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Introduction
序
CHAPTER
1
2
Introduction
序
Throughouthumanhistory,countless
personalitieshaveplayedimportantrolesinthe
developmentofoursocietythroughtechnology,art,
culture,economics,andotherfields.Afterthose
personalitiespassedaway,theirformerresidences
becomethebestplacestocommemoratetheir
accomplishments,todisplaytheexamplesoftheirwork,
toexperiencetheirlivingconditionsandtofeeltheirspirit.
Thesehouses,nomatterhowlargeorsmall,luxuriousor
shabby,aretheplaceswherethesenotablepeoplelived
andoftensignificanteventsoccurred.Preservingthese
homesandtheirsurroundingsproperlycancreatean
excellentopportunityfordevelopingaregionalculture,
creatingauniquelocalidentity,promotingecologic
sustainability,benefitingthelocaleconomy,and
eventuallyimprovingahealthydevelopmentofwhole
social(Fig.1-1).However,urbanizationcausesnumerous
problemswhichmaythreatenthehealthydevelopmentof
theenvironment,economy,cultureandsociety,aswellas
thesafetyofarchitecturalheritage.Historicpersonalities’
Figure1-1.TheHistoricResidenceformerresidencesarealsofacingunprecedentedthreats.
1
Withoutanactivepreservationandsustainable
developmentstrategy,thevividhistoricscenesand
spiritualatmosphereofsucharchitecturalheritagesites
willslowlylosetheirabilitytoattractbothlocalsand
touristsalike,whichwilleventuallyleadtodegradationof
thesites,andpossiblytheirultimatedestruction.
Therefore,topreserveanddeveloptheseareasiscrucial
tosupporttheircontinuedexistenceandprolongtheir
usefulnesstothesociety.
InthecasestudyofJinan,China,aprogramof
preservationanddevelopmentofhistoricpersonalities’
residencesusingsustainablemethodsisacrucialissuein
anurbanizationcontext.Jinanisahistoricalandculturally
citywherenumerousfamoushistoricpersonalitieshave
lived.Theirformerresidencesareinvaluablecultural
treasuresthatallowustocommemoratetheirlivesand
achievements.Thesememorialresidencesarealso
historicallandmarksofJinan,providinganinvaluable
glimpseofthepastforthefuturegenerations.However,
giventherapidurbanizationprocessincontemporary
China,thesituationforprotectingandutilizationofthese
memorialresidencesisnotoptimistic.Theseresidential
heritageshaveoftenbeenpreservedinimproperways,
rebuiltbeyondrecognition,ordegradedgraduallybefore
finallybeingdemolishedduetotheirdilapidatedstate.
Facedwiththeseproblems,developingproperstrategies
2
Introduction
序
thatofferguidancefortheirpreservationandutilization
withrespecttoongoingurbandevelopmentisessential.
Forthisaim,besideabidingbytheprincipleof
authenticityprotectionofhistoricalbuildingsstrictly,we
shouldalsopaymoreattentiontothecultural
sustainabilityofarchitecturalheritage,andmakea
reasonableinterpretationofculturalheritagecombing
withcontemporaryneeds,sothatpeoplecanunderstand
andrespecttheseheritagesitesandtheculturethey
represent.Inthisway,thesefamousresidentialbuildings
andtheirculturecanbesmoothlyintegratedintomodern
life,andcontinuetoplayasignificantroleintangibleand
intangiblemeans.
1.1CulturalSustainabilityofArchitectural
HeritageinUrbanizationContext
1.1.1Urbanization
Ourworldisundergoingincreasedurbanizationatan
unprecedentedrate.In1950,only30%oftheworld’s
populationwaslocatedinanurbanenvironment,andby
2050,68%oftheworld’spopulationisprojectedtobe
urbanized.ThelevelofurbanizationinAsiaisnow
approximating50%1.InChina,“Chineseurbanization
1UnitedNations,UNWorldUrbanizationProspects,2018.
3
startedfromthesecondhalfofthe19thcentury.Inthe
beginning,itsspeedwasslowandunbalanced.Later
1970s,theurbanizationratewas14%.Itwas26%in1986.
In2005itreached43%.Atthisrate,by2020,Chinese
urbanizationlevelwillreach60%.”2
Urbanizationhasobviousadvantages,including
narrowingtheearningsgapbetweenruralandurban
regions,improvingindustryinruralareas,promoting
scientificandtechnologicaldevelopment.However,with
thisrapidurbanizationprocess,therearenumerousside
effectsthatmaycreatenegativeresults.“Therewillbe10
millionto20millionofthepeasantpopulationmovingto
thecityveryyearinChina.Duetothedemandforhousing
andemploymentneeds,itwillinevitablyleadtoalarge-
scaleexpansionofconstruction.Theconflictingofnew
urbanconstructionversusculturalheritageprotectionis
extremelysignificant.”3Densification,heavytraffic,
environmentaldegradation,thedestructionofcultural
relics,overburdenedinfrastructureincreasedpressureon
alreadycrowdedspace.Theseman-madehazardsand
risksputtremendouspressureonarchitecturalheritage
sites,andtheirsurroundings.Asahistoricalculturalcity
underurbanizationpressure,Jinanisfacingsevere
contradictionoftraditionalresidencespreservationversus
2ShanJixiang,UrbanizationandCulturalHeritageProtection,2006,p8.
3ShanJixiang,UrbanizationandCulturalHeritageProtection,2006,
p13.
4
Introduction
序
Figure1-2.TheUrbanizationStatusofJinanmodernurbanplanningintheongoingurbanization
process(Fig.1-2).
1.1.2CulturalSustainability
Sustainabledevelopmenthasbeenasignificantissue
since1987.Inthisyear,theUnitedNationsWorld
CommissiononEnvironmentandDevelopmentpublished
areportOurCommonFuturewhichformallyproposed
theconceptofSustainableDevelopment:“Development
thatmeetstheneedsofthepresentwithoutcompromising
theabilityoffuturegenerationstomeettheirownneeds.”4
TheMillenniumDeclaration,whichundertheprinciples
4BrundtlandCommission,ReportoftheWorldCommissionon
EnvironmentandDevelopment,1987.
5
oftheUnitedNationsCharter,identifiedsustainable
developmentwitheconomicdevelopment,social
developmentandenvironmentalprotection5.In2010,the
Agenda21forculture,theUnitedCitiesandLocal
Governments(UCLG)ExecutiveBureaupassedthe
policystatementCulture:FourthPillarofSustainable
Development.Culturaldiversityhasbecomethenew
elementofasustainabilitystrategy,whichas“oneofthe
rootsofdevelopmentunderstoodnotsimplyintermsof
economicgrowth,butalsoasameanstoachieveamore
satisfactoryintellectual,emotional,moralandspiritual
existence.”6Therefore,protectingheritageisnotlimited
tothepreservationofthebuildingitself,buttothe
protection,inheritanceanddevelopmentoftherelated
cultureandspirit.Inthecontextofurbanization,withthe
constantupdatingofvariouscomplexelementsina
modernlifestyle,theculturalsustainabilityof
architecturalheritagesitesisasignificantissue.
1.1.3CulturalSustainabilityofArchitectural
Heritage
Cultureisanabstractyetcomplicatedterm.English
anthropologist,thefounderofculturalanthropology
EdwardBurnettTylorpointedoutthat“Cultureor
Civilization,takeninitswideethnographicsense,isthat
5UnitedNations,UnitedNationsMillenniumDeclaration,2000.
6UNESCO,UniversalDeclarationonCulturalDiversity,2001.
6
Introduction
序
complexwholewhichincludesknowledge,belief,art,
morals,law,custom,andanyothercapabilitiesand
habitsacquiredbymanasamemberofsociety.”7In1999,
ICOMOSBurraCharterhashighlightedthat“Cultural
significancemeansaesthetic,historic,scientific,socialor
spiritualvalueforpast,presentorfuturegenerations.
Culturalsignificanceisembodiedintheplaceitself,its
fabric,setting,use,associations,meanings,records,
relatedplacesandrelatedobjects.”8Nodoubt,
architecturalheritageisakindofculturalheritagelinked
tothecultureofhumanity,whichreflectsthevaluablein
history,art,literature,philosophyandscience.Itisan
irreplaceableresourceformankindtohavetheabilityto
studyhistoryanddevelopthefuture.Culturalheritagein
theDictionaryofChineseCulturalHeritageisdefinedas
“alegacyofimportanthistoricvalueinbothmaterialand
spiritualwealthcreatedbyhumansocialpracticesin
prehistoricandcivilizedtimes”9,whichimpliesthatthe
culturalheritagehastangibleandintangibleattributes.
Therefore,asapartofculturalheritage,architectural
heritageisnotonlyamaterialheritage,butalsoaproperty
ofintangibleculturalheritage.Thesiteselectionideology,
layoutplan,architecturalform,materialselection,
constructiontechnologyandthestoriesthatoccurredin
historicalbuildings,aswellasthespecialcultural
7Tylor,Edward,PrimitiveCulture:ResearchintotheDevelopmentof
Mythology,Philosophy,Religion,Art,andCustum,1871,p1.
8AustraliaICOMOS,BurraCharter(revisedversion),1999.
9Qiufuke,theDictionaryofChineseCulturalHeritage,1991.
7
atmospheregeneratedbytheinfluenceofhistoricalFigure1-3.HistoricBuildingsinDaming
buildingsonthesurroundingarealltangibleandLakeofJinan
intangibleculturalelements.Theseculturesendowthe
buildingswithinfinitevitalityinthecontinuous
developmentofoursociety.Therefore,thesustainable
developmentofarchitecturalheritagerequiresboth
tangibleandintangibleculturalsustainability(Fig.1-3).
However,underthepressureofurbanization,the
sustainabilityofarchitectureheritageisabigissue.The
destructionoftheoriginalsurroundings,theunreasonable
usageofthebuildingsandthereconstructionof
architecturalelementshavecausedthelossofthe
authenticityanditsrelatedtangibleandintangibleculture,
finallyleadingtothecompletelylossofitsvalue.Actually,
withouthistoricalculture,architecturalheritageisonlya
functionalspacewithahistoricform,accommodatinga
differenttypeofusage.Oncethefunctioncannotadapt,
thebuildingwillbereplacedveryeasily.Especiallyfor
8
Introduction
序
thespecialtypesofarchitecturalheritage-historic
personality’sresidences,whicharemostlycommon,
potentiallyevenshabbybuildingspaces,withoutcultural
sustainability,theseresidencesmayveryeasilybetorn
downduetothenewrequirementsofurbanconstruction.
Therefore,allowingtheheritagetoremaintangibleand
relatedintangiblecultureinanurbanizationcontextisthe
keytosustainarchitecturalheritageanditsvalueforour
contemporarysociety.
1.2TheStatusofHistoricPersonalities’
Residences
Althoughthetangibleandintangiblecultural
sustainabilityofarchitecturalheritageisvitally
significanttothedevelopmentofacounty,acityand
society,thestatusofitsprotectionandutilizationin
moderncitiesisdisappointing,especiallythestatusofa
specialtypeofarchitecturalheritage,thehistoric
personality’sformerresidence.Newsemergences
frequentlythatthesefamousresidencesweredemolished
aswill.TakeJinanasanexample.Therearemany
importanthistoricalpersonalitiesintheancienttownof
Jinan.However,forvariousreasons,fewformer
residencesofthemhavebeenpreservedingoodcondition.
FromtheestablishmentofJinanCountyintheearly
WesternHanDynasty,itnowhasmorethan2,200years
9
ofrecordedhistory.In1376,Jinanbecamethecapitalof
ShandongProvince,whichmadeitamajornational
administrative,economic,educationalandtransportation
center.10Therehavebeennumeroushistorically
significantindividualswholivedinJinan.Accordingto
thestatisticsproducedbytheCityArchaeological
Institute,therewere46formerresidencesofhistorical
personalitiesinJinan.Thestronghistoricatmosphere
combinedwithuniquenaturalsceneryhasmadeJinaninto
afamousnationaltouristattraction.However,withthe
rapiddevelopmentofChineseurbanizationinrecentyears,
thereisafierceconflictbetweentherequirementsofthe
citymodernizationandthepreservationofarchitectural
heritagesites(Fig.1-4).Especiallytraditionaldwellings
arefrequentlyremoved,includinghistoricpersonalities’
residences.Forexample,theformerresidenceofMa
Guohanwasdemolishedin2001.DingBaozhenhouse
wasremovedin2002.XinZhujiuhousewasdemolished
in2008,eventhoughitwasanexcellentclassical
architecturalexample.Currently,thereareonlyafew
historicalresidencesremaining,suchasthewell-known
writerLaoShe’sresidence,educatorJuSimin’sresidence,
scholarLuDahuang’sresidenceandscholarChenMian’s
residence,andfamouspainterHeiBailong’sresidences.
Theheritageexpertsandcitizenswhoareawareofthe
seriousnessofJinan’sproblems,havecalledforthe
10JinanCityChroniclesCompilationCommittee,JinanCityRecord,Figure1-4.DecrepitWallofHistoricResidence
ZhonghuaBookCompanyPress,1997,p4.
inJinan
10
Introduction
序
protectionofthosefamousresidences.However,because
ofcomplicatedpropertyownership,improperusageand
otherreasons,thebuildingshavebeenseriouslydamaged.
⚫TheDestructionofOriginalSurroundings
Becauseofahighpopulationdensityandtheheavy
trafficthroughoutJinan,thedevelopmentscaleofnew
urbanareaisincreasinglyexpanding,encroachingon
historicallandareas.Giventhepressuresofurbanization,
itisincreasinglydifficulttopreservetheoriginal
surroundingsofthehistoricalresidences.
⚫RestorationDifferencesBasedonOwnership
Memorialresidencesbelongingtothegovernmentor
government-affiliatedinstitutionsandenterprisesare
usuallyinbettercondition,butsometimesimproper
restorationandusagemethodshavedamagedthe
buildings.Thoseresidentialpropertieswhichbelongto
individualsoftenlackstrictmanagementsystemsand
preservationconsciousness.Often,originalbuildings
havebeenrenovatedwithoutregardtoitshistorical
significance.
⚫ModernLifestyleEffectstheOriginalPattern
Peoplegenerallypursuecreaturecomfortsand
modernconveniences.Toadapttothisnewurbanlifestyle,
somenotableresidenceshavebeenmodifiedinformand
functiontoaccommodatetheseconveniences.WithoutFigure1-4.HistoricResidence
lackingPreservation
11
propermanagementpracticesinplace,theauthenticityof
buildingshasgraduallydisappeared.
⚫OriginalMaterialsReplacedbyNewMaterials
Thedevelopmentofnewmaterialsandnew
technologysupportspreservationandutilizationofthe
historicalbuildings,butimproperuseofthesenew
materialsdestroystheauthenticityofthehistorical
buildingsandweakensthesenseofhistory.
⚫LackofHistoricScenesandAtmosphere
Thefinalgoalofpreservinganddevelopingthe
historicpersonalities’residencesandsurroundingsisto
retainthespiritofthehistoricpersonalitiesthatlivedthere,
creatingamemorial.Thelackoforiginallifescenesofthe
historicresidencesinJinandegradestheauthorityandthe
atmosphereofhistory,whichisdetrimentaltoafull
expressionofthepersonalities’spirit.
⚫CurrentUsedoesnotHonortheHistoric
MemorialResidence
Forthosememorialresidenceswhichhavebeen
identified,thecurrentusage,developmentand
managementarecombinedwithirrelevantfunctionsthat
donotconsiderthevaluesofthehistoricpersonalitiesand
theircontributions.Forthosehistoricalhousesnotyet
identified,theyareoftenfoundtobeshabby,withno
activemanagementsystemorhistoricallysignificant
12
Introduction
序
usage.Eventheresidentswhoarelivingnearbyremain
unawarethatthefamoushistoricpersonsthatlivedthere
previously.
1.3HermeneuticsMethodologyand
HeritageInterpretation
Inordertorationallyprotectandutilizethese
historicpersonalities’residences,andintegratetheminto
contemporarylife,theirinterpretationiskey.Howdowe
understandandinterpretthesehomes?Howcanwe
properlypreserveanddeveloptheminamannerthat
retainstheirheritage?Modernhermeneuticsasa
qualitativemethodologyparadigmofhumanitiesscience
thatwillprovideusthepossibleunderstandingand
interpretationprocess,andproducereasonableresearch
methodsforthepreservationanddevelopmentofthese
valuableresidences.
Wemayhaveexperiencedanabstractpainting
whichafterbeingcreatedbyapassionateartistcan
produceanunexpectedeffect.Interestingly,visitorsina
gallerywilltrytoimagineandunderstandpaintingsbased
ontheirownexperience,andtheresultscanbevery
different.Ofcourse,researchersshouldbemoreadeptat
studyingtheartist’spersonality,livingstatus,styleand
psychologicalactivitytodiscovertheoriginalmeaningof
thepainting.Thisstudyprocess,however,willinevitably
13
becoloredbytheresearcher’spersonalbiases,which
makesitimpossibletorestoretheoriginalmeaningofthe
painting.Butduringthisprocess,researchersmayfinda
moreprofoundsignificancewhichtheartistdidnotintend.
AsthefamousFrenchphilosopherPaulRicoeursaid
“Whatissoughtisnolongeranintentionhiddenbehind
thetext,butaworldunfoldedinfrontofit.”11This
interpretationalconceptisthecorethoughtofmodern
hermeneutics.
Hermeneutics,initially,wasaskillwhichwas
appliedto“theexegesistextinterpretation,especiallythe
interpretationofbiblicaltexts,wisdomliterature,and
philosophicaltexts”.12GermanphilosopherFriedrich
Schleiermacherbroadenedthescopeofinterpretationand
developedhermeneuticstobeageneralscienceforall
humantextsandmodesofcommunication.Wilhelm
Diltheydistinguishedbetweennaturalsciencesand
humansciences,establishedthefoundationof
hermeneuticsmethodologyforhumansciences.He
claimedthat,unlikethenaturalsciences,understandingis
thekeyfortheexplorationoftheinnermeaningofhuman
actionandproductivity.Hestillaimedtodiscoverthe
originalmeaningofworks,butrealizedtheinitiativeof
thereaderandbelievedthat“Theultimateaimof
hermeneuticsistounderstandtheauthorbetterthanhe
11PaulRicoeur,HermeneuticsandHumanSciences,1981,p93.
12Audi,Robert,TheCambridgeDictionaryofPhilosophy,1999,p377.
14
Introduction
序
understandshimself.”13.MartinHeideggerdevelopedthe
hermeneuticstobeaphilosophyrelevanttoontology.He
shiftedthefocusfromtheinterpretationofworkstothe
existentialunderstandingofhumanandsociety.Later,
Hans-GeorgGadamerdevelopedhermeneuticsfrom
ontologyphilosophytobeamethodologyand
epistemology.Hestressedtheexperienceofthe
interpreter,andpointedoutthatprejudiceisanelementof
ourunderstanding14.Theresultofunderstandingisvery
differentforeveryinterpreter.Heexplainedhowto
understandthroughtheHistorically-effected
ConsciousnessandFusionofHorizonsconcept.Paul
Ricoeurdevelopedhermeneuticsbasedon
phenomenology,andcombinedhermeneuticswith
structuralism,psychology,andlinguistics,further
strengthenedthepracticalityofthehermeneutics
methodology.Therefore,unliketraditionalhermeneutics,
ratherthananinterpretationskilloftext,modern
hermeneuticsisanimportantmethodologyand
philosophyforunderstandingandinterpretingthehuman
sciencesuchashumanbehaviorandsociety.
AncientChinesescholarsalsodevelopedthe
hermeneuticmethodologyintheprocessofinterpreting
texts.WhenChenShan,ascholaroftheSouthernSong
Dynasty,expoundedthemethodofreading,hepointed
13PaulRicoeur,Fromtexttoaction,1991,p111.
14Hans-GeorgGadamer,TruthandMethod,1975.
15
outthatthe“Readershouldknowthewayofgoinginto
andoutofthebook....Studyingtheoriginalmeaningof
thetextisgoingintothebook,andtodevelopthemeaning
incombinationwithrealityisgoingoutofthebook.
Therefore,ifthereadercan’tgointothebook,hecan’t
reallyunderstandtheauthor’sintention;ifthereader
can’tgetoutofthebook,hewillfossilizeinthebook.”15
Thisreadingmethodfullyreflectsthedialecticalunityof
objectiveunderstandingandsubjectiveinterpretation.
Asahumanscience,culturalheritageandrelated
tangibleandintangibleinformationwillinevitablyberead
andinterpretedbydifferentaudiencesindifferentages.
Obviously,howitispreservedanddevelopeddependson
howpeopleunderstandandinterpretit.Infact,
inappropriateactionsinpreservationanddevelopment
duetomisunderstandingandwronginterpretations
alreadyhavedegradedheritagesites,evencausing
devastatingdamage.Therefore,beforeprotection,display
andutilization,aproperunderstandingandinterpretation
inaccordancewiththecharacteristicsofthetimesandthe
needsofthepublicisnecessary.
15LiYouguang,AcomparisonbetweenChineseandWesternhermeneutics
onmeaningandunderstanding,2007,34(6),p152.
16
Introduction
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