名人故居保护与可持续发展-以城市化背景下的济南为例_第1页
名人故居保护与可持续发展-以城市化背景下的济南为例_第2页
名人故居保护与可持续发展-以城市化背景下的济南为例_第3页
名人故居保护与可持续发展-以城市化背景下的济南为例_第4页
名人故居保护与可持续发展-以城市化背景下的济南为例_第5页
已阅读5页,还剩319页未读 继续免费阅读

付费阅读全文

版权说明:本文档由用户提供并上传,收益归属内容提供方,若内容存在侵权,请进行举报或认领

文档简介

Introduction

CHAPTER

1

2

Introduction

Throughouthumanhistory,countless

personalitieshaveplayedimportantrolesinthe

developmentofoursocietythroughtechnology,art,

culture,economics,andotherfields.Afterthose

personalitiespassedaway,theirformerresidences

becomethebestplacestocommemoratetheir

accomplishments,todisplaytheexamplesoftheirwork,

toexperiencetheirlivingconditionsandtofeeltheirspirit.

Thesehouses,nomatterhowlargeorsmall,luxuriousor

shabby,aretheplaceswherethesenotablepeoplelived

andoftensignificanteventsoccurred.Preservingthese

homesandtheirsurroundingsproperlycancreatean

excellentopportunityfordevelopingaregionalculture,

creatingauniquelocalidentity,promotingecologic

sustainability,benefitingthelocaleconomy,and

eventuallyimprovingahealthydevelopmentofwhole

social(Fig.1-1).However,urbanizationcausesnumerous

problemswhichmaythreatenthehealthydevelopmentof

theenvironment,economy,cultureandsociety,aswellas

thesafetyofarchitecturalheritage.Historicpersonalities’

Figure1-1.TheHistoricResidenceformerresidencesarealsofacingunprecedentedthreats.

1

Withoutanactivepreservationandsustainable

developmentstrategy,thevividhistoricscenesand

spiritualatmosphereofsucharchitecturalheritagesites

willslowlylosetheirabilitytoattractbothlocalsand

touristsalike,whichwilleventuallyleadtodegradationof

thesites,andpossiblytheirultimatedestruction.

Therefore,topreserveanddeveloptheseareasiscrucial

tosupporttheircontinuedexistenceandprolongtheir

usefulnesstothesociety.

InthecasestudyofJinan,China,aprogramof

preservationanddevelopmentofhistoricpersonalities’

residencesusingsustainablemethodsisacrucialissuein

anurbanizationcontext.Jinanisahistoricalandculturally

citywherenumerousfamoushistoricpersonalitieshave

lived.Theirformerresidencesareinvaluablecultural

treasuresthatallowustocommemoratetheirlivesand

achievements.Thesememorialresidencesarealso

historicallandmarksofJinan,providinganinvaluable

glimpseofthepastforthefuturegenerations.However,

giventherapidurbanizationprocessincontemporary

China,thesituationforprotectingandutilizationofthese

memorialresidencesisnotoptimistic.Theseresidential

heritageshaveoftenbeenpreservedinimproperways,

rebuiltbeyondrecognition,ordegradedgraduallybefore

finallybeingdemolishedduetotheirdilapidatedstate.

Facedwiththeseproblems,developingproperstrategies

2

Introduction

thatofferguidancefortheirpreservationandutilization

withrespecttoongoingurbandevelopmentisessential.

Forthisaim,besideabidingbytheprincipleof

authenticityprotectionofhistoricalbuildingsstrictly,we

shouldalsopaymoreattentiontothecultural

sustainabilityofarchitecturalheritage,andmakea

reasonableinterpretationofculturalheritagecombing

withcontemporaryneeds,sothatpeoplecanunderstand

andrespecttheseheritagesitesandtheculturethey

represent.Inthisway,thesefamousresidentialbuildings

andtheirculturecanbesmoothlyintegratedintomodern

life,andcontinuetoplayasignificantroleintangibleand

intangiblemeans.

1.1CulturalSustainabilityofArchitectural

HeritageinUrbanizationContext

1.1.1Urbanization

Ourworldisundergoingincreasedurbanizationatan

unprecedentedrate.In1950,only30%oftheworld’s

populationwaslocatedinanurbanenvironment,andby

2050,68%oftheworld’spopulationisprojectedtobe

urbanized.ThelevelofurbanizationinAsiaisnow

approximating50%1.InChina,“Chineseurbanization

1UnitedNations,UNWorldUrbanizationProspects,2018.

3

startedfromthesecondhalfofthe19thcentury.Inthe

beginning,itsspeedwasslowandunbalanced.Later

1970s,theurbanizationratewas14%.Itwas26%in1986.

In2005itreached43%.Atthisrate,by2020,Chinese

urbanizationlevelwillreach60%.”2

Urbanizationhasobviousadvantages,including

narrowingtheearningsgapbetweenruralandurban

regions,improvingindustryinruralareas,promoting

scientificandtechnologicaldevelopment.However,with

thisrapidurbanizationprocess,therearenumerousside

effectsthatmaycreatenegativeresults.“Therewillbe10

millionto20millionofthepeasantpopulationmovingto

thecityveryyearinChina.Duetothedemandforhousing

andemploymentneeds,itwillinevitablyleadtoalarge-

scaleexpansionofconstruction.Theconflictingofnew

urbanconstructionversusculturalheritageprotectionis

extremelysignificant.”3Densification,heavytraffic,

environmentaldegradation,thedestructionofcultural

relics,overburdenedinfrastructureincreasedpressureon

alreadycrowdedspace.Theseman-madehazardsand

risksputtremendouspressureonarchitecturalheritage

sites,andtheirsurroundings.Asahistoricalculturalcity

underurbanizationpressure,Jinanisfacingsevere

contradictionoftraditionalresidencespreservationversus

2ShanJixiang,UrbanizationandCulturalHeritageProtection,2006,p8.

3ShanJixiang,UrbanizationandCulturalHeritageProtection,2006,

p13.

4

Introduction

Figure1-2.TheUrbanizationStatusofJinanmodernurbanplanningintheongoingurbanization

process(Fig.1-2).

1.1.2CulturalSustainability

Sustainabledevelopmenthasbeenasignificantissue

since1987.Inthisyear,theUnitedNationsWorld

CommissiononEnvironmentandDevelopmentpublished

areportOurCommonFuturewhichformallyproposed

theconceptofSustainableDevelopment:“Development

thatmeetstheneedsofthepresentwithoutcompromising

theabilityoffuturegenerationstomeettheirownneeds.”4

TheMillenniumDeclaration,whichundertheprinciples

4BrundtlandCommission,ReportoftheWorldCommissionon

EnvironmentandDevelopment,1987.

5

oftheUnitedNationsCharter,identifiedsustainable

developmentwitheconomicdevelopment,social

developmentandenvironmentalprotection5.In2010,the

Agenda21forculture,theUnitedCitiesandLocal

Governments(UCLG)ExecutiveBureaupassedthe

policystatementCulture:FourthPillarofSustainable

Development.Culturaldiversityhasbecomethenew

elementofasustainabilitystrategy,whichas“oneofthe

rootsofdevelopmentunderstoodnotsimplyintermsof

economicgrowth,butalsoasameanstoachieveamore

satisfactoryintellectual,emotional,moralandspiritual

existence.”6Therefore,protectingheritageisnotlimited

tothepreservationofthebuildingitself,buttothe

protection,inheritanceanddevelopmentoftherelated

cultureandspirit.Inthecontextofurbanization,withthe

constantupdatingofvariouscomplexelementsina

modernlifestyle,theculturalsustainabilityof

architecturalheritagesitesisasignificantissue.

1.1.3CulturalSustainabilityofArchitectural

Heritage

Cultureisanabstractyetcomplicatedterm.English

anthropologist,thefounderofculturalanthropology

EdwardBurnettTylorpointedoutthat“Cultureor

Civilization,takeninitswideethnographicsense,isthat

5UnitedNations,UnitedNationsMillenniumDeclaration,2000.

6UNESCO,UniversalDeclarationonCulturalDiversity,2001.

6

Introduction

complexwholewhichincludesknowledge,belief,art,

morals,law,custom,andanyothercapabilitiesand

habitsacquiredbymanasamemberofsociety.”7In1999,

ICOMOSBurraCharterhashighlightedthat“Cultural

significancemeansaesthetic,historic,scientific,socialor

spiritualvalueforpast,presentorfuturegenerations.

Culturalsignificanceisembodiedintheplaceitself,its

fabric,setting,use,associations,meanings,records,

relatedplacesandrelatedobjects.”8Nodoubt,

architecturalheritageisakindofculturalheritagelinked

tothecultureofhumanity,whichreflectsthevaluablein

history,art,literature,philosophyandscience.Itisan

irreplaceableresourceformankindtohavetheabilityto

studyhistoryanddevelopthefuture.Culturalheritagein

theDictionaryofChineseCulturalHeritageisdefinedas

“alegacyofimportanthistoricvalueinbothmaterialand

spiritualwealthcreatedbyhumansocialpracticesin

prehistoricandcivilizedtimes”9,whichimpliesthatthe

culturalheritagehastangibleandintangibleattributes.

Therefore,asapartofculturalheritage,architectural

heritageisnotonlyamaterialheritage,butalsoaproperty

ofintangibleculturalheritage.Thesiteselectionideology,

layoutplan,architecturalform,materialselection,

constructiontechnologyandthestoriesthatoccurredin

historicalbuildings,aswellasthespecialcultural

7Tylor,Edward,PrimitiveCulture:ResearchintotheDevelopmentof

Mythology,Philosophy,Religion,Art,andCustum,1871,p1.

8AustraliaICOMOS,BurraCharter(revisedversion),1999.

9Qiufuke,theDictionaryofChineseCulturalHeritage,1991.

7

atmospheregeneratedbytheinfluenceofhistoricalFigure1-3.HistoricBuildingsinDaming

buildingsonthesurroundingarealltangibleandLakeofJinan

intangibleculturalelements.Theseculturesendowthe

buildingswithinfinitevitalityinthecontinuous

developmentofoursociety.Therefore,thesustainable

developmentofarchitecturalheritagerequiresboth

tangibleandintangibleculturalsustainability(Fig.1-3).

However,underthepressureofurbanization,the

sustainabilityofarchitectureheritageisabigissue.The

destructionoftheoriginalsurroundings,theunreasonable

usageofthebuildingsandthereconstructionof

architecturalelementshavecausedthelossofthe

authenticityanditsrelatedtangibleandintangibleculture,

finallyleadingtothecompletelylossofitsvalue.Actually,

withouthistoricalculture,architecturalheritageisonlya

functionalspacewithahistoricform,accommodatinga

differenttypeofusage.Oncethefunctioncannotadapt,

thebuildingwillbereplacedveryeasily.Especiallyfor

8

Introduction

thespecialtypesofarchitecturalheritage-historic

personality’sresidences,whicharemostlycommon,

potentiallyevenshabbybuildingspaces,withoutcultural

sustainability,theseresidencesmayveryeasilybetorn

downduetothenewrequirementsofurbanconstruction.

Therefore,allowingtheheritagetoremaintangibleand

relatedintangiblecultureinanurbanizationcontextisthe

keytosustainarchitecturalheritageanditsvalueforour

contemporarysociety.

1.2TheStatusofHistoricPersonalities’

Residences

Althoughthetangibleandintangiblecultural

sustainabilityofarchitecturalheritageisvitally

significanttothedevelopmentofacounty,acityand

society,thestatusofitsprotectionandutilizationin

moderncitiesisdisappointing,especiallythestatusofa

specialtypeofarchitecturalheritage,thehistoric

personality’sformerresidence.Newsemergences

frequentlythatthesefamousresidencesweredemolished

aswill.TakeJinanasanexample.Therearemany

importanthistoricalpersonalitiesintheancienttownof

Jinan.However,forvariousreasons,fewformer

residencesofthemhavebeenpreservedingoodcondition.

FromtheestablishmentofJinanCountyintheearly

WesternHanDynasty,itnowhasmorethan2,200years

9

ofrecordedhistory.In1376,Jinanbecamethecapitalof

ShandongProvince,whichmadeitamajornational

administrative,economic,educationalandtransportation

center.10Therehavebeennumeroushistorically

significantindividualswholivedinJinan.Accordingto

thestatisticsproducedbytheCityArchaeological

Institute,therewere46formerresidencesofhistorical

personalitiesinJinan.Thestronghistoricatmosphere

combinedwithuniquenaturalsceneryhasmadeJinaninto

afamousnationaltouristattraction.However,withthe

rapiddevelopmentofChineseurbanizationinrecentyears,

thereisafierceconflictbetweentherequirementsofthe

citymodernizationandthepreservationofarchitectural

heritagesites(Fig.1-4).Especiallytraditionaldwellings

arefrequentlyremoved,includinghistoricpersonalities’

residences.Forexample,theformerresidenceofMa

Guohanwasdemolishedin2001.DingBaozhenhouse

wasremovedin2002.XinZhujiuhousewasdemolished

in2008,eventhoughitwasanexcellentclassical

architecturalexample.Currently,thereareonlyafew

historicalresidencesremaining,suchasthewell-known

writerLaoShe’sresidence,educatorJuSimin’sresidence,

scholarLuDahuang’sresidenceandscholarChenMian’s

residence,andfamouspainterHeiBailong’sresidences.

Theheritageexpertsandcitizenswhoareawareofthe

seriousnessofJinan’sproblems,havecalledforthe

10JinanCityChroniclesCompilationCommittee,JinanCityRecord,Figure1-4.DecrepitWallofHistoricResidence

ZhonghuaBookCompanyPress,1997,p4.

inJinan

10

Introduction

protectionofthosefamousresidences.However,because

ofcomplicatedpropertyownership,improperusageand

otherreasons,thebuildingshavebeenseriouslydamaged.

⚫TheDestructionofOriginalSurroundings

Becauseofahighpopulationdensityandtheheavy

trafficthroughoutJinan,thedevelopmentscaleofnew

urbanareaisincreasinglyexpanding,encroachingon

historicallandareas.Giventhepressuresofurbanization,

itisincreasinglydifficulttopreservetheoriginal

surroundingsofthehistoricalresidences.

⚫RestorationDifferencesBasedonOwnership

Memorialresidencesbelongingtothegovernmentor

government-affiliatedinstitutionsandenterprisesare

usuallyinbettercondition,butsometimesimproper

restorationandusagemethodshavedamagedthe

buildings.Thoseresidentialpropertieswhichbelongto

individualsoftenlackstrictmanagementsystemsand

preservationconsciousness.Often,originalbuildings

havebeenrenovatedwithoutregardtoitshistorical

significance.

⚫ModernLifestyleEffectstheOriginalPattern

Peoplegenerallypursuecreaturecomfortsand

modernconveniences.Toadapttothisnewurbanlifestyle,

somenotableresidenceshavebeenmodifiedinformand

functiontoaccommodatetheseconveniences.WithoutFigure1-4.HistoricResidence

lackingPreservation

11

propermanagementpracticesinplace,theauthenticityof

buildingshasgraduallydisappeared.

⚫OriginalMaterialsReplacedbyNewMaterials

Thedevelopmentofnewmaterialsandnew

technologysupportspreservationandutilizationofthe

historicalbuildings,butimproperuseofthesenew

materialsdestroystheauthenticityofthehistorical

buildingsandweakensthesenseofhistory.

⚫LackofHistoricScenesandAtmosphere

Thefinalgoalofpreservinganddevelopingthe

historicpersonalities’residencesandsurroundingsisto

retainthespiritofthehistoricpersonalitiesthatlivedthere,

creatingamemorial.Thelackoforiginallifescenesofthe

historicresidencesinJinandegradestheauthorityandthe

atmosphereofhistory,whichisdetrimentaltoafull

expressionofthepersonalities’spirit.

⚫CurrentUsedoesnotHonortheHistoric

MemorialResidence

Forthosememorialresidenceswhichhavebeen

identified,thecurrentusage,developmentand

managementarecombinedwithirrelevantfunctionsthat

donotconsiderthevaluesofthehistoricpersonalitiesand

theircontributions.Forthosehistoricalhousesnotyet

identified,theyareoftenfoundtobeshabby,withno

activemanagementsystemorhistoricallysignificant

12

Introduction

usage.Eventheresidentswhoarelivingnearbyremain

unawarethatthefamoushistoricpersonsthatlivedthere

previously.

1.3HermeneuticsMethodologyand

HeritageInterpretation

Inordertorationallyprotectandutilizethese

historicpersonalities’residences,andintegratetheminto

contemporarylife,theirinterpretationiskey.Howdowe

understandandinterpretthesehomes?Howcanwe

properlypreserveanddeveloptheminamannerthat

retainstheirheritage?Modernhermeneuticsasa

qualitativemethodologyparadigmofhumanitiesscience

thatwillprovideusthepossibleunderstandingand

interpretationprocess,andproducereasonableresearch

methodsforthepreservationanddevelopmentofthese

valuableresidences.

Wemayhaveexperiencedanabstractpainting

whichafterbeingcreatedbyapassionateartistcan

produceanunexpectedeffect.Interestingly,visitorsina

gallerywilltrytoimagineandunderstandpaintingsbased

ontheirownexperience,andtheresultscanbevery

different.Ofcourse,researchersshouldbemoreadeptat

studyingtheartist’spersonality,livingstatus,styleand

psychologicalactivitytodiscovertheoriginalmeaningof

thepainting.Thisstudyprocess,however,willinevitably

13

becoloredbytheresearcher’spersonalbiases,which

makesitimpossibletorestoretheoriginalmeaningofthe

painting.Butduringthisprocess,researchersmayfinda

moreprofoundsignificancewhichtheartistdidnotintend.

AsthefamousFrenchphilosopherPaulRicoeursaid

“Whatissoughtisnolongeranintentionhiddenbehind

thetext,butaworldunfoldedinfrontofit.”11This

interpretationalconceptisthecorethoughtofmodern

hermeneutics.

Hermeneutics,initially,wasaskillwhichwas

appliedto“theexegesistextinterpretation,especiallythe

interpretationofbiblicaltexts,wisdomliterature,and

philosophicaltexts”.12GermanphilosopherFriedrich

Schleiermacherbroadenedthescopeofinterpretationand

developedhermeneuticstobeageneralscienceforall

humantextsandmodesofcommunication.Wilhelm

Diltheydistinguishedbetweennaturalsciencesand

humansciences,establishedthefoundationof

hermeneuticsmethodologyforhumansciences.He

claimedthat,unlikethenaturalsciences,understandingis

thekeyfortheexplorationoftheinnermeaningofhuman

actionandproductivity.Hestillaimedtodiscoverthe

originalmeaningofworks,butrealizedtheinitiativeof

thereaderandbelievedthat“Theultimateaimof

hermeneuticsistounderstandtheauthorbetterthanhe

11PaulRicoeur,HermeneuticsandHumanSciences,1981,p93.

12Audi,Robert,TheCambridgeDictionaryofPhilosophy,1999,p377.

14

Introduction

understandshimself.”13.MartinHeideggerdevelopedthe

hermeneuticstobeaphilosophyrelevanttoontology.He

shiftedthefocusfromtheinterpretationofworkstothe

existentialunderstandingofhumanandsociety.Later,

Hans-GeorgGadamerdevelopedhermeneuticsfrom

ontologyphilosophytobeamethodologyand

epistemology.Hestressedtheexperienceofthe

interpreter,andpointedoutthatprejudiceisanelementof

ourunderstanding14.Theresultofunderstandingisvery

differentforeveryinterpreter.Heexplainedhowto

understandthroughtheHistorically-effected

ConsciousnessandFusionofHorizonsconcept.Paul

Ricoeurdevelopedhermeneuticsbasedon

phenomenology,andcombinedhermeneuticswith

structuralism,psychology,andlinguistics,further

strengthenedthepracticalityofthehermeneutics

methodology.Therefore,unliketraditionalhermeneutics,

ratherthananinterpretationskilloftext,modern

hermeneuticsisanimportantmethodologyand

philosophyforunderstandingandinterpretingthehuman

sciencesuchashumanbehaviorandsociety.

AncientChinesescholarsalsodevelopedthe

hermeneuticmethodologyintheprocessofinterpreting

texts.WhenChenShan,ascholaroftheSouthernSong

Dynasty,expoundedthemethodofreading,hepointed

13PaulRicoeur,Fromtexttoaction,1991,p111.

14Hans-GeorgGadamer,TruthandMethod,1975.

15

outthatthe“Readershouldknowthewayofgoinginto

andoutofthebook....Studyingtheoriginalmeaningof

thetextisgoingintothebook,andtodevelopthemeaning

incombinationwithrealityisgoingoutofthebook.

Therefore,ifthereadercan’tgointothebook,hecan’t

reallyunderstandtheauthor’sintention;ifthereader

can’tgetoutofthebook,hewillfossilizeinthebook.”15

Thisreadingmethodfullyreflectsthedialecticalunityof

objectiveunderstandingandsubjectiveinterpretation.

Asahumanscience,culturalheritageandrelated

tangibleandintangibleinformationwillinevitablyberead

andinterpretedbydifferentaudiencesindifferentages.

Obviously,howitispreservedanddevelopeddependson

howpeopleunderstandandinterpretit.Infact,

inappropriateactionsinpreservationanddevelopment

duetomisunderstandingandwronginterpretations

alreadyhavedegradedheritagesites,evencausing

devastatingdamage.Therefore,beforeprotection,display

andutilization,aproperunderstandingandinterpretation

inaccordancewiththecharacteristicsofthetimesandthe

needsofthepublicisnecessary.

15LiYouguang,AcomparisonbetweenChineseandWesternhermeneutics

onmeaningandunderstanding,2007,34(6),p152.

16

Introduction

温馨提示

  • 1. 本站所有资源如无特殊说明,都需要本地电脑安装OFFICE2007和PDF阅读器。图纸软件为CAD,CAXA,PROE,UG,SolidWorks等.压缩文件请下载最新的WinRAR软件解压。
  • 2. 本站的文档不包含任何第三方提供的附件图纸等,如果需要附件,请联系上传者。文件的所有权益归上传用户所有。
  • 3. 本站RAR压缩包中若带图纸,网页内容里面会有图纸预览,若没有图纸预览就没有图纸。
  • 4. 未经权益所有人同意不得将文件中的内容挪作商业或盈利用途。
  • 5. 人人文库网仅提供信息存储空间,仅对用户上传内容的表现方式做保护处理,对用户上传分享的文档内容本身不做任何修改或编辑,并不能对任何下载内容负责。
  • 6. 下载文件中如有侵权或不适当内容,请与我们联系,我们立即纠正。
  • 7. 本站不保证下载资源的准确性、安全性和完整性, 同时也不承担用户因使用这些下载资源对自己和他人造成任何形式的伤害或损失。

评论

0/150

提交评论