名人故居保护与可持续发展-以城市化背景下的济南为例

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CHAPTER

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Throughouthumanhistory,countless

personalitieshaveplayedimportantrolesinthe

developmentofoursocietythroughtechnology,art,

culture,economics,andotherfields.Afterthose

personalitiespassedaway,theirformerresidences

becomethebestplacestocommemoratetheir

accomplishments,todisplaytheexamplesoftheirwork,

toexperiencetheirlivingconditionsandtofeeltheirspirit.

Thesehouses,nomatterhowlargeorsmall,luxuriousor

shabby,aretheplaceswherethesenotablepeoplelived

andoftensignificanteventsoccurred.Preservingthese

homesandtheirsurroundingsproperlycancreatean

excellentopportunityfordevelopingaregionalculture,

creatingauniquelocalidentity,promotingecologic

sustainability,benefitingthelocaleconomy,and

eventuallyimprovingahealthydevelopmentofwhole

social(Fig.1-1).However,urbanizationcausesnumerous

problemswhichmaythreatenthehealthydevelopmentof

theenvironment,economy,cultureandsociety,aswellas

thesafetyofarchitecturalheritage.Historicpersonalities’

Figure1-1.TheHistoricResidenceformerresidencesarealsofacingunprecedentedthreats.

1

Withoutanactivepreservationandsustainable

developmentstrategy,thevividhistoricscenesand

spiritualatmosphereofsucharchitecturalheritagesites

willslowlylosetheirabilitytoattractbothlocalsand

touristsalike,whichwilleventuallyleadtodegradationof

thesites,andpossiblytheirultimatedestruction.

Therefore,topreserveanddeveloptheseareasiscrucial

tosupporttheircontinuedexistenceandprolongtheir

usefulnesstothesociety.

InthecasestudyofJinan,China,aprogramof

preservationanddevelopmentofhistoricpersonalities’

residencesusingsustainablemethodsisacrucialissuein

anurbanizationcontext.Jinanisahistoricalandculturally

citywherenumerousfamoushistoricpersonalitieshave

lived.Theirformerresidencesareinvaluablecultural

treasuresthatallowustocommemoratetheirlivesand

achievements.Thesememorialresidencesarealso

historicallandmarksofJinan,providinganinvaluable

glimpseofthepastforthefuturegenerations.However,

giventherapidurbanizationprocessincontemporary

China,thesituationforprotectingandutilizationofthese

memorialresidencesisnotoptimistic.Theseresidential

heritageshaveoftenbeenpreservedinimproperways,

rebuiltbeyondrecognition,ordegradedgraduallybefore

finallybeingdemolishedduetotheirdilapidatedstate.

Facedwiththeseproblems,developingproperstrategies

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thatofferguidancefortheirpreservationandutilization

withrespecttoongoingurbandevelopmentisessential.

Forthisaim,besideabidingbytheprincipleof

authenticityprotectionofhistoricalbuildingsstrictly,we

shouldalsopaymoreattentiontothecultural

sustainabilityofarchitecturalheritage,andmakea

reasonableinterpretationofculturalheritagecombing

withcontemporaryneeds,sothatpeoplecanunderstand

andrespecttheseheritagesitesandtheculturethey

represent.Inthisway,thesefamousresidentialbuildings

andtheirculturecanbesmoothlyintegratedintomodern

life,andcontinuetoplayasignificantroleintangibleand

intangiblemeans.

1.1CulturalSustainabilityofArchitectural

HeritageinUrbanizationContext

1.1.1Urbanization

Ourworldisundergoingincreasedurbanizationatan

unprecedentedrate.In1950,only30%oftheworld’s

populationwaslocatedinanurbanenvironment,andby

2050,68%oftheworld’spopulationisprojectedtobe

urbanized.ThelevelofurbanizationinAsiaisnow

approximating50%1.InChina,“Chineseurbanization

1UnitedNations,UNWorldUrbanizationProspects,2018.

3

startedfromthesecondhalfofthe19thcentury.Inthe

beginning,itsspeedwasslowandunbalanced.Later

1970s,theurbanizationratewas14%.Itwas26%in1986.

In2005itreached43%.Atthisrate,by2020,Chinese

urbanizationlevelwillreach60%.”2

Urbanizationhasobviousadvantages,including

narrowingtheearningsgapbetweenruralandurban

regions,improvingindustryinruralareas,promoting

scientificandtechnologicaldevelopment.However,with

thisrapidurbanizationprocess,therearenumerousside

effectsthatmaycreatenegativeresults.“Therewillbe10

millionto20millionofthepeasantpopulationmovingto

thecityveryyearinChina.Duetothedemandforhousing

andemploymentneeds,itwillinevitablyleadtoalarge-

scaleexpansionofconstruction.Theconflictingofnew

urbanconstructionversusculturalheritageprotectionis

extremelysignificant.”3Densification,heavytraffic,

environmentaldegradation,thedestructionofcultural

relics,overburdenedinfrastructureincreasedpressureon

alreadycrowdedspace.Theseman-madehazardsand

risksputtremendouspressureonarchitecturalheritage

sites,andtheirsurroundings.Asahistoricalculturalcity

underurbanizationpressure,Jinanisfacingsevere

contradictionoftraditionalresidencespreservationversus

2ShanJixiang,UrbanizationandCulturalHeritageProtection,2006,p8.

3ShanJixiang,UrbanizationandCulturalHeritageProtection,2006,

p13.

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Figure1-2.TheUrbanizationStatusofJinanmodernurbanplanningintheongoingurbanization

process(Fig.1-2).

1.1.2CulturalSustainability

Sustainabledevelopmenthasbeenasignificantissue

since1987.Inthisyear,theUnitedNationsWorld

CommissiononEnvironmentandDevelopmentpublished

areportOurCommonFuturewhichformallyproposed

theconceptofSustainableDevelopment:“Development

thatmeetstheneedsofthepresentwithoutcompromising

theabilityoffuturegenerationstomeettheirownneeds.”4

TheMillenniumDeclaration,whichundertheprinciples

4BrundtlandCommission,ReportoftheWorldCommissionon

EnvironmentandDevelopment,1987.

5

oftheUnitedNationsCharter,identifiedsustainable

developmentwitheconomicdevelopment,social

developmentandenvironmentalprotection5.In2010,the

Agenda21forculture,theUnitedCitiesandLocal

Governments(UCLG)ExecutiveBureaupassedthe

policystatementCulture:FourthPillarofSustainable

Development.Culturaldiversityhasbecomethenew

elementofasustainabilitystrategy,whichas“oneofthe

rootsofdevelopmentunderstoodnotsimplyintermsof

economicgrowth,butalsoasameanstoachieveamore

satisfactoryintellectual,emotional,moralandspiritual

existence.”6Therefore,protectingheritageisnotlimited

tothepreservationofthebuildingitself,buttothe

protection,inheritanceanddevelopmentoftherelated

cultureandspirit.Inthecontextofurbanization,withthe

constantupdatingofvariouscomplexelementsina

modernlifestyle,theculturalsustainabilityof

architecturalheritagesitesisasignificantissue.

1.1.3CulturalSustainabilityofArchitectural

Heritage

Cultureisanabstractyetcomplicatedterm.English

anthropologist,thefounderofculturalanthropology

EdwardBurnettTylorpointedoutthat“Cultureor

Civilization,takeninitswideethnographicsense,isthat

5UnitedNations,UnitedNationsMillenniumDeclaration,2000.

6UNESCO,UniversalDeclarationonCulturalDiversity,2001.

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complexwholewhichincludesknowledge,belief,art,

morals,law,custom,andanyothercapabilitiesand

habitsacquiredbymanasamemberofsociety.”7In1999,

ICOMOSBurraCharterhashighlightedthat“Cultural

significancemeansaesthetic,historic,scientific,socialor

spiritualvalueforpast,presentorfuturegenerations.

Culturalsignificanceisembodiedintheplaceitself,its

fabric,setting,use,associations,meanings,records,

relatedplacesandrelatedobjects.”8Nodoubt,

architecturalheritageisakindofculturalheritagelinked

tothecultureofhumanity,whichreflectsthevaluablein

history,art,literature,philosophyandscience.Itisan

irreplaceableresourceformankindtohavetheabilityto

studyhistoryanddevelopthefuture.Culturalheritagein

theDictionaryofChineseCulturalHeritageisdefinedas

“alegacyofimportanthistoricvalueinbothmaterialand

spiritualwealthcreatedbyhumansocialpracticesin

prehistoricandcivilizedtimes”9,whichimpliesthatthe

culturalheritagehastangibleandintangibleattributes.

Therefore,asapartofculturalheritage,architectural

heritageisnotonlyamaterialheritage,butalsoaproperty

ofintangibleculturalheritage.Thesiteselectionideology,

layoutplan,architecturalform,materialselection,

constructiontechnologyandthestoriesthatoccurredin

historicalbuildings,aswellasthespecialcultural

7Tylor,Edward,PrimitiveCulture:ResearchintotheDevelopmentof

Mythology,Philosophy,Religion,Art,andCustum,1871,p1.

8AustraliaICOMOS,BurraCharter(revisedversion),1999.

9Qiufuke,theDictionaryofChineseCulturalHeritage,1991.

7

atmospheregeneratedbytheinfluenceofhistoricalFigure1-3.HistoricBuildingsinDaming

buildingsonthesurroundingarealltangibleandLakeofJinan

intangibleculturalelements.Theseculturesendowthe

buildingswithinfinitevitalityinthecontinuous

developmentofoursociety.Therefore,thesustainable

developmentofarchitecturalheritagerequiresboth

tangibleandintangibleculturalsustainability(Fig.1-3).

However,underthepressureofurbanization,the

sustainabilityofarchitectureheritageisabigissue.The

destructionoftheoriginalsurroundings,theunreasonable

usageofthebuildingsandthereconstructionof

architecturalelementshavecausedthelossofthe

authenticityanditsrelatedtangibleandintangibleculture,

finallyleadingtothecompletelylossofitsvalue.Actually,

withouthistoricalculture,architecturalheritageisonlya

functionalspacewithahistoricform,accommodatinga

differenttypeofusage.Oncethefunctioncannotadapt,

thebuildingwillbereplacedveryeasily.Especiallyfor

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thespecialtypesofarchitecturalheritage-historic

personality’sresidences,whicharemostlycommon,

potentiallyevenshabbybuildingspaces,withoutcultural

sustainability,theseresidencesmayveryeasilybetorn

downduetothenewrequirementsofurbanconstruction.

Therefore,allowingtheheritagetoremaintangibleand

relatedintangiblecultureinanurbanizationcontextisthe

keytosustainarchitecturalheritageanditsvalueforour

contemporarysociety.

1.2TheStatusofHistoricPersonalities’

Residences

Althoughthetangibleandintangiblecultural

sustainabilityofarchitecturalheritageisvitally

significanttothedevelopmentofacounty,acityand

society,thestatusofitsprotectionandutilizationin

moderncitiesisdisappointing,especiallythestatusofa

specialtypeofarchitecturalheritage,thehistoric

personality’sformerresidence.Newsemergences

frequentlythatthesefamousresidencesweredemolished

aswill.TakeJinanasanexample.Therearemany

importanthistoricalpersonalitiesintheancienttownof

Jinan.However,forvariousreasons,fewformer

residencesofthemhavebeenpreservedingoodcondition.

FromtheestablishmentofJinanCountyintheearly

WesternHanDynasty,itnowhasmorethan2,200years

9

ofrecordedhistory.In1376,Jinanbecamethecapitalof

ShandongProvince,whichmadeitamajornational

administrative,economic,educationalandtransportation

center.10Therehavebeennumeroushistorically

significantindividualswholivedinJinan.Accordingto

thestatisticsproducedbytheCityArchaeological

Institute,therewere46formerresidencesofhistorical

personalitiesinJinan.Thestronghistoricatmosphere

combinedwithuniquenaturalsceneryhasmadeJinaninto

afamousnationaltouristattraction.However,withthe

rapiddevelopmentofChineseurbanizationinrecentyears,

thereisafierceconflictbetweentherequirementsofthe

citymodernizationandthepreservationofarchitectural

heritagesites(Fig.1-4).Especiallytraditionaldwellings

arefrequentlyremoved,includinghistoricpersonalities’

residences.Forexample,theformerresidenceofMa

Guohanwasdemolishedin2001.DingBaozhenhouse

wasremovedin2002.XinZhujiuhousewasdemolished

in2008,eventhoughitwasanexcellentclassical

architecturalexample.Currently,thereareonlyafew

historicalresidencesremaining,suchasthewell-known

writerLaoShe’sresidence,educatorJuSimin’sresidence,

scholarLuDahuang’sresidenceandscholarChenMian’s

residence,andfamouspainterHeiBailong’sresidences.

Theheritageexpertsandcitizenswhoareawareofthe

seriousnessofJinan’sproblems,havecalledforthe

10JinanCityChroniclesCompilationCommittee,JinanCityRecord,Figure1-4.DecrepitWallofHistoricResidence

ZhonghuaBookCompanyPress,1997,p4.

inJinan

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protectionofthosefamousresidences.However,because

ofcomplicatedpropertyownership,improperusageand

otherreasons,thebuildingshavebeenseriouslydamaged.

⚫TheDestructionofOriginalSurroundings

Becauseofahighpopulationdensityandtheheavy

trafficthroughoutJinan,thedevelopmentscaleofnew

urbanareaisincreasinglyexpanding,encroachingon

historicallandareas.Giventhepressuresofurbanization,

itisincreasinglydifficulttopreservetheoriginal

surroundingsofthehistoricalresidences.

⚫RestorationDifferencesBasedonOwnership

Memorialresidencesbelongingtothegovernmentor

government-affiliatedinstitutionsandenterprisesare

usuallyinbettercondition,butsometimesimproper

restorationandusagemethodshavedamagedthe

buildings.Thoseresidentialpropertieswhichbelongto

individualsoftenlackstrictmanagementsystemsand

preservationconsciousness.Often,originalbuildings

havebeenrenovatedwithoutregardtoitshistorical

significance.

⚫ModernLifestyleEffectstheOriginalPattern

Peoplegenerallypursuecreaturecomfortsand

modernconveniences.Toadapttothisnewurbanlifestyle,

somenotableresidenceshavebeenmodifiedinformand

functiontoaccommodatetheseconveniences.WithoutFigure1-4.HistoricResidence

lackingPreservation

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propermanagementpracticesinplace,theauthenticityof

buildingshasgraduallydisappeared.

⚫OriginalMaterialsReplacedbyNewMaterials

Thedevelopmentofnewmaterialsandnew

technologysupportspreservationandutilizationofthe

historicalbuildings,butimproperuseofthesenew

materialsdestroystheauthenticityofthehistorical

buildingsandweakensthesenseofhistory.

⚫LackofHistoricScenesandAtmosphere

Thefinalgoalofpreservinganddevelopingthe

historicpersonalities’residencesandsurroundingsisto

retainthespiritofthehistoricpersonalitiesthatlivedthere,

creatingamemorial.Thelackoforiginallifescenesofthe

historicresidencesinJinandegradestheauthorityandthe

atmosphereofhistory,whichisdetrimentaltoafull

expressionofthepersonalities’spirit.

⚫CurrentUsedoesnotHonortheHistoric

MemorialResidence

Forthosememorialresidenceswhichhavebeen

identified,thecurrentusage,developmentand

managementarecombinedwithirrelevantfunctionsthat

donotconsiderthevaluesofthehistoricpersonalitiesand

theircontributions.Forthosehistoricalhousesnotyet

identified,theyareoftenfoundtobeshabby,withno

activemanagementsystemorhistoricallysignificant

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usage.Eventheresidentswhoarelivingnearbyremain

unawarethatthefamoushistoricpersonsthatlivedthere

previously.

1.3HermeneuticsMethodologyand

HeritageInterpretation

Inordertorationallyprotectandutilizethese

historicpersonalities’residences,andintegratetheminto

contemporarylife,theirinterpretationiskey.Howdowe

understandandinterpretthesehomes?Howcanwe

properlypreserveanddeveloptheminamannerthat

retainstheirheritage?Modernhermeneuticsasa

qualitativemethodologyparadigmofhumanitiesscience

thatwillprovideusthepossibleunderstandingand

interpretationprocess,andproducereasonableresearch

methodsforthepreservationanddevelopmentofthese

valuableresidences.

Wemayhaveexperiencedanabstractpainting

whichafterbeingcreatedbyapassionateartistcan

produceanunexpectedeffect.Interestingly,visitorsina

gallerywilltrytoimagineandunderstandpaintingsbased

ontheirownexperience,andtheresultscanbevery

different.Ofcourse,researchersshouldbemoreadeptat

studyingtheartist’spersonality,livingstatus,styleand

psychologicalactivitytodiscovertheoriginalmeaningof

thepainting.Thisstudyprocess,however,willinevitably

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becoloredbytheresearcher’spersonalbiases,which

makesitimpossibletorestoretheoriginalmeaningofthe

painting.Butduringthisprocess,researchersmayfinda

moreprofoundsignificancewhichtheartistdidnotintend.

AsthefamousFrenchphilosopherPaulRicoeursaid

“Whatissoughtisnolongeranintentionhiddenbehind

thetext,butaworldunfoldedinfrontofit.”11This

interpretationalconceptisthecorethoughtofmodern

hermeneutics.

Hermeneutics,initially,wasaskillwhichwas

appliedto“theexegesistextinterpretation,especiallythe

interpretationofbiblicaltexts,wisdomliterature,and

philosophicaltexts”.12GermanphilosopherFriedrich

Schleiermacherbroadenedthescopeofinterpretationand

developedhermeneuticstobeageneralscienceforall

humantextsandmodesofcommunication.Wilhelm

Diltheydistinguishedbetweennaturalsciencesand

humansciences,establishedthefoundationof

hermeneuticsmethodologyforhumansciences.He

claimedthat,unlikethenaturalsciences,understandingis

thekeyfortheexplorationoftheinnermeaningofhuman

actionandproductivity.Hestillaimedtodiscoverthe

originalmeaningofworks,butrealizedtheinitiativeof

thereaderandbelievedthat“Theultimateaimof

hermeneuticsistounderstandtheauthorbetterthanhe

11PaulRicoeur,HermeneuticsandHumanSciences,1981,p93.

12Audi,Robert,TheCambridgeDictionaryofPhilosophy,1999,p377.

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understandshimself.”13.MartinHeideggerdevelopedthe

hermeneuticstobeaphilosophyrelevanttoontology.He

shiftedthefocusfromtheinterpretationofworkstothe

existentialunderstandingofhumanandsociety.Later,

Hans-GeorgGadamerdevelopedhermeneuticsfrom

ontologyphilosophytobeamethodologyand

epistemology.Hestressedtheexperienceofthe

interpreter,andpointedoutthatprejudiceisanelementof

ourunderstanding14.Theresultofunderstandingisvery

differentforeveryinterpreter.Heexplainedhowto

understandthroughtheHistorically-effected

ConsciousnessandFusionofHorizonsconcept.Paul

Ricoeurdevelopedhermeneuticsbasedon

phenomenology,andcombinedhermeneuticswith

structuralism,psychology,andlinguistics,further

strengthenedthepracticalityofthehermeneutics

methodology.Therefore,unliketraditionalhermeneutics,

ratherthananinterpretationskilloftext,modern

hermeneuticsisanimportantmethodologyand

philosophyforunderstandingandinterpretingthehuman

sciencesuchashumanbehaviorandsociety.

AncientChinesescholarsalsodevelopedthe

hermeneuticmethodologyintheprocessofinterpreting

texts.WhenChenShan,ascholaroftheSouthernSong

Dynasty,expoundedthemethodofreading,hepointed

13PaulRicoeur,Fromtexttoaction,1991,p111.

14Hans-GeorgGadamer,TruthandMethod,1975.

15

outthatthe“Readershouldknowthewayofgoinginto

andoutofthebook....Studyingtheoriginalmeaningof

thetextisgoingintothebook,andtodevelopthemeaning

incombinationwithrealityisgoingoutofthebook.

Therefore,ifthereadercan’tgointothebook,hecan’t

reallyunderstandtheauthor’sintention;ifthereader

can’tgetoutofthebook,hewillfossilizeinthebook.”15

Thisreadingmethodfullyreflectsthedialecticalunityof

objectiveunderstandingandsubjectiveinterpretation.

Asahumanscience,culturalheritageandrelated

tangibleandintangibleinformationwillinevitablyberead

andinterpretedbydifferentaudiencesindifferentages.

Obviously,howitispreservedanddevelopeddependson

howpeopleunderstandandinterpretit.Infact,

inappropriateactionsinpreservationanddevelopment

duetomisunderstandingandwronginterpretations

alreadyhavedegradedheritagesites,evencausing

devastatingdamage.Therefore,beforeprotection,display

andutilization,aproperunderstandingandinterpretation

inaccordancewiththecharacteristicsofthetimesandthe

needsofthepublicisnecessary.

15LiYouguang,AcomparisonbetweenChineseandWesternhermeneutics

onmeaningandunderstanding,2007,34(6),p152.

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Introduction