitycandamageone’shealth.Obesityisagrowingproblemallovertheworld.Obesityisdirectlyrelatedtoone ’shabit.Obesityhasaffectedbothboysandgirls.Thepurposeofthethree-yearstudyisto.findoutwhysomechildrenfinditdifficulttogotosleeplearnmoreaboutthelinkbetweensleepandweightidentifythewaysparentsreducetheirkids ’weightseeifthereisdifferenceinsleeppatternsovertheperiodAccordingtothestudy,thedailyhealthysleeptimeforthe3rdto6thgradersshouldbearound___hours.A.8 B.9 C.10 D.11Accordingtothepassage,obesityismostlikelyrelatedto__.A.sleeptimeB.gender C.race D.parentsQuestion18to20arebasedonthefollowingconversation.Attheendoftheconversation,youwillbegiven15secondstoanswerthequestions.Now,listentotheconversation.Accordingtoanumberofstudents, isthemainfactorforearly-agesmoking.A.gender B.personalityC.environment D.moneyWhichofthefollowingstatementsisCORRECT?Veryfewcontinuesmokingthroughouttheirteenageyears.Mostearly-agesmokerssoonstopexperimenting.Someearly-agesmokersnevergobeyondexperimenting.Childrenquicklybecomeregularsmokersbycarryingcigarettes.AllthefollowingarefeaturesofsmokersEXCEPT___.strongpeerinfluencelowsenseofachievementhighsenseofrebellionclosefamilyrelationshipSECTIONCNEWSBROADCASTInthissection,youwillhearseveralnewsitems.Listentothemcarefullyandthenanswerthequestionsthatfollow.Question21to22arebasedonthefollowingnews.Attheendofthenewsitem,youwillbegiven10secondstoanswerthequestions.Now,listentothenews.Whyweresomechildrenofferedonlyfruitandmilkforlunch?Theschoolstoppedprovidingschoollunch.Theirparentsfailedtopayforschoollunch.Someparentspreferredfruitandmilkforlunch.Thesechildrenchosetohavesomethingdifferent.Howdidparentsreacttotheschool ’swayofhandlingthesituation?TheywereupsetTheywerefurious.Theyweresurprised.Theyweresad.Question23to24arebasedonthefollowingnews.Attheendofthenewsitem,youwillbegiven10secondstoanswerthequestions.Now,listentothenews.Accordingtothenews,whatisthemainadvantageofthedigitalkey?Guestscanpaywithoutgoingtothefrontdesk.Guestscangodirecttotheirrooms.Guestscancheckoutanytime.Guestscanmakeroomreservations.Thehotelcompanyintendstohavethesystemin___ofitshotelsinthenextthreemonths.A.2B.3 C.100D.150Question25to26arebasedonthefollowingnews.Attheendofthenewsitem,youwillbegiven10secondstoanswerthequestions.Now,listentothenews.Accordingtothecourtruling,ShrienDewani A.willreturntotheU.K.formedicaltreatmentwillremaininSouthAfricaformedicaltreatmentwillstandtrialinSouthAfricaonceprovedfitwillbeextraditedevenifheisunfittostandtrialWhatwasDewaniaccusedof?Havinghiswifekilled.KillinghiswifeintheU.K.Beinginvolvedinataxiaccident.Hiringacrewofhitmen.Question17isbasedonthefollowingnews.Attheendofthenewsitem,youwillbegiven5secondstoanswerthequestion.Now,listentothenews.TheU.N.newvotewouldallowallthefollowingEXCEPT___.theuseofforcebyEuropeanUniontroopsthesuspensionofanexistingarmsembargotheextensionofU.N.peacekeepingmissionthebanontravelandfreezeofassetsQuestion28isbasedonthefollowingnews.Attheendofthenewsitem,youwillbegiven5secondstoanswerthequestion.Now,listentothenews.Whatisthenewsmainlyabout?CausesofearlydeathinRussia.Behaviorofalcoholics.Causesofalcoholpoisoning.Numberofdeathover10years.Question29and30arebasedonthefollowingnews.Attheendofthenewsitem,youwillbegiven5secondstoanswerthequestions.Now,listentothenews.Thetotalinvestmentinfilm-makinginBritainin2012was .£945million£1.07billionC.£500,000D.£87,000HollywoodstudiosprefertomakefilmsinBritainbecause___.TheUKisagoodfilmlocationThecastusuallycomesfromBritainHollywoodemphasizesqualityProductioncostcanbereducedPARTIIICLOZEDecidewhichofthechoicesgivenbelowwouldbestcompletethepassageifinsertedinthecorrespondingblanks.MarkthebestchoiceforeachblankonAnswerSheetTwo.Electricityissuchapartofoureverydaylivesandsomuchtakenforgrantednowadays31___werarelythinktwicewhenweswitchonthelightorturnontheTVset.Atnight,roadsarebrightlylit,enablingpeopleand32___tomovefreely.Neonlightingusedinadvertisinghasbecomepartofthe33___ofeverymoderncity.Inthehome,many34___devicesarepoweredbyelectricity.35___whenweturnoffthebedsidelampandare36___asleep,electricityisworkingforus,37___ourrefrigerators,heatingourwater,orkeepingourroomsair-conditioned.Everyday,trains,busesandsubwaystakeustoandfromwork.Werarely38___toconsiderwhyorhowtheyrun——39___somethinggoeswrong.Inthesummerof1959,something40__gowrongwiththepower-plantthatprovidedNewYorkwithelectricity.Foragreatmanyhours,lifecamealmosttoa41___.Trainsrefusedtomoveandthepeopleinthemsatinthedark,42___todoanything;liftsstoppedworking,sothat43___youwereluckyenoughnottobe44.___betweentwofloors,youhadtheunpleasanttaskoffindingyourwaydown45___ofstairs.FamousstreetslikeBroadwayandFifthAvenueina(n)46___becameasgloomyanduninviting47___themostremotebackstreets.Peoplewereafraidtoleavetheirhouses,48___.althoughthepolicehadbeenorderedto49___incaseofemergency,theywerejustasconfusedand50___asanybodyelse.A.that B.thusC.asD.soA.carA.appearanceB.truckB.characterC.trafficC.distinctionD.pedestriansD.surface34.A.money-savingB.time-savingC.energy-savingD.labor-saving35.A.OnlyB.RarelyC.EvenD.Frequently36.A.fastB.quiteC.closelyD.quickly37.A.movingB.startingC.repairingD.driving38.A.troubleB.botherC.hesitateD.remember39.A.whenB.ifC.untilD.after40.A.didB.wouldC.couldD.Should41.A.pauseB.terminalC.breakdownD.standstill42.A.incompetentB.powerlessC.hesitantD.helpless43.A.althoughB.whenC.asD.evenif44.A.trappedB.placedC.positionedD.locked45.A.stepsB.levelsC.flightsD.floors46.A.timeB.instantC.pointD.minute47.A.likeB.thanC.forD.as48.A.forB.andC.butD.or49.A.standasideB.standdownC.standbyD.standin50.A.aimlessB.helplessC.unfocusedD.undecidedPARTIVGRAMMARANDVOCABULARYTherearethirtysentencesinthissection.Beneatheachsentencetherearefourworks,phrasesorstatementsmarkedA,B,CandD.Chooseoneword,phraseorstatementthatbestcompletesthesentences.MarkyouransweronAnswerSheetTwo.Whenyouhavefinishedwiththatbook,don ’tforgettoputitbackontheshelf, ?A.don’tyouB.doyou C.willyou D.won’tyouMaryis hardworkingthanhersister,butshefailedintheexam.A.noless B.nomore C.notless D.notsoWhichofthefollowingstatementsisINCORRECT?Onlyoneoutofsixwerepresentatthemeeting.Tendollarswasstolenfromthecashregister.Eithermysisterormybrotheriswrong.Fivemilesseemlikealongwalktome.Whichoftheitalicizedpartsexpressesafuturetense?Myfriendteacheschemistryinaschool.I’llgiveittoyouafterIreturn.Whatisthematterwithyou?LondonstandsontheRiverThames.Itisnotsomuchthelanguage theculturalbackgroundthatmakesthefilmdifficulttounderstand.A.but B.norC.like D.asThereisnodoubt thecommitteehasmadetherightdecisiononthehousingproject.A.why B.thatC.whetherD.whenAllthePresident’sMen oneoftheimportantbooksforscholarswhostudytheWatergateScandal.A.remainsB.remainedC.remain D.isremainingIfyouexplainedthesituationtoyourlawyer,he abletoadviseyoumuchbetterthanIcan.A.willbeB.wasC.wouldbeD.wereWhichofthefollowingisastativeverb(静态动词)?A.Drink B.CloseC.Rain D.BelongWhichofthefollowingitalicizedpartsindicatesasubject-verbrelation?Themanhasalargefamilytosupport.Shehadnowishtoquarrelwithherbrother.Hewasthelastguesttoleave.Maryneedsafriendtotalkto.WhotoldthenewsEtoXtCheEPteTac_h_er?ThefollowingareallcorrectresponsestoWhotoldthenewsEtoXtCheEPteTac_h_er??A.BobdiditB.BobdidsoC.BobdidthatD.Bobdid.WhichofthefollowingisINCORRECT?A.AnothertwogirlsB.FewwordsC.ThisworkD.AbitofflowersWhichofthefollowingitalicizedwordsdoesNOTindicatewillingness?Whatwillyoudowhenyougraduate?Theywillbehomebynow.Whowillgowithme?Whywillyougotherealone?Whenonehasgoodhealth,___shouldfeelfortunateA.you B.she C.he D.weThere nothingmorefordiscussion,themeetingcametoanendhalfanhourearlier.A.tobe B.tohavebeenC.be D.beingTwoofherbrotherswere___duringtheSecondWorldWar.A.calledup B.calledon C.calledfor D.calledoutBottlesfromthisregionsell atabout$50acase.A.entirely B.totally C.wholesale D.togetherTheproductcontainsno colours,flavours,orpreservatives.A.fake B.artificialC.falseD.wrongDavisacceptedthedefeatinthesemi-finalwithgoodgrace.Theunderlinedpartisclosestinmeaningto .A.cheerfullyB.wholeheartedlyC.politelyD.quietly andbusinessleadersweredelightedatthedecisiontoholdthenationalmotorfairinthecity.A.Civil B.CivilizedC.CivilianD.CivicThecitycouncilisplanningahugeroad-buildingprogrammetoeasecongestion.TheTOC\o"1-5"\h\zunderlinedpartmeans .A.calm B.relieveC.comfortD.stillHisunfortunateappearancewasoffsetbyanattractivepersonality.TheunderlinedpartmeansallthefollowingEXCEPT .A.improvedB.madeupforC.balancedD.compensatedforThedoctorsaidthatthegashinhischeckrequiredstitches.Theunderlinedpartmeans .A.lumpB.depressionC.swellingD.cutDuringtheeconomiccrisis,theyhadtocutbackproductionand workers.A.layoff B.layinto C.laydown D.layasideTheuniversityconsistentlyreceivesahigh forthequalityofitsteachingandresearch.A.standard B.evaluation C.rating D.commentTOC\o"1-5"\h\zTomarkitsonehundredthanniversary,theuniversityheldaseriesofactivitiesincludingconferences,filmshows,etc.Theunderlinedpartmeans .A.signifyB.celebrateC.symbolizeD.suggestHisfertilemindkeepsturningoutnewideas.Theunderlinedpartmeans .A.abundantB.unbelievableC.productiveD.generativeThelocalnewspaperhasa of100,000copiesaday.A.spreadB.circulationC.motionD.flowTheseissueswerediscussedatlengthduringthemeeting.Theunderlinedpartmeans .A.eventuallyB.subsequentlyC.lastlyD.fullyAcoupleofyoungpeopleweregivingoutleafletsinfrontofthedepartmentstore.Theunderlinedpartmeans .A.distributingB.handlingC.dividingD.arrangingPARTVREADINGCOMPREHENSIONInthissectiontherearefourpassagesfollowedbyquestionsorunfinishedstatements,eachwithfoursuggestedanswersmarkedA,B,CandD.Choosetheonethatyouthinkisthebestanswer.MarkyouranswersonAnswerSheetTwo.TextAInundatedbymoreinformationthanwecanpossiblyholdinourhead,we'reincreasinglyhandingoffthejobofrememberingtosearchenginesandsmartphones.Googleisevenreportedlyworkingoneyeglassesthatcouldonedayrecognizefacesandsupplydetailsaboutwhoeveryou'relookingat.Butnewresearchshowsthatoutsourcingourmemory -andexpectingthatinformationwillbecontinuallyandinstantaneouslyavailable--ischangingourcognitivehabits.ResearchconductedbyBetsySparrow,anassistantprofessorofpsychologyatColumbiaUniversity,hasidentifiedthreenewrealitiesabouthowweprocessinformationintheInternetage.First,herexperimentsshowedthatwhenwedon'tknowtheanswertoaquestion,wenowthinkaboutwherewecanfindthenearestWebconnectioninsteadofthesubjectofthequestionitself.Asecondrevelationisthatwhenweexpecttobeabletofindinformationagainlateron,wedon'trememberitaswellaswhenwethinkitmightbecomeunavailable.Andthenthereistheresearchers'finalobservation:theexpectationthatwe'llbeabletolocateinf-ordinationdownthelineleadsustoformamemorynotofthefactitselfbutofwherewe'llbeabletofindit.Butthishandoffcomeswithadownside.Skillslikecriticalthinkingandanalysismustdevelopinthecontextoffacts:weneedsomethingtothinkandreasonabout,afterall.Andthesefactscan'tbeGoogledaswego;theyneedtobestoredintheoriginalharddrive,ourlong-termmemory.Especiallyinthecaseofchildren,"factualknowledgemustprecedeskill,"saysDanielWillingham,aprofessorofpsychology,attheUniversityofVirginia--meaningthatthedaysofdrillingthemultiplicationtableandmemorizingthenamesofthePresidentsaren'toverquiteyet.Adults,too,needtorecruitasupplyofstoredknowledgeinordertosituateandevaluatenewinformationtheyencounter.Youcan'tGooglecontext.Last,there'sthepossibility,increasinglyterrifyingtocontemplate,thatourmachinesfailus.AsSparrowputsit,"TheexperienceoflosingourInternetconnectionbecomesmoreandmorelikelosingafriend."Ifyou'regoingtokeepyourmemoryonyoursmartphone,bettermakesureit'sfullycharged.Google’seyeglassesaresupposedto___.[A]improveourmemory[B]functionlikememory[C]helpusseefacesbetter[D]worklikesmartphonesAccordingtothepassage,—cognitivehabitsIIrefersto .howwedealwithinformationfunctionsofhumanmemorytheamountofinformationtheavailabilityofinformationWhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutSparrow ’sresearchisCORRECT?Werememberpeopleandthingsasmuchasbefore.WeremembermoreInternetconnectionsthanbefore.Wepayequalattentiontolocationandcontentofinformation.[D]Wetendtorememberlocationratherthanthecoreoffacts.Whatdoestheauthormeanby—contextII?[A]Itreferstolong-termmemory.[B]Itreferstoanewsituation.[C]Itreferstoastoreofknowledge.[D]Itreferstothesearchengine.Whatistheimpliedmessageoftheauthor?[A]Webconnectionsaidourmemory.[B]Peopledifferinwhattoremember.[C]Peoplekeepmemoryonsmartphones.[D]Peopleneedtoexercisetheirmemory.TextBIwasasecond-yearmedicalstudentattheuniversity,andwasonmyseconddayofroundsatanearbyhospital.Myuniversity'sphilosophywastogetstudentsseeingpatientsearlyintheireducation.Niceidea,butitoverlookedonedetail:second-yearstudentsknownexttonothingaboutmedicine.Assignedtomyteamthatdaywasanattending-aseniorfacultymemberwhowastheremostlytomakepatientsfeeltheyweren'tinthehandsofamateurs.Manyattendingswereresearcherswhodidn'thavemuchrecenthospitalexperience.Minewasactuallyanarthritisspecialist.Alsoalongwasaresident(therealboss,withastaggeringmasteryofmedicine,atleasttoarookielikemyself).Inadditionthereweretwointerns(住院实习医生 ).TheseguyswerejustasgreenasIwas,butinascarierway:theyhadrecentlygraduatedfromthemedicalschool,sotheyweretechnicallyMDs.Ibeganthedayat6:30am.AninternandIdidaquickcheckofoureightpatients;later,weweretopresentourfindingstotheresidentandthentotheattending.Ihadthreepatientsandtheinternhadtheotherfive-pieceofcake.ButwhenIarrivedintheroomof71-year-oldMr.Adams,hewassittingupinbed,sweatingheavilyandpanting(喘气).He'djusthadahipoperationandlookedterrible.Ilistenedtohislungswithmystethoscope,buttheysoundedclear.NextIcheckedthelogofhisvitalsignsandsawthathisrespirationandheartratehadbeenclimbing,buthistemperaturewassteady.Itdidn'tseemlikeheartfailure,nordiditappeartobepneumonia.SoIaskedMr.Adamswhathethoughtwasgoingon."It'sreallyhotinhere,Doc,"hereplied.SoIattributedhisconditiontothestuffyroomandtoldhimtherestoftheteamwouldreturninafewhours.Hesmiledandfeeblywavedgoodbye.At8:40am.,duringourteammeeting,"CodeBlueRoom307!"blaredfromtheloudspeaker.Ifroze.ThatwasMr.Adams'sroom.Whenwearrived,hewasmotionless.Theautopsy(尸体解剖)laterfoundMr.Adamshadsufferedamassivepulmonaryembolism(肺部栓塞).Abloodclothadformedinhisleg,workeditswaytohislungs,andcuthisbreathingcapacityinhalf.Hissymptomshadbeentextbook:heavyperspirationandshortnessofbreathdespiteclearlungs.Theonlythingwas:Ihadn'treadthatchapterinthetextbookyet.AndIwastooscared,insecure,andproudtoaskarealdoctorforhelp.Thismistakehashauntedmefornearly30years,butwhat'sparticularlyfrustratingisthatthesamemedicaleducationsystempersists.WhoknowshowmanypeoplehavediedorsufferedharmatthehandsofstudentsasnaiveasI,andhowmanymorewill?Whywastheauthordoingroundsinahospital?[A]Hehimselfwantedtohavepractice.[B]Studentsofallmajorshadtodoso.[C]Itwaspartofhismedicaltraining.[D]Hewasonaresearchteam.Welearnthattheauthor ’steammembershad__.[A]muchpracticalexperience[B]adequateknowledge[C]longbeenworkingthere[D]someprofessionaldeficiencyWhiletheauthorwasexaminingMr.Adams,allthefollowingsymptomscaughthisattentionEXCEPT .[A]movingdifficulty[B]steadytemperature[C]fasterheartrate[D]breathingproblem—HissymptomshadbeentextbookIImeansthathissymptomswere.[A]partofthetextbook[B]nolongerinthetextbook[C]recentlyincludedinthetextbook[D]explainedinthetextbookAttheendofthepassage,theauthorexpresses aboutthemedicaleducationsystem.[A]optimism[B]hesitation[C]concern[D]supportTEXTCThewaronsmoking,nowfivedecadesoldandcounting,isoneofthenation'sgreatestpublichealthsuccessstories-butnotforeveryone.Asawhole,thecountryhasmadeamazingprogress.In1964,fourintenadultsintheUSsmoked;todayfewerthantwointendo.Butsomestates-Kentucky,SouthDakotaandAlabamatonamejustafew-seemtohavemissedthemessagethatsmokingisdeadly.TheirfailureisthegreatestdisappointmentinanefforttosavelivesthatwasstartedonJan.11,1964,bythefirstSurgeonGeneral'sReportonSmokingandHealth.Itsfindingthatsmokingisacauseoflungcancerandotherdiseaseswasmajornewsthen.Thehazardsofsmokingwerejuststartingtoemerge.Thereportledtocigarettewarninglabels,abanonTVadsandeventuallyananti-smokingmovementthatshiftedthenation'sattitudeonsmoking.Then,smokerswerecool.Today,manyareoutcasts,rejectedbyrestaurants,bars,publicbuildingsandeventheirownworkplaces.Millionsofliveshavebeensaved.Theformulaforsuccessisnolongerguesswork:Adopttoughwarninglabels,airpublicserviceads,fundsmokingcessationprogramsandimposesmoke-freelaws.Butthesurestwaytopreventsmoking,particularlyamongprice-sensitiveteens,istoraisetaxes.Ifyoucanstopthemfromsmoking,you'vewonthewar.Fewpeoplestartsmokingafterturning19.Thereal-lifeevidenceoftaxingpowerispowerful.The10stateswiththelowestadultsmokingratesslapanaveragetaxof$2.42oneverypack--threetimestheaveragetaxinthestateswiththehighestsmokingrates.NewYorkhasthehighestcigarettetaxinthecountry,at$4.35perpack,andjust12percentofteenssmoke,farbelowthenationalaverageof18percent.ComparethatwithKentucky,wheretaxesarelow(60cents),smokingrestrictionsareweakandtheteensmokingrateisdoubleNewYork's.Otherlow-taxstateshavesimilarlydismalrecords.Enemiesofhightobaccotaxesclingtothetiredargumentthattheyfalldisproportionatelyonthepoor.True,butsodothedeadlyeffectsofsmoking,farworsethanatax.Theeffectofthetaxesisamplifiedfurtherwhentherevenueisusedtofundinitiativesthathelpsmokersquitorpersuadeteensnottostart.Anti-smokingforceshaveplentytocelebratethisweek,havinghelpedavoid8millionprematuredeathsinthepast50years.Butaslongas3,000adolescentsandteenstaketheirfirstpuffeachday,thewarisnotwon.Whatdoes"counting"meaninthecontext?[A]Continuing.[B]Including.[C]Calculating.[D]Relyingon.Accordingtothecontext,"Theirfailure"refersto .thoseadultswhocontinuetosmokethosestatesthatmissedthemessagefindingsofthereporthazardsofsmokingThefollowingarealleffortsthatledtothechangeofattitudeonsmokingEXCEPT .rejectingbythepubliccigarettewarninglabelsanti-smokingcampaignsanti-smokinglegislationAccordingtotheauthor,raisingtaxoncigarettes .isunfairtothepoorisaneffectivemeasureincreasespublicrevenuefailstosolvetheproblem95.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?Howtostageanti-smokingcampaigns.Theeffectsofthereportonsmokingandhealth.Taxasthesurestpathtocutsmoking.Theeffortstocutdownonteenagesmoking.TEXTDAttachmentParentingisnotIndulgentParenting.Attachmentparentsdonot"spoil"theirchildren.Spoilingisdonewhenachildisgiveneverythingthattheywantregardlessofwhattheyneedandregardlessofwhatispractical.Indulgentparentsgivetoysfortantrums(发脾气),icecreamforbreakfast.Attachmentparentsdon'tgivetheirchildreneverythingthattheywant,theygivetheirchildreneverythingthattheyneed.Attachmentparentsbelievethatloveandcomfortarefreeandnecessary.Notsweetsortoys.AttachmentParentingisnot"afraidoftears"parenting.Ourkidscry.Thedifferenceisthatweunderstandthattantrumsandtearscomefromemotionsandnotmanipulation.Andourchildrenunderstandthistoo,Theycryandhavetantrumssometimes,ofcourse.Buttheydothisbecausetheiremotionsaresooverwhelmingthattheyneedtogetitout.Theydonotexpecttobe"rewarded"fortheirstrongnegativeemotions;theysimplyexpectthatwewilllisten.Wepickupourbabieswhentheycry,andwerespondtothetearsofourolderchildrenbecausewebelievefirmlythatcomfortisfree,loveisfree,andthatwhenachildhasneedforcomfortandlove,itisourjobtoprovidethosethings.Wearenotafraidoftears.Wedon'tavoidthem.Weholdourchildrenthroughthemandteachthemthatwhentheyarehurtorfrustratedweareheretocomfortthemandhelpthemworkthroughtheiremotions.AttachmentParentingisnotClingyParenting.Idonotclingtomychildren,Infeet,I'mprettyfree-range.Assoonastheycanmovetheyusuallymoveawayfrommeandletmesetupac

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