新世纪商务英语综合教程第二册复习资料

UnitlTruly,thetonguespokenbackinthe1300sonlybythe"lowpeople"ofEnglandhascomealongway.Paraphrase:Indeed,thelanguagespokenasearlyas1300sbythenativepeopleinEnglandhasdevelopedforalongtimeButhoweveraccommodatingEnglishmightbetherealreasonforthelatterdaytriumphofEnglishisthetriumphoftheEnglish-speakingUnitedStatesasaworldpower.Paraphrase:Adaptable,asEnglishmightbe,theEnglishowesitssuccesstothevictoryoftheEnglish-speakingUnitedStatesasaworldpower.Asthe20thcenturydrewon,however,andEnglishcontinuedtoencroach,Frenchwasdrivenontothedefensive.Paraphrase:Asthe20thcenturywasapproaching,andEnglishkeptonexpandingbeyondlimits,Frenchwasputinacorneredposition,havingtofightforprotection.InIndiasomepeopleseeEnglishasanoppressivelegacyofcolonialismthatshouldbeexterminated.Paraphrase:IndiawasonceregardedastheJewelintheCrownoftheBritishEmpire.PeopleinIndiawouldthinktheEnglishlanguageremindsthemoftheperiodofcolonialism,whichshouldbewipedout.ButformanypeoplesthetriumphofEnglishisthedefeat,ifnotoutrightdestruction,oftheirownlanguage.Paraphrase:Butformanypeoples,thesuccessorthewidespreadofEnglishmeansthedefeat,perhapsevenacompleteextinction,oftheirownlanguage.ThusthetriumphofEnglishnotonlydestroysthetonguesofothers;italsoisolatesnativeEnglish-speakersfromtheliterature,historyandideasofotherpeoples.Paraphrase:Therefore,thesuccessofEnglishnotonlydefeatsotherlanguages,butseparatesnativeEnglishspeakersfromtheliterature,historyandideasofotherethnicgroups.Unit2SometimesitseemsasifatidalwaveoftheworstWesterncultureiscreepingacrosstheglobelikeagiantstrawberrymilkshakeoozingovertheplanet,withaflavorthatisdistinctlysweet,sicklyandmanifestlyhomogenousParaphrase:SometimestheWesterncultureseemstopermeatethewholeworldlikespiltmilkshake,withastrongsmell,sweetbutobviouslydevoidofdiversity.Productionandconsumptionofculturalgoodsandserviceshavebecomecommodities,alongwiththeessentialsofsociallife(marriageandfamilylife,religion,workandleisure),thatarethecruciblesofculturalcreation.Paraphrase:Culturalcreationisfacinggreatchallengeposedbythecommercializationofculture.3.Obviously,itwouldbeanexcessiveformofculturalfundamentalismtosuggestthatAfricansshouldtrytokeepeverythingexactlyasitis,ratherthanallowingculturetodevelop.Paraphrase:Obviously,itwouldbetooculturallyradicaltosuggestthatAfricansshouldconductrigidadherencetotheircurrentlifeandrefusetoallowculturetodevelop.Justifiedinitiallyasacivilizingmissionandsubsequentlydubbedmodernization,inpracticeitwaswholesaleWesternizationwithverylittleroomforanyviablemiddleground.Paraphrase:Inthebeginningitjustifieditselfasacivilizingmissionandlateronithonoreditselfasmodernization.However,infactitwasaprocessofextensiveandcompleteWesternizationwhichleftothercountriesnootherchoice.Sucharadicalunderminingofpeople'sexistingvaluesandcultureshasacorrosiveimpactontheirsenseofwhotheyare,whattheywantandwhattheyrespect.Paraphrase:Theseveredamageofpeople'sexistingvaluesandcultureshasadestructiveeffect.Itmakesthosepeopleconfusedaboutwhotheyare,whattheywantandwhattheyrespect.Onemajorreasonisthestructuralchangeintheworldeconomy:globalizationandthefloodofgoodsdumpedinpoorcountriesthataremarketedbymassseductiveadvertisingwhichisblatantlysuperficialbutnonethelesssuccessfulincreatingfreshdesiresinpeoplesoftraditionalsocieties.Paraphrase:Onemajorreasonofthisfastandlarge-scalewesternizationisthechangeofoverallstructureintheworldeconomy.Becauseofglobalization,westerncountriesusemarketingstrategiessuchasadvertisingtocreatefreshdesiresinconsumersfromlessdevelopedcountriesandgetridofproductsbysellingthematalowprice.However,thereisgenuinecauseforconcernabouttherateatwhichcultures(Africanandnon-African)arebeingunderminedinaworldthatisboundtogetherbyever-strongereconomicties.Paraphrase:However,peopleindeedhaveareasontoworrythatAfricanandnon-Africanculturesaregraduallyencroachedbywesterncultureduetotheever-growingstronginterdependenceoftradeandbusinessamongcountries.Moreimportantly,colonialismpavedthewayfortoday'sculturalglobalizationbyleavingthecolonizedinastateofculturaldisorientationandconsequentlyvulnerabletocontinuingculturalinvasion.Paraphrase:Moreimportantly,colonialismprovidedthenecessaryconditionfortoday'sculturalglobalizationsinceitleftthecolonizedcountriesunabletorecognizeitsownculturalheritage.Asaresult,thesecountriesareeasilysusceptibletolong-lastingculturalinvasion.Unit3Thetaskofauniversityistoweldtogetherimaginationandexperience.Paraphrase:Auniversityshouldaimatjoiningorintegratingimaginationandexperienceoftheteachersandstudentsintoasingle,meaningfulwhole.Weneednotflinchfromtheassertionthatthemainfunctionofsuchaschoolistoproducemenwithagreaterzestforbusiness.Paraphrase:Thereisnoshameinclaiming/declaringthatthefunctionofsuchaschoolistoproducebusinesspeoplewithgreatenthusiasm.Itrequiresanimaginativegraspoftheinterlockinginterestsofgreatorganizations,andofthereactionsofthewholecomplextoanychangeinoneofitselements.Paraphrase:Todayinordertorunabusinesssuccessfully,onehastodevelopagoodunderstandingoftheadaptationsmadebythelargecorporationasawholetomeetthenewconditionsinoneofitsbranches.Itrequiresthatdisciplineofcharacterwhichcansay"yes"and"no"toothermen,notbyreasonofblindobstinacy,butwithfirmnessderivedfromaconsciousevaluationofrelevantalternatives.Paraphrase:Thereisaneedforcharactertrainingsothatwhentheymakedecisions,theyhavedeterminationandstrongbeliefwhichcomefromasoberconsiderationofrelatedchoicesandpossibilities,andtheyarenotgivingconsentornegationsimplyoutofunreasonablestubbornness.TheconductofbusinessnowrequiresintellectualimaginationofthesametypeasthatwhichinformertimeshasmainlypassedintothoseotheroccupationsParaphrase:Themanagementofamodernbusinessdemandsitsemployeestoacquirethecapacitytoapplytheirknowledgeimaginatively,whichusedtobetheabilitycultivatedinotherprofessions.Thereisonegreatdifficultywhichhampersallthehighertypesofhumanendeavor.Paraphrase:Onegreatdifficultycanrestricthumanbeingsfrommakingprogress,orachievements.Therecanbenocriticismofthecustom,buttheremaybeanunfortunateeffect—prolongedroutineworkdullstheimagination.Paraphrase:Thecontinuingusualornormalwayofworkinginacorporationtendstoblunt,orsuffocatetheimaginativepower/maketheimaginationlesssharpandclear.Unit4Themodernvariationreads:"Manisbornfreeandiseverywhereinchainstores,"andperfectlysumsupthenegativelightinwhichsupermarketsareseenbythecommunity,environmentaland"smallisbeautiful"campsParaphrase:Themodifiedsentenceinmoderntimesdescribesperfectlythenegativeattitudetowardssupermarketsheldbythepublic,environmentalistsandthosewhoadvocate"smallisbeautiful".AndwhilesupermarketshavebeenaccusedbytheCompetitionCommissionofloss-leadingandsqueezingsuppliers,suchbehaviourisbullishratherthanillegalParaphrase:TheCompetitionCommissionaccusedsupermarketsofadoptinglowpricingtogaincompetitiveedgeandminimizingprofitsofsuppliers,butthesestrategiesareboostingtheirownprofitandarenotillegalcompetitionmeans.Thekeytodeliveringbothlowpricesandhighqualityaswellasthrivingandsustainablecommunitiesistoensurethatretailactivityispresentinallcommunitiesofanysizethatwantit,andforittobepresentinsufficientnumbersfortheretobeadegreeofcompetition.Paraphrase:Inordertomakesuregoodsareofhighqualityandaresoldatlowprices,andinordertomaintainawell-developedandsustainablecommunity,theimportantelementistoprovideretailservicestoallthecommunitiesinneed,whetherlargeorsmall.Torealizethis,asufficientnumberofretailshopsshouldbeopensothatthereissomecompetition.Inpoorareas,environmentalimprovementsandsecuritymeasurescanhelpleveltheplayingfieldwithwealthierareas,whileavoidingdirectsubsidytofirms.Paraphrase:Inpoorareas,therearemeasurestoimprovetheirenvironmentandsecuritysothattheyaremoreorlessthesameasthewealthierareastoattractcustomers.However,theshopsdonotreceiveanyfundtoaidtheircompetitionwiththoseinwealthierneighbourhoods.Inthepoorestareas,itmaynotbethatpeopledon'tvaluehavingalocalshop,butratherthattheysimplycannotaffordtoignorethelowerpricesavailablethroughashortbusridetoasupermarket.Paraphrase:Inthepoorestareas,peopleprefersupermarkettolocalshopnotbecausetheydon'tvaluehavingalocalshop,butbecausetheirfinancialsituationmakesthemchoosethelowerpricesavailablethroughashortbusridetoasupermarket.TescoispromisingbespokeshopfrontsfornewExpressconveniencestoresandtostepupitseffortstoconsultcommunitiesaboutnewoutlets.Paraphrase:TescoispromisingbespokeshopfrontsfornewExpressconveniencestoresandtotakemoreeffortstoconsultcommunitiesaboutnewoutlets.Unit5TheRenaissance"...wentfromColumbustoCopernicus,fromCopernicustoGalileo,fromthediscoveryoftheearthtothatoftheheavens.Manre-foundhimself",accordingtoMichelet.Paraphrase:AccordingtoMichelet,theRenaissancewentfromtheEuropeanexplorationintotheunknownworld—theAmericanContinent,Africa,andAsia—tothescientificfindingthattheearthwasnotthecenteroftheworld.ForBurckhardt,theRenaissancewasaspecificallyItalianphenomenon,nurturedinthecity-statesofthe15thcentury,wheretheartistictalentsofthelikesofLeonardo,Botticelli,MantegnaandBrunelleschiflourished.Paraphrase:ForBurckhardt,theRenaissancewasahistoricaleventoccurredinItalyinparticular,duringwhichmanytalentedpeoplesuchasLeonardo,Botticelli,MantegnaandBrunelleschibecamesuccessful.Untilveryrecently,thisinventionoftheEuropeanRenaissancehasremainedapowerfulandseductivemyth,whichhasignoredmuchofwhatwastrulyrevolutionaryaboutthisextraordinaryperiodinEuropeanhistory.Paraphrase:Tillnow,theideathattheEuropeanRenaissancewasmostlya"rebirth"oftheclassicalGreekandRomanvaluesofliterarypurityandaestheticbeauty,remainedsoinfluentialandattractivethatpeoplehavelongtakenitforgranted,ignoringthatitwasactuallytradeandfinancethatbroughtthegreatrevolutioninthisextraordinaryperiodinEuropeanhistory.Whatunderpinnedallthegreatartistic,literaryandarchitecturalachievementsthatwenowseeasquintessentially"Renaissance"wasanequallymomentousrevolutionintradeandfinance.Paraphrase:ThecommercialandfinancialdevelopmentsduringtheRenaissancelaidthefoundationfortheculturalaccomplishmentsinthisperiodandtheyhavebroughtaboutasequallysignificantchangestotheEuropeansocietyastheartsdid.Onlynow,inourmorecomplexandinterdependentglobalworld,hasitbecomepossibletopiecetogetheramuchmorecomplexanddynamicpictureofwhatreallydrovetheculturalaccomplishmentsofthisremarkableperiod.Paraphrase:Asthecontemporaryworldbecomesmoreglobalizedandcomplex,itisnowpossibletoformacomprehensiveandvividviewofthedrivingforceoftheculturaldevelopmentsduringtheRenaissance.Neitherofthesewritersexploredhowtrade,finance,scienceandexchangewithotherculturesdecisivelyshapedwhattheysawastheculturalfloweringoftheEuropeanRenaissance.Paraphrase:Bothofthesewritersneglectedthefactthattrade,finance,scienceandexchangewithothercultureshadsignificantlyinfluencedtheculturaldevelopmentoftheEuropeanRenaissance.7.TheresultofthisincreasinglyinternationaltraderevolutionisedtasteinEurope.Paraphrase:TheresultofthisincreasinglyinternationaltradecausedfundamentalchangesintheculturalstyleinEurope.Whatwe'releftwithisavisionoftheRenaissanceasamuchdirtier,moreworldlyplacethanMicheletandBurckhardtbelieved,butthisonlyaddstoitssingularimportanceinthehistoryofwesternculturallife.Paraphrase:QuitedifferentfromwhatMicheletandBurckhardtbelieved,wearenowpresentedwithamorematerialistic,lessidealizedvisionoftheRenaissance,butthisrealizationmakesitallthemoreimportantinthewesternculturalhistory.Unit8TicketscalpinghasbeenverygoodtoKevinThomas,andhemakesnoapologies.Paraphrase:Heconsidersscalpingadecentwaytomakealiving,sothereisnoneedtofeelguiltyaboutsellingathigherprices.Undercoverofficersareenforcingnewrestrictionsonresellingticketsatmarked-upprices,andtheattorneysgeneralofthetwostatesarepressingwell-publicizedcasesagainstmorethanadozenticketbrokers.Paraphrase:Policeinplainclothesarenowimplementingthenewrulestorestrictsellingticketsathigherpricesthanthefacevalue.Thecourtofthetwostates,NewYork(whereNewYorkCityislocated)andNewJersey,areundergoinglegalproceedingsagainstmorethan12ticketbrokers.Thecasesaremuchreportedbythemedia.It'salwaysgoodpoliticstoposeasthedefenderofthepoorbydeclaringhighpricesillegal.Paraphrase:Itisalwaysawisepoliticalstrategytodeclaresellingathigherpricesillegalwiththeexcuseofdefendingthepoorpeople.Buttheownershaveprofitedbyfindinganewclienteleforticketsthatwouldhavegoneunsold,anillustrationofthefree-markettenetthatbothbuyersandsellersultimatelybenefitwhenpriceisadjustedtomeetdemand.Paraphrase:Thebox-officeownersbenefitedfromthesuggestionbyDr.Baumolbecausethoseticketswon'tgetstuckintheirhands.Thisisagoodexampletoshowthebuyersandsellersareabletoadjusttheirpreferencessothateachwillsatisfytheirownneeds.Therestrictions,whichwerestrengthenedlastyear,havesentmostscalperstotworefuges:theblackmarketandthesuburbsbeyondthestateline.Paraphrase:Theregulationimplementedlastyearcausedmostscalperstoseektwowaystosecuretheirprofit:oneistosellticketsintheblackmarket;theotheristosellthemoutsidethestateborderwherescalpingisnotprohibited.Andasmuchasscalperswouldliketoinflateprices,onlyalimitednumberofpeoplearewillingtopay$100aticket.Paraphrase:Eventhoughthescalperswouldliketoraisetheprices,notmanypeoplearereadytopayasmuchas$100foraticket.Unit6Wealsoknowthatotherwisebeneficialtechnologiescanopenuptroublingethicalquestions.Paraphrase:Certainusesoftechnologiesmaygiverisetoethicalquestionsthatcausespeoplealotofworries,eventhoughthetechnologiescanbenefithumanitiesinmanyotheraspects.Ifthedebasementoftheartsandsciencestopurposesofwickedness,luxury,andthelike,bemadeagroundofobjection,_letnoonebemovedthereby,forthesamemaybesaidofallearthlygoods;ofwit,courage,strength,beauty,wealth,lightitselfandtherest.Paraphrase:Ifitisconsideredanargumentagainsttheirfurtherdevelopmentthattheartsandsciencesmaybeusedforpurposesofwickedness,luxuryaswellassomeothersimilarlybadintentions,thenprogressshouldnotbepursuedinanyothergoodandvaluablethingsontheeartheither,includingwit,courage,strength,beauty,wealth,andevenlightitself,becauseanyofthemcanbereducedtoevilpurposes,justastheartsandsciencesdo.Scienceisinherentlyprogressive,andsogivesusthesensethatallothermeansofunderstandingmuststrivetocatchup.Paraphrase:Science,bynature,movesforwardcontinuously,thatis,italwaysknowsmoretodaythanyesterday.Thisfactmakespeoplebelievethatothermeansofunderstanding,suchasphilosophyandethics,etc.shouldmakeeveryefforttoprogressinthesamewayandatthesamepacesoastomeettheeverdevelopingneedofscience.Theethicalframeworkweneedtodealwiththechallenges(andtomakethemostofthepromise)ofscienceandtechnologyneednotbedevelopedinlightofthelatestscientificjournalarticle.Paraphrase:Indevelopingtheparticularsystemofmoralprinciplesessentialfordealingwiththechallengesofscienceandtechnology(andgainingthemaximumpotentialbenefitofthem),weneednottakeintoconsiderationthelatestdevelopmentsinscience,whicharereflectedinarticlespublishedintherecentissuesofscientificjournals.Thoseothersourcesservetogroundourmoraljudgment,whilescienceavoidsorflattensmoralquestions…Paraphrase:Thearrayofnon-scientificwisdom(includingphilosophy,ethicsandreligion)providesabasisonwhichwejudgewhetherabehaviorismorallycorrectornot;science,incontrast,avoidsquestionsrelatedtomoralissuesormakesthemseemlessimportant…6.…wemightdescribethemodernascendancyofthescientificworldviewasmorallyneutralizing,crowdingoutourmeansofmoralreasoningandsourcesofmoralauthority…Paraphrase:Thegrowingpowerofscientificworldviewinmodernsocietymightbeconsideredasreplacingtheinfluenceofnon-scientificwisdomonmoralissues,bydominatingourthoughtstotheexclusionoftraditionalwaysofmoralreasoningandothermodesofthinkingthatshouldbeofsupremeimportanceinmoraljudgments.7.…wealludetothe"BraveNewWorld"asshorthandfortheinhumantechnologicaldystopia…Paraphrase:Weuse"BraveNewWorld"asaquickandsimplewaytoindirectlyrefertoafuturisticworldresultingfrommisapplicationsoftechnologies,inwhichtheconditionsoflifearemiserable.Unitl近年来，人们用精确的经济计量技术来计算需求弹性。许多国家已发表了大量的以经验为根据的论著。Inrecentyears,theelasticityofdemandhasbeencalculatedwithrefinedeconometrictechniques.Therehavebeenempiricalworkspublishedbymanycountries.Theyprovidemultilingualservicesfortouristsallovertheworld,sopeoplesimplytuneintotheappropriatechannelforsiteinformation.他们为世界各地的游客提供多语服务，因此人们只要调到合适的语言频道就可以听景点介绍了。Dialecticalreasoningisbestappliedinresolvingcontroversialissuesandassessingopposingpositions.Oftentimes,thereareseveralpossiblewaysofresolvingquestionsandunderstandingissues,ratherthanonesinglerightanswer.辩证推理最常用于解决有争议的问题和评价对立立场。我们经常有若干个途径去解决问题、理解问题，而不是只有一个正确答案。ThisimmensetragedymayparadoxicallybeanopportunitytocreateanewandmoredemocraticsocietyinwhichallHaitianstreateachotherasequalcitizens.这个巨大的悲剧有可能反而成为一个机会，使海地能够创立新的、更加民主的社会，让所有海地人都相互视为平等的公民。众人期盼的个人所得税新税法从九月一日起开始实行。每月所得税起征点从2000元增至3500元，大概在550美元左右。Thehighly-anticipatedrevisedpersonalincometaxlawcomesintoeffectonSeptember1.Themonthlytaxexemptionthresholdforindividualshasbeenraisedfrom2,000yuanto3,500yuan,oraround550USdollars.6.去年的信贷危机并未遵循最近几次经济疲软时期的老路一一这几次的特点都是临时性的流动性冻结。Thecreditcrunchofthepastyearhasnotfollowedthepathofrecenteconomicallydebilitatingepisodescharacterizedbyatemporaryfreezingupofliquidity.7.巴菲特说美国的经济陷入了低谷，刺激复苏的努力可能会导致通胀高于上个世纪七十年代。BuffettsaidthattheUSeconomy"hasfallenoffacliff'andthateffortstostimulaterecoverymayleadtoinflationhigherthanthe1970Unit8.政府不仅控制国内贸易，还干预对外贸易。Thegovernmentnotonlycontrolsdomestictrade,butalsointervenesintointernationaltrade..抬高日用必需品价格实际上是剥夺了许多人基本的生活水平。Inflatingthepricesofdailynecessitiesisinfacttodeprivemanyofthebasiclivingconditions..人们很担心日渐蔓延的动荡形势将会以类似于1973年石油禁运的经济休克告终。Thebigworryisthatspreadingunrestwillculminateinanothershockakintotheoilembargoof1973..他的经济政策对共和党保守派支持者来说比较有吸引力。但是在其他方面，他看上去比较温和。HiseconomicpoliciesshouldappealtotheRepublicanParty'sconservativesupporters,butthatelsewhere,he'sseenasamoderate..从事研究工作的老师似乎可以有更多知识传授给学生。Facultywhoengageinresearchseemtohavemoreknowledgetopassontotheirstudents.Unit2.习惯和敬畏要比人们所知道的还难克服，除非他们真的努力避免多年的积习。(circumvent)Habitandawearehardertoovercomethanpeoplerealizeuntiltheyactuallytrytocircumventtheconductofyears..移动电话智能化程度越高，人们就越容易受到大量来电的困扰，有朋友打来的，有雇主打来的，也有来自广告商的信息和服务，这样人们留给自己的时间就会越来越少。(bebombardedwith)Thesmartermobilephonesget,themorepeoplewillbebombardedwithcallsfromfriends,employersandinformationoroffersfromadvertisers—andthelesstimetheywillhaveforthemselves..他们也定期走访中国，欣赏壮观的自然风景并汲取丰富的文化遗产。(imbibe)TheyalsovisitChinaregularlyinordertoappreciateitssplendorsandimbibeitsrichheritage..该协会也收集和传播有关出口融资和下属地区支付体系的数据资料。(disseminate)Theassociationalsocollectsanddisseminatesdataonexportfinancingandsub-regionalpaymentssystems..法律援助工作初步走上了法制化、规范化的轨道。(preliminary)Thepracticeoflegalaidhasbeenplacedonapreliminarylegalandregulartrack.Unit3.想象不应该和事实分离，想象是阐释事实的一种方式。Imaginationisnottobedivorcedfromthefacts;itisawayofilluminatingthefacts..这些对于一所大学的通常功能所做的思考可以同时用于解释一个商学院的特定作用上。Thesereflectionsuponthegeneralfunctionsofauniversitycanbeatonetranslatedintermsoftheparticularfunctionsofabusinessschool..案例方法逼迫学生做出决定，解决难题，而这些正是经理们每天都要面对的同类问题。Thecasemethodforcesstudentstograpplewithexactlythekindsofdecisionsanddilemmasmanagersconfronteveryday.Unit4.新的研究显示2011年许多国家蒙受了因环境灾害造成的史上最大经济损失。Anewstudyindicates2011istheyearwherecountriessustainedthehighesteconomiclossesresultingfromenvironmentalcatastrophesinhistory..这一群佛教建筑建于乾隆年间，是按照西藏建筑风格而建的。BuiltduringEmperorQianlong'sreign,thisgroupofBuddhiststructureswasbuiltinaccordancewiththeTibetanstyleofarchitecture..奥巴马总统号召企业更加努力振兴美国经济。PresidentO'BamanowcallsonbusinesstostepupeffortstoboostU.S.economy..据说当年亨利•福特开始生产小型汽车时，想要更多的人有购买小型车的需求，所以他就给他的所有员工增加一到两倍的工资，这对美国经济产生了雪球式的效果。LegendgoesthatwhenHenryFordstartedhisproductionofsmallcarshethoughtitwouldbeniceifhewouldbeabletogeneratemoredemandforthelittlecar,sohedoubledoreventripledthesalaryofallhisworkers,whichhadasnowballeffectontheAmericaneconomy..我们又一次沉浸在节日季节中，在这特别的日子里，我们总是与亲朋好友相聚共度百年流传的传统节日。Onceagainwefind