法律专业青少年犯罪外文翻译文献编辑

文献信息文献标题：Povertyanddelinquency:AqualitativestudyonselectedjuvenileoffendersinMalaysia（贫穷与犯罪：对马来西亚部分青少年犯的定性研究）文献作者：TaiSooShong，SitiHajarAbuBakar，MRezaulIslam文献出处：《InternationalSocialWork》,2018:1-15.字数统计：英文3110单词，16842字符；中文5223汉字外文文献Povertyanddelinquency:AqualitativestudyonselectedjuvenileoffendersinMalaysiaAbstractThisqualitativecasestudyexploredthevoicesofjuvenileoffendersinMalaysiawhowereplaguedwithpoverty,andbroughttolighttheirplight.Thepurposeofthisstudywastoexaminetheeffectsofpovertyonthedelinquentcharacterandbehaviouraldevelopmentofthechildrenonthreemajorcrime-enhancingthemes–miserablefamilyconditions,schoolfailureandassociationwithdeviantpeers–togetabroaderviewofhowpovertycouldinfluencetheirlifetrajectory.Thepurposivemaximumvariationsamplingmethodwasusedintheselectionofsixyoungoffendersbetweentheagesof13and17yearsfromSekolahTunasBaktiSungaiBesi,KualaLumpur,Malaysia.Amultipledatacollectionmethodthatincludedobservation,in-depthcasestudyanddocumentanalysiswasusedfordatacollection.Resultsshowedthatthreemajorcrime-enhancingthemesduetopovertywerestronglyrelatedtochildren’sdelinquentcharacterandbehaviouraldevelopment.Theknowledgegainedfromthisstudywillfurthercontributetounderstandingthereal-lifeexperiencesofjuvenileoffenders,particularlythosewhoareexperiencingextremedeprivation,anditishopedthattheinsightgainedcouldhelpinthepreventionandcontrolofjuveniledelinquentbehaviourinMalaysia.Keywords:Delinquency,deviantpeers,juvenileoffenders,Malaysia,miserablefamilyconditions,poverty,schoolfailureIntroductionThedevelopmentalrisksassociatedwithpovertyandeconomicdisadvantagehavebeenwelldocumented,buttheprocessesthataccountfortherelationsbetweenpovertyandchildren’sdevelopmenthavenotbeenthoroughlyexplored(BradleyandCorwyn,2002;McLoyd,1998;NationalInstituteofChildHealthandHumanDevelopmentEarlyChildCareResearchNetwork,2005).Socio-economicstatushasalwaysbeenusedasameanstoprovideanexplanationforjuveniledelinquentbehaviour(Bjerk,2007;Leiberetal.,2009).Theliteraturehasshownthatpovertyandlowsocio-economicstatusinchildhoodarepowerfulriskfactorsthathavealwaysbeenassociatedwithsubstanceabuse,crimeanddelinquency(Bjerk,2007;D’Onofrioetal.,2009;GallowayandSkardhamar,2010).Ingeneral,onecannotdenythefactthatlackoffinancialresourcesisoneofthegreatestreasonswhysomepeopleturntoillegalmeansforthesakeofsurvival.Economichardshipoftenresultsinspiritual,emotionalandmaterialdeprivation,allofwhichcouldexacerbateantisocialbehaviouramongchildren.Agnewetal.(2008)arguedthattherelationshipbetweeneconomicproblemsanddelinquencyisnonlinear,suchthatonlytheexperienceofeconomicproblemsisassociatedwithhigherdelinquency.Theyfoundthattherelationshipbetweensocio-economicstatusandeconomicproblemsisonlymoderateinsize.Thefactthattherichgetricherandthepoorgetprison(ReimanandLeighton,2013)doeshaveitsrepercussions,asonecannotdenythepainfultruththatthemomentachildisbornintoapoorfamily,heorshemayhavetofaceableakfuture.Intheprocessofstrugglingforexistencesomemaythrivewell,butmanyofthemwillendupbeingvictimsoffateandcircumstances.Onecannotdenythefactthatriskfactorsleadingtolaterdamageoccurmorefrequentlyamongchildreninfamiliesthatarepoor,andstillmorefrequentlyamongfamiliesthatarepersistentlypoorandliveinareasofconcentratedpoverty(SchorrandSchorr,1989:29).Needlesstosay,childrenaremorelikelytofarebadlyinlifeiftheirparentshavealoweducationlevel,and/orlowoccupationalstatus,orareunemployed.However,itshouldbenotedthatpovertyisnotrestrictedtoonedimension,forexampleincome,butitmanifestsitselfinalldomainsoflife,suchashousing,education,health(DeleeckandVandenBosch,1992:3)andone’sdailyactivities.LiteraturereviewThisstudyunderpinsthreemainconcepts:poverty,delinquencyandjuvenileoffenders.Povertytranscendsthetraditionaldefinitionofashortfallinincomelevels.Inotherwords,incomelevelsarenottheonlydeterminantofpoverty.Povertyisamultidimensionalconcept(Akindola,2009).PeterTownsend,aleadingauthorityonUKpoverty,definespovertyaswhensomeone’s‘resourcesaresoseriouslybelowthosecommandedbytheaverageindividualorfamilythattheyare,ineffect,excludedfromordinarylivingpatterns,customsandactivities’(Seymour,2009:15).AccordingtoBooth(citedinFriedandElman,1971),the‘poor’arethosewhosemeansmaybeadequate,butarebarelysufficientforadecentindependentlife;the‘verypoor’arethosewhosemeansareinsufficientforthisaccordingtotheusualstandardoflifeinthiscountry.Delinquencyisanactorconductofajuvenilethatissociallyundesirable.Juveniledelinquencygenerallymeansthefailureofchildrentomeetcertainobligationsexpectedofthembysociety.Theblamecanbeplacedonfactorsrangingfromachild’sembryonicdevelopmenttodysfunctionalfamilies,dilapidatedschools,abjectpoverty,peerrelations,lowself-controloranycombinationoftheseandotherissues(Joshi,2013).Juveniledelinquentbehaviourreferstothebehaviourcommittedbysomeonebelow18yearsofagethatviolatescriminallaw(HoustonandBarton,2005).Thesedelinquentbehaviourscanrangefromlessseverebehaviourssuchasabusingtheschoolrules,absenteeism,schooltruancy,cigarettesmokingandvandalismtomoreseverecrimessuchasstealing,robbery,substanceabuse,rapeandweaponpossession(Choonetal.,2013).BasedonthelawinMalaysia,thetermjuveniledelinquentreferstoayoungpersonwhohascommittedacriminaloffenceandhasbeengivenacourtorder(Maznah,2007).TheMalaysianMinistryofEducationstatesthatdelinquencyinschoolincludesviolationofboththePenalCodeandtheschoolnorms.InMalaysia,twoformsofstatusoffencesarerecognizable,namely,beingbeyondthecontrolofparentsandbeingexposedtomoraldanger(Hussin,2007).AccordingtothePrisonAct1995,ajuvenileorayoungoffenderisdefinedas‘aprisonerwhoisundertheageof21years’(Kassim,2006).Studentsmaybepunishedbytheschoolauthoritiesforbehaviouralmisconductsuchasvandalism,fighting,smokingandtruancy,aswellasforminormisbehaviourincludingdisrespecttoothers,impoliteness,inappropriateormessyschoolattireorappearance,andbringingtoschoolitemsthatarebanned,suchasmobilephones(Choonetal.,2013).Sincepovertycanleadtovariouskindsofdelinquentactivities,onecannotdenythefactthatitisdirectlyrelatedtojuveniledelinquency(ProchnowandDefronzo,1997)asitnotonlyleadstostressfullivingconditions,butalsocreatessituationsthatareconducivetoantisocialactivities.Earlierstudiesoftherelationshipbetweensocio-economicstatusandjuveniledelinquencyhaveshownthatitismostlyalowsocialclassproblem.Definedas‘anactbyajuvenileundertheageof18thatifcommittedbyanadultwouldconstituteacrime,adisorderlypersonoffense,apettydisorderlypersonoffense,oraviolationofanyotherpenalstatute,ordinanceorregulation’(NewJerseyJudiciary,2012),delinquencyisinextricablyrelatedtopovertyinthefourprimarysettingsaffectingchilddevelopment,namely,family,school,peergroupsandcommunities.Previousstudieshaveshownthatchildrenwholiveinpersistentorchronicpovertyhavelessfavourablecognitiveandsocialdevelopmentandpoorerphysicalandmentalhealththanthosewholiveintransitorypoverty(Costelloetal.,2003;McLeodandNonnemaker,2000).Manystudieshaveshownthatpoverty-relatedstresscanhaveseriousrepercussionsonachild’supbringinganddevelopmentduetolackoffamilyintegrationasconsequencesofinevitablelifecircumstancessuchasanxiety,depression,discriminationandhostility(Wadsworthetal.,2008).‘Familystresscausedbyproblemswiththefulfilmentofthefamilyeconomicfunction,affectsthewayparentsfulfiltheirparentalrole’(Banovcinovaetal.,2014),whichclearlyexplainsthereasonwhyparentswhoencounterseriousfinancialconstraintstendtohavedelinquentchildren.Parentswhofeelemotionallyinsecurethemselvesoftenhavedifficultycopingwiththemanyresponsibilitiesofparenthood,andthisisclearlymanifestedinthewayinwhichtheybringuptheirchildren.Familyconflict,increasedirritability,poorsupervision,harshdisciplineanderraticpunishmentarebutsomeofthemorecommonoccurrencesinfamiliesthreatenedwithfinancialcrisis(Guajardoetal.,2009).Thisclearlyexplainswhychildrenwhocomefrompoorfamiliesaremorelikelytodropoutofschool,associatewithdeviantpeersandparticipateinantisocialactivities.Giventhenegativeimpactofpovertyonchildren,thisstudyintendedtoinvestigatetheconsequencesofpovertyandhowitaffectsthebehaviouralandcharacterdevelopmentofchildren.Sincemoststudiesinthisfieldconductedbylocalresearchersarequantitativebynature–thatis,theyhavethetendencytoemphasizethestatisticalrelationshipsbetweenpovertyanddelinquency–amorein-depthanalysisthroughtheactualworldviewsofthejuvenileoffenderspertainingtothischronicsocialphenomenonisnecessary,andweaimedtofillthisgapinthepresentstudyviaaholisticqualitativeapproachasthiscouldprovideforadeeperinsightintotheirreal-lifeexperiences.ResearchobjectiveandmethodologyResearchobjectiveThepurposeofthisstudywastoexaminetheeffectsofpovertyonthecharacterandbehaviouraldevelopmentoftheMalaysianchildren.Thisstudyexploredtheseeffectsonthreemajorcrimeenhancingthemesthatwerestronglyrelatedtopoverty,namely,miserablefamilyconditions,schoolfailureandassociationwithdeviantpeers.MethodologyResearchapproachandresearchmethod.Theresearchapproachwasqualitative.Thisapproachenabledustogainadeeperinsightintothephenomenonunderinvestigationbasedontheexperiencesofthejuvenileoffendersinanaturalsetting.Italsoprovidedamorethoroughunderstandingofthephenomenonunderinvestigation,hencegettingthevoicesofthejuvenileoffendersheard.Here,wewantedtounderstandtheeffectsofpovertyonthecharacterandbehaviouraldevelopmentofthechildrenwhiletheyareexperiencingdifficultfamilyconditions,failingatschoolandassociatingwithdeviantpeers.Thisstudyfollowedacasestudymethod,wherethecasesweremultipleinnature.Ourmainobjectivesforusingthismethodwerethecontradictorybehaviours,beliefs,opinions,emotionsandrelationshipsofindividuals(Macketal.,2005),whichcontributegreatlytoabetterunderstandingofthephenomenonunderinvestigation.Samplingandrespondents’profiles.Apurposefulmaximumsamplingwasusedfortheselectionofparticipantstogeneratearichanddescriptivepictureoftheirlivedexperiencesforthisstudy.Sixparticipants(fourMalayboys,oneChineseboyandoneIndianboy)betweentheagesof13and17yearsfromSekolahTunasBaktiSungaiBesi,KualaLumpur,Malaysia,wereselectedfromapopulationof99juvenileoffenders,whowereincarceratedinajuvenileprisoninMalaysia.Thismethodofsamplingwasusedforthepurposeofheterogeneitysoastocreateamorediversepictureofthephenomenonunderinvestigation.Datacollectionmethodsandinstruments.Thisstudyusedmultiplequalitativedatacollectionmethodssuchasobservation,in-depthcaseinterviewanddocumentanalysis.Anunstructuredguidelinewasdevelopedforin-depthcasestudyofthechildren.Twoseparatesetsofchecklistswerepreparedforobservationanddocumentationsurvey.Thein-depthcaseinterviewswiththechildrenwereconductedinaninformalconversationalmannerinaquietroomintheinstitution/school.Anaudiotaperecorderwasusedtorecordallinformationandthentranscribedverbatiminfulllengthsoastocaptureeveryword(includingpausesandrepetitions)thatcamefromthemouthsoftheparticipants.Notesandreflectionwerealsojotteddownduringtheinterviewsforthepurposesofaccuracyandtranscription.ForthoseinterviewsthatareoriginallyconductedinBahasaorChinese,everyattemptwasmadebytheresearcherstotranslatethemintoEnglishwithoutlosingtheiroriginality.Thisstudyrecordedchildren’sbehavioursusingobservationguidelines.Thisstudyused‘WebofScience’and‘Scopus’searchenginesforliteraturereviewsthatincludedjournalarticles,booksandconferenceproceedings.DiscussionThisqualitativecasestudyreportedsixyoungoffenders’(betweentheagesof13and17years)delinquentcharacterandbehaviouraldevelopmentwithabroadviewofhowpovertycouldinfluencetheirlifetrajectoryinMalaysia.Thisstudyusedthreemajorcrime-enhancingthemesthatwerestronglyrelatedtopoverty:miserablefamilyconditions,schoolfailureandassociationwithdeviantpeers.Accordingtotheexperiencesofsixyoungpeople,thestudyfoundthatdifficultfamilyconditions,schoolfailureandassociationwithdeviantpeersduetothepovertyoftheirfamilieswerestronglyrelatedtothedevelopmentoftheirdelinquentbehaviours.First,ourstudyshowedthatthedifficultfamilyconditionscreatedvariousformsofdeprivationinthefamilies.Duetotheparents’lowqualificationsandskills,theydidnothavegoodjobsandweresometimesjobless.Allsixparticipantsinourstudymentionedthattheycouldnotfulfiltheirneedsduringtheirschooltime,andasaresulttheywereinvolvedinstealing.OurstudyfindingsweresimilartoacoupleofstudiessuchasthosebyBurrellandRoosa(2008)andClarke-Stewartetal.(2000).Ifpovertycanhavesuchdrasticeffectsonpoorchildrenfromintactfamilies,thenitismostlikelythatchildrenfrompoverty-strickensinglemotherfamiliesaremorelikelytofareworseinlife(BurrellandRoosa,2008).Inactualfact,itisnotjustthedivorceitselfbutratherthemother’seducationlevelandincomethataffectthewell-beingofthechildrenafteradivorce(Clarke-Stewartetal.,2000).Thisisbecausemanysinglemotherslacknecessaryqualificationsandskills,thusrenderingitdifficultforthemtosecureproperemployment.Acoupleofstudiesalsofoundthatmaternaljoblosscanhaveseriousrepercussionsonchildren’sbehaviour(Hilletal.,2011;KalilandWightman,2011)particularlyinsinglemotherfamilies.Second,ourstudyshowedthatchildren’sfailureatschoolwasdirectlyrelatedtotheirparents’poverty.Ourstudyestablishedalinkbetweenchildren’slowertestscoresanddropoutwithpoverty.Wefoundthatthedropoutchildrenlookedforworkinordertohelptheirparentsandtofulfiltheirindividualneeds.Thestressofpovertyjeopardizedchildren’seducationalattainmentsincemanypoorparentsdidnotplaceanyimportanceontheirchildren’sacademicperformanceduetothelackoftimespentmonitoringthem,norcouldtheyaffordtopayfortheirtuitionfeesandrevisionbooks.Inactualfact,someofthesepoorparentswereonlytoogladthattheirchildrenhadstoppedattendingschoolandwerehelpingtosupportthefamily.Socio-economicfactorsarethereforerelatedindirectlytochildren’sacademicachievementthroughparents’beliefsandbehaviours(Davis-Kean,2005).Studieshaveshownthatconstantparentalmonitoringandassistancewithhomeworkgreatlyenhancetheirchildren’sacademicachievement(LoweandDotterer,2013;Patalletal.,2008;VanVoorhis,2011),buttheoppositeseemstobetrueforchildrenwholackguidanceintheirstudies.Third,thisstudyprovedthatpovertypushedthechildrentoassociatewiththeirdelinquentpeers.Thisisbecausepoorerchildrenlimitedtheirpeergroupstosimilarsocio-economicclasses.Ourstudyshowedthatchildrenwereinvolvedinsomecriminalactivitiessuchasstealing,robberyandburglaryinordertofulfiltheirindividualneeds.However,badgroupassociationwasseenasafundamentalfactorinyouthcrimesincejuvenileswhoventuredintocrimewerenotentirelyalonebutweremembersofvariouspeergroups.AccordingtotheWorldYouthReport(2003),thestatisticaldatainmanycountriesshowedthatdelinquencywaslargelyagroupphenomenonandthatbetweentwo-thirdsandthree-quartersofalljuvenilecrimesoccurredingroups.Thesepeergroupsarewellknownfortheirhighlevelsofsocialcohesiveness,hierarchicalorganizationandacertaincodeofbehaviourbasedontherejectionofadultvaluesandexperience.Inthesepeergroups,influencesoftentakeplacethroughface-to-faceinteractionsbywayofanumberof‘proximalprocesses’(BronfenbrennerandMorris,1998).Throughpeerassociations,achildmaybeencouragedtoskipclasses,playtruantfromschool,visitcybercafes,smoke,takedrugsorparticipateinillegalactivities.Deviantbehaviourisnotuncommontomanyofthesepeergroupsandmayevenhaveanimportantroletoplayinsomeofthesegroupsasameansofsurvival.Whenpoorchildrencumschoolfailuresgettogether,thereisagreatlikelihoodthattheymayresorttosomekindofcriminalactivitiessuchasburglary,theftorrobberyinordertomakemoneytobuythethingsthattheirparentscannotaffordtogivethem.ConclusionDespiteanumberoflimitationssuchasasmallnumberofsampledchildren,narrowfocusandlackofgeneralizability,thestudygaveasnapshotofthefactorsofpovertythatexacerbatedchildren’sdelinquentbehaviours.Povertycanleadtoseverefinancialconstraints,familystressandhardship,strainedparent–childrelationships,familyconflict,parentaldivorce,schoolfailureandassociationwithbadcompany(KalilandWightman,2011;Oreopoulosetal.,2008),allofwhichcanhaveadverseeffectsonthechildren.Thesefactorsareclearlyexhibitedinthelivesofourrespondents.Giventhesecrime-enhancingfactors,anychildcaneasilybetemptedtocommitacrime.Ourrespondentsareonlyordinaryyoungpeoplewhoaretryingtoliveuptotheexpectationsoftheirpeers.Sincetheycannotdosothroughlegitimatemeans,theyhavetoresorttoillegitimatewaystofulfiltheirdreams.Wheneverjuvenilescommitanoffence,peopleask‘What’swrongwithoursociety?’,‘Whoistoblame?’.Althoughpreviousresearchershavelookedintotheeffectsofpovertyonjuveniledelinquency,theyhavefailedtolookintothefactthatpoorparentsnotonlylackproperparentingskills,buttheyarealsolessconcernedwiththeirchildren’swell-beingandacademicperformanceduetotheirinabilitytocopewithlife’sdemands.Assuch,theyhavecontributedagreatdealtowardstheirchildren’smisery,failureatschoolanddelinquentpathways.Inordertopreventjuveniledelinquentbehaviour,theimpactofpoverty-relatedfactorsmustbecounteractedinsomeway.Thisstudycouldenablepolicy-makerstorethinkthepresenteconomicsituationsofthepoverty-strickenMalaysianfamiliesandcomeupwithplanstotackletheissue.Sincepoorparentingcanhaveseriousrepercussionsonthechildren,theyshouldbesentforparentingskillcoursessoastoimprovetheirwaysofmanagingtheirchildren.Schoolsshouldbealsoplayaroleinthepreventionofcrimeanddelinquencythroughinterventionprogrammessuchasextracurricularactivities,inordertokeepthechildrenbusywithmeaningfulactivitiesatschoolandprotectthemfromthenegativeeffectsofoutsideinfluences.中文译文贫穷与犯罪：对马来西亚部分青少年犯的定性研究摘要这项定性案例研究探讨了马来西亚青少年犯饱受贫穷之苦的声音，并揭示了他们的困境。本研究的目的是在三个主要的助长犯罪的因素——家庭条件困难、学业失败以及与离经叛道的同龄人交往上，研究贫穷对儿童犯罪特征及行为发展的影响，以便更广泛地了解贫穷如何影响他们的生活轨迹。采用有目的最大变异抽样方法，从马来西亚吉隆坡SekolahTunasBaktiSungaiBesi选取了6名13-17岁的少年犯。数据收集采用了包括观察、深入案例研究和文献分析在内的多种数据收集方法。结果显示，由于贫穷导致的三个主要助长犯罪的因素与儿童犯罪和行为发展密切相关。从这项研究中获得的知识将进一步有助于了解青少年犯的现实生活经历，特别是那些正在遭受极度剥夺的人，并希望所获得的洞察力有助于预防和控制马来西亚的青少年犯罪行为。关键词：青少年犯罪，离经叛道的同龄人，少年犯，马来西亚，家庭条件困难、贫穷、学业失败引言与贫穷和经济不利有关的发展风险已有充分的记录，但解释贫穷与儿童发展之间关系的过程尚未被彻底探索（Bradley和Corwyn，2002；McLoyd，1998；国家儿童健康与人类发展研究所早期儿童保健研究网络，2005）。社会经济地位一直是解释青少年犯罪行为的一种手段（Bjerk，2007；Leiber等，2009）。文献表明，儿童时期的贫穷和社会经济地位低下是一直与药物滥用、犯罪和不法行为有关的强大危险因素（Bjerk，2007；D'Onofrio等，2009；Galloway和Skardhamar，2010）。一般来说，我们不能否认这样一个事实：缺乏财政资源是一些人为了生存而求助于非法手段的最大原因之一。经济困难往往导致精神、情感和物质上的匮乏，所有这些都可能加剧儿童的反社会行为。Agnew等人（2008）认为，经济问题与违法行为之间的关系是非线性的，只有经济问题的经历才与较高的违法行为相关。他们发现，社会经济地位与经济问题之间的关系只是中等大小。富人越来越富有，穷人却被关进了监狱（Reiman和Leighton，2013），这一事实确实产生了影响，因为人们不能否认一个痛苦的事实，即当一个孩子出生于一个贫穷的家庭时，他或她可能不得不面对一个黯淡的未来。在为生存而斗争的过程中，有些人可能会茁壮成长，但他们中的许多人最终会成为命运和环境的牺牲品。我们不能否认这样一个事实：导致后期损害的风险因素在贫困家庭的儿童中更为常见，长期贫困并生活在贫困集中地区的家庭中更为频繁（Schorr和Schorr，1989：29）。毋庸置疑，如果父母的教育水平低和/或职业地位低，或者失业，孩子更有可能生活得不好。然而，应该指出的是，贫穷不仅限于一个方面，如收入，而是体现在生活的所有领域，如住房、教育、健康（Deleeck和VandenBosch，1992：3）以及日常活动。文献综述这项研究支持三个主要概念：贫穷、犯罪和少年犯。贫穷超越了收入水平不足的传统定义。换句话说，收入水平不是贫穷的唯一决定因素。贫穷是一个多维度概念（Akindola，2009）。英国贫穷问题的主要权威人士PeterTownsend将贫穷定义为，当某人的资源严重低于平均个人或家庭所支配的资源时，他们实际上被排除在普通的生活模式、习俗和活动之外（Seymour，2009：15）。根据Booth的说法（引自Fried和Elman，1971），“穷人”指的是那些经济能力可能足够，但几乎不足以过上体面的独立生活的人；“非常贫穷”指的是那些按照这个国家通常的生活标准，经济状况不足以满足这一要求的人。犯罪是青少年在社会上不受欢迎的行为或举止。青少年犯罪一般是指儿童不能履行社会要求他们承担的某些义务。这可以归咎于各种因素，从儿童的胚胎发育到功能失调的家庭、破败的学校、赤贫、同伴关系、自我控制能力低下或这些问题和其他问题的任何组合（Joshi，2013）。青少年犯罪行为是指18岁以下的人违反刑法的行为（Houston和Barton，2005）。这些违法行为从不太严重的行为，如滥用校规、旷课、逃学、吸烟和破坏他人财产，到更严重的犯罪，如偷窃、抢劫、滥用药物、强奸和持有武器（Choon等，2013）。根据马来西亚的法律，“少年犯”一词是指犯了刑事罪行并被法院判令的年轻人（Maznah，2007）。马来西亚教育部指出，学校中的违法行为包括违反刑法和学校规范。在马来西亚，两种形式的身份犯罪是可以识别的，即父母无法控制和面临道德危险（Hussin，2007）。根据1995年的《监狱法》，青少年或少年罪犯被界定为“21岁以下的囚犯”（Kassim，2006）。学校当局可能会对学生的不端行为（如故意破坏、打架、吸烟和旷课），以及轻微的不当行为（包括对他人的不尊重、不礼貌、不适当或凌乱的学校服装或外表），以及携带禁止带到学校的物品（如手机）进行处罚（Choon等，2013）。由于贫穷可能导致各种犯罪活动，人们不能否认这一事实，即贫穷与青少年犯罪直接相关（Prochnow和Defronzo，1997），因为贫穷不仅导致紧张的生活条件，而且还造成有利于反社会活动的情况。早期对社会经济地位与青少年犯罪关系的研究表明，这主要是一个低社会阶层的问题。定义为“未满18岁的青少年的行为，如果由成年人实施，将构成犯罪、扰乱治安罪、轻微的扰乱治安罪或违反任何其他刑事法规、法令或条例”（新泽西司法部，2012），在影响儿童发展的四个主要环境中，即家庭、学校、同龄群体和社区，犯罪与贫穷密不可分。以前的研究表明，与生活在暂时贫困中的儿童相比，生活在持续或长期贫困中的儿童的认知和社会发展更加不利，身心健康也较差（Costello等，2003；McLeod和Nonnemaker，2000）。许多研究表明，由于焦虑、抑郁、歧视和敌意等不可避免的生活环境而缺乏家庭融合，与贫穷有关的压力会对儿童的成长和发展产生了严重的影响（Wadsworth等，2008）。“因家庭经济功能的履行问题导致的家庭压力，影响了父母履行其职责的方式”（Banovcinova等，2014），这清楚地解释了为什么遇到严重经济困难的父母往往会有违法的孩子。在情感上缺乏安全感的父母往往难以承担为人父母的许多责任，这一点在他们养育子女的方式上表现得很明显。家庭冲突、烦躁不安、监管不力、管教粗暴和惩罚不当，是受金融危机威胁的家庭中的一些常见现象（Guajardo等，2009）。这就清楚地解释了为什么来自贫穷家庭的孩子更有可能辍学，与离经叛道的同龄人交往，并参与反社会活动。鉴于贫穷对儿童的负面影响，本研究旨在调查贫穷的后果以及贫穷如何影响儿童的行为和性格发展。由于当地研究人员在这一领域进行的大多数研究本质上是定量的，也就是说，他们倾向于强调贫穷与犯罪之间的统计关系，因此有必要通过对与这一慢性社会现象有关的青少年犯罪者的实际世界观进行更深入的分析，我们的目的是通过一种全面的定性方法来填补目前研究中的这一空白，这有助于深入了解他们的真实生活经历。研究目标和方法研究目标本研究的目标是研究贫穷对马来西亚儿童的性格和行为发展的影响。本研究探讨了与贫穷密切相关的三大助长犯罪的因素的影响，即家庭条件困难、学业失败以及与离经叛道的同龄人交往。方法研究方法和研究方式。研究方法是定性的。这种方法使我们能够根据青少年罪犯在自然环境中的经历，对调查中的现象有更深入的了解。它还使人们对调查中的现象有了更透彻的了解，从而使少年犯的声音得到倾听。在这里，我们想要了解贫穷对儿童的性格和行为发展的影响，同时他们正在经历家庭条件困难、学业失败以及与离经叛道的同龄人交往。本研究采用了案例研究方法，案例具有多重性质。我们使用这种方法的主要目标是个体的矛盾行为、信仰、观点、情感和