高中英语高考冲刺语法专题1名词冠词（学生版）

高中英语高考冲刺语法专题1：名词、冠词【问题查找】单句语法填空Group1名词1.Weshouldmakesurethatourexpectationsarethesameasour______________(friend)ones.2.Thenurseryteamswitcheshimeveryfew______________(day)withhissistersothatwhileoneisbeingbottle­fed3.Recent______________(study)showthatwearefarmoreproductiveatworkifwetakeshortbreaksregularly.4.Therehasbeenarecenttrendinthefoodserviceindustrytowardlowerfatcontentandlesssalt.Thistrend,whichwasstartedbythemedicalmunity(医学界)asamethodoffightingheartdisease,hashadsomeunintendedside______________(effect)suchasoverweightandheartdiseasetheverythingthemedicalmunitywastryingtofight.5.Itranforjustundersevenkilometersandallowedpeopletoavoidterrible_____________(crowd)ontheroadsaboveastheytravelledtoandfromwork.6.Twooftheauthorsofthereviewalsomadeastudypublishedin2014thatshowedamerefiveto10minutesAdayofrunningreducedtheriskofheartdiseaseandearlydeathsfromall____________(cause).7.Supposedlyyoucandoitintwohours,butwestoppedatthedifferentgatesand____________(watchtower)tofakepicturesorjusttowatchthelocalpeoplegoingabouttheirdaily(day)routines.8.____________(activity)thererangefromwhalewatchingtohiking(远足)andacmodationsaimtohavealowimpactonthenaturalenvironment.9.Therollingseaofcloudsyouseeonceyouareatthetopwillremindyouhowtinywe____________(human)are.10.TheGPNP’smaingoalistoimproveconnectivitybetweenseparate____________(population)andhomesofgiantpandas,andeventuallyachieveadesiredlevelofpopulationinthewild.Group2冠词1.Nowadays,howwecantakegoodcareof_________oldisbeingahotandserioustopic.2.IfIwereevershortofcashandcouldn’taffordtodoanythingmuch,whichinthosedayswasusuallythecase,Icouldalwaysgooutsideandtake____________lookaround.3.Itwasaburning­hot,summer’sdayandIwaslongingtogoswimmingatthelocalpool.Instead,Iwasridingin_____backseatofthecarasmyparentsdrovetoafriend’shouse.4.Buthehadonly______________80­yuannote.5.Hewas____________Europeanbillionairewhogoteverythinghewanted.6.ThatdayIdidn’tlearnmuchaboutanimals,insectsortrees,butIlearnt______________impressivelessonaboutgravity!7.As____________result,peoplewilleatmorefoodtotrytomakeupforthatsomethingmissing.8.Thisincludeddigginguptheroad,layingthetrackandthenbuildingastrongroofover_____________top.9.Cornproductionhasjumpednearly125percentover__________past25years,whilericehasincreasedonly7percent.10.Unexpectedly,I'mfacetofacewiththegorilla,whobeginsscreamingat__________topofherlungs.11.Instead,sheisearning$6500adayas__________modelinNewYork.12.Thenurseryteamswitcheshimeveryfewdayswithhissistersothatwhileoneisbeingbottlefed,__________otheriswithmum.13.Giveyourbodyandbrainarestbysteppingoutsidefor__________while,exercising,ordoingsomethingyouenjoy.14.Theadobedwellings(土坯房）builtbythePuebloIndiansoftheAmericanSouthwestareadmiredbyeven__________mostmodernofarchitectsandengineers.15.Now,yearslater,thisriverisoneof__________mostoutstandingexamplesofenvironmentalcleanup.【要点精讲】名词学习目标：学生能全面掌握名词的用法，并实际运用于语法填空步骤一：可数名词复数的变化规则有？可数名词复数的构成，通常是在单数形式后面加－s或－es，其规则如下：构成方法例词一般情况在词尾加__________girl—girlspage—pages以s,x,sh,ch结尾的词在词尾加______________bus—busesbox—boxeswatch—watchesbrush—brushes但有例外：stomach—stomachs以“辅音字母＋y”结尾的词，________________baby—babiescity—cities以“辅音字母＋o”结尾的词，在词尾加___________tomato—tomatoeshero—heroespotato—potatoes但有例外：photo—photos；piano—pianos以f或fe结尾的词，多数_________________________________knife—kniveswife—wiveshalf—halvesleaf—leaves但仍有例外：belief—beliefsroof—roofshandkerchief—handkerchiefs/handkerchieves【特别提醒】因为汉语中没有名词的单复数形式变化，所以英语中名词的单复数也就成了易错点。如以下两个典型错误：①Doyouhavedictionary?②Heshookheadsadly.一般情况下，英语中的可数名词在句子中出现时，要么用复数形式，要么在其前面加冠词或限定词。因此以上两句可以表达为：①Doyouhaveadictionary?②Heshookhisheadsadly.单复数形式意义不同的名词：experience经验experiences____________manner方式 manners_______________custom风俗 customs_______________work工作 works_________________wood木材 woods________________sand沙子 sands_________________paper纸张 papers________________glass玻璃 glasses________________步骤二：可数名词复数的不规则变化1）有些名词的复数属于不规则变化，需要在平时的学习中逐一记忆：child—children,tooth—teeth,phenomenon—phenomena,ox—oxen,foot—feet,man—men,mouse—mice,woman—women等2）总是表示复数意义的名词集体名词people,police,cattle总是表示复数意义，不能说apeople,apolice,acattle，但可以说aperson,apoliceman,aheadofcattle.Thepolicearesearchingforthestolenboy.Thecattlearefeedingonthegrassland.3）有些名词只用复数形式：trousers,congratulations,thanks,goods,clothes,socks,shoes,belongings,savings4）单复数同形的名词有些名词的复数形式同原形。这些名词有：deer,sheep,fish,Chinese,Japanese,Swiss,li(里),jin(斤),yuan(元),mu(亩),means(方式，方法)等。Allpossiblemeanshavebeentried.Everypossiblemeanshasbeentried.【点拨】对于单复数同形的名词，一定要从题中找出关键信息(如谓语动词的单复数形式)，来确定其到底是表示单数意义还是复数意义。5）合成名词的复数把主体名词变成复数，如：passersby,fathersinlaw(岳父)[来源:学§步骤三：高考常考的不可数名词不可数名词常在书面表达中使用时，要注意以下名词：advice,

baggage,change(零钱),furniture,hair,homework,information,knowledge,luggage,money,news,progress,traffic,progress,work,health,luck,weather,music,fun,experience【点拨】抽象名词与a（an）连用，淡化了抽象概念，转化为似乎可以体验到的动作、行为或类别。如：

AknowledgeofEnglishisamustininternationaltrade.

Wouldyouliketohaveawalk(swim,bath,talk)withme?

(2)物质名词有前置后置修饰时，前面要使用不定冠词。

havebreakfast

haveawonderfulbreakfast

步骤四：名词所有格英语名词所有格有两种：’s所有格和of所有格。1．’s所有格的构成(1)通常在单数名词和不以－s结尾的复数名词的词尾加’s，如：Jack’sbooks,Children’sDay(2)以－s结尾的复数名词，在词尾加’，如：thestudents’books(3)作为一个整体的词组，一般在最后一个词的词尾加’s，如：anhourandahalf’swalk(步行一个半小时的路程)；amonthortwo’sabsence(一两个月的缺席)(4)以and连接的两个名词：表示共同所有时，在最后一个词的词尾加’s，如：KateandMary’sfather(Kate和Mary是姐妹俩)；表示分别所有时，在每个名词后分别加’s，如：Kate’sfatherandMary’sfather(Kate和Mary不是姐妹俩)。【特别提醒】不定代词后接else时，其所有格放在else之后。如：somebodyelse’sbag2．’s所有格的用法(1)常表示有生命的东西。如：Tom’sbirthday,thedog’sowner。(2)用于表示时间、距离、天体、度量衡与货币价值、国家、城市等。如：①时间：aday'swork(一天的工作)，today'snewspaper；②距离：twentyminutes’ride,fiveminutes’walk,amile’sdistance；③天体：thesun’sheat,themoon’ssurface；④度量衡与货币价值：tendollars’worth,twentypounds’weight；⑤国家、城市等：China’sindustry,thecity’sdevelopment,thegovernment’splan表示某人的家或店铺。如：atthedoctor’s,atmyuncle’s3．of所有格的构成the＋所有物＋of＋(this/that/the/my/their...)＋无生命之物。4．of所有格的用法of所有格主要用于无生命的事物，也可以用于有生命的事物。如：thewindowofthehouse;amapofJapan;thenameofthegirlstandingatthegateDoesanyoneknowthetitleofthenovel?Theyhavethesupportofpeopleofthedevelopingcountries.5．双重所有格(1)双重所有格的构成：双重所有格即“of＋’s结构”。(2)双重所有格的用法：表示整体中的一个或部分，用于修饰of前面的名词。如：afriendofmine;thisbookoftheprofessor’s;thislovelybabyofmyaunt’s。【特别提醒】双重所有格还可以表示赞赏、厌恶等感情色彩，如：1．ThatcarofPeter'sisverynice.彼得的车确实很好。(表示赞赏)2．ThedogofTom'sisveryfierce.汤姆的那条狗非常凶。(表示厌恶、不满)冠词学习目标：1.学生能全面掌握冠词的用法，并实际运用于语法填空步骤一：什么是冠词？冠词在句中放在哪里？有什么作用呢？分类概念用法定冠词the冠词是一种虚词，本身不能独立使用，只能放在名词前帮助说明名词所指的人或事物用于特指一定的人或事物或上下文提到的人或事物Takeyourtimeit’sjustashortdistancefromheretotherestaurant.不定冠词a用在辅音因素开头的可数名词前表示“一个”Itisgenerallyacceptedthataboymustlearntostandupandfightlikeaman.an用在元音因素开头的可数名词前表示“一个”MrWilsonlivedinanAshapedhouse.步骤二：不定冠词a/an的使用规则序号用法例句1表示“一”这个数量RunningmanisapopularTVshow.2用于第一次出现的人或者物Thedirectorislookingforamissingboyinmyhometown.3泛指某一类人或物Afathermusttakecareofthefamily.如：Whenyoufinishreadingthebook,youwillhaveabetterunderstandingoflife.Afteranhourorsowebegantofeelveryfrightened.特别提醒：注意hour,university,European,umbrella等前冠词的运用内化过程：a/an的选用以单词的首个读音因素为依据，元音因素开头的单词用an，辅音音素开头的单词用a。步骤三：定冠词the的使用规则用法口诀：特指双熟悉，上文已提及，世上独一无二，序数最高级，某些专有名，习语及乐器。（1）the用在“特指”谈话双方都知道的某个人或某些人或物前。如：Whereistheteacher?（2）the用在上文已提到的人或事物前。如：Iseeacat.ThecatisLucy’s.（3）the用在世界上独一无二的事物前。如：Theearthgoesaroundthesun.（4）the用在序数词或形容词最高级前。如：Mikeisthetallestofthethreeboys.注意：序数词或形容词最高级前有代词如this，my等修饰则不用冠词（5）the用在由普通名词构成的专有名词前。如：theGreatWall，thePeople’sPark（6）the用在一些习惯用语中或西洋乐器名词前。如：inthemorning，playthepiano步骤四：零冠词的使用规则代词限定名词前，泛指名词不可数，复数名词表泛指，学科球棋三餐饭，季节星期月份前，颜色语种和国名，称呼习语及头衔。（1）名词前已有作定语用的this,that,these,those,my,your,his,her,our,their,some等限定词时，不用冠词。如：thiseraser,herpencilbox,someboxes,thosewomen等。（2）泛指的不可数名词前一般不用冠词。如：meat,rice,water,bread,tea,milk,juice等。（3）复数名词表示泛指时，不用冠词。如：Thepeopleintheroomaredoctors.（4）在表示学科的名词前一般不用冠词。如：Chinese,English,maths,physics,history等。（5）在三餐饭和球类运动、棋类名词前一般不加冠词。如：havebreakfast,playbasketball等。（6）在季节、节日、星期、月份前不用冠词。如：inautumn,onChildren’sDay,inFebruary,onMonday等。（7）在表颜色、语种和国家名词前不用冠词。如：white,French,Australia（8）在表示称呼语的名词之前，以及职务、头衔的名词前不用冠词。如：DoctorGreenisascientist.【查漏补缺】单句语法填空Group1名词1.Anysmellmightattractnatural________(enemy)thatwouldtrytoeatthelittlepanda.2.Wecanachievealotwhenwelearntoletour____________(different)unite,ratherthandivideus.3.Doyouknowanyfriendofmy______________(husband)?4.We’vecalledseveral____________(time)aboutCleo’searlymorningbarking.Group2冠词1.AlexanderGrahamBellinvented____________telephonein1876.2.Butat________sametime,weflickedslyglancesathimandcheckedhimout.3.________prizeforthewinnerofthepetitionis________two­weekholidayinParis.4.Ifyoucutyourfinger,ifsomeof__________dustfromthefloorgoesintothecut,someofthegermswillgointoyourfinger.5.Sheisthelittleboy’sgrandmother,andherdaughter,Nicole,bought__________housenextdoorlastOctober.【梳理优化】名词A.补充、完善初步总结的解题方法。一、常考题型：语法填空题二、解题技巧语法填空题中名词的解题技巧：1.观察空格处是否给出提示词（一般是有给出提示词的）2.判断空格中是否考查名词；3.如果提示词不是名词，则要转换成名词（参考构词法）4.如果提示词是名词，则根据句子需要改成名词复数或所有格小窍门：名词所有格用法口诀:英语名词所有格，表示某物是“谁的”；通常后加’s，Tom’smother要记住。复数有s只加’，Teachers’Day记清楚。若是两者共有时，只在后者把’s加；表示两人分有时，前者后者都把’s加。名词若是无生命，of短语来把所属关系表。翻译时要注意，从后往前错不了。冠词A.补充、完善初步总结的解题方法。一、常考题型：语法填空题二、解题技巧语法填空题中冠词的解题技巧观察空格处是否给出提示词（一般是未给出提示词的）；观察空格处前后的词性搭配或固定短语搭配；（一般空格后应有名词或者形容词最高级或者序数词）根据句意或固定短语搭配以及冠词的使用规则正确运用恰当的冠词B..小窍门：1.the的用法口诀：特指双熟悉，上文已提及，世上独一无二，序数最高级，某些专有名，习语及乐器。2.零冠词的用法口诀：代词限定名词前，泛指名词不可数，复数名词表泛指，学科球棋三餐饭，季节星期月份前，颜色语种和国名，称呼习语及头衔。【强化巩固】语法填空1__________

ispossiblethatwesimplydonotstayinoneplaceforatruefriendshiptodevelop.However,therecanbenodisagreementontheneedforeachofus

2________________

(think)carefullyaboutthekindoffriendshipswewant.Tomostofus,friendshipsareconsidered

3______________

(importance),butneedtohaveclearinourownminds

4____________

kindsoffriendshipswewant.Aretheytobecloseor

5_____________

(keep)atarm’slength?Dowewanttoshareourselvesordowewanttowalkonthesurface?Forsomepeople,manyfriendshipsonthesurfacearequiteenough—andthat’sallright.Butatsomepointweneedtomakesurethatourexpectationsarethesameasour

6___________________

(friend)expectations.Ifonewantsmorefromthefriendshipthantheother,

7_________

ifthisisnottalkedabout,oneislikelyatlasttofellthathe’sholdingtheshortendofthestick.Thesharingofpersonalexperience

8_______________

(include)ourtearsaswellasourdarkdreams

9_____________

(be)thesurestwaytodeepenfriendships.Butitmustbeundertakenslowlyandcarriedononlyiftheresignsofinterestandaction

10__________return.

【课后练习】一、单句语法填空Group1名词Asthe___________(world)populationcontinuestogrow,thesupplyoffoodbeesmoreandmoreofaconcern.Don’tworry.Wehavestored(quantity)offoodalready.Jackisastudentofmy______________(father).Heisalsomybestfriend.Runningforhalfanhoureverydayisoneofthe__________(rule)inourschool..Group2冠词1.Thepaperisduenextmonth,andIamworkingsevendays______week,oftenlonginto______night.2.Indiaattainedindependencein1947,after_______longstruggle.3.TheDoubleNinthFestivalremindsustorespect_______elderly.4.Heoftentakeshisdogfor_______walkaroundthesquare.5.Whydidyoumakesomanymistakesinthespeech?I’msosorry.Couldyougiveme_______secondchance?二、语法填空TheInternetisanamazinginformationresource.Students,teachers,andresearchersuseitas

1_______

investigativetool.Journalistsuseittofindinformationforstories.Doctorsuseittolearnmoreaboutunfamiliardiseasesandthe

2_____________

(late)medicaldevelopment.Ordinarypeopleuseitforshopping,banking,billpaying,andmunicatingwithfamilyandfriends.Peopleallovertheworlduseittoconnectwithindividualsfrom

3__________

countriesandcultures.However,4___________therearemanypositivedevelopments

5____________

(associate)withtheInternet,therearealsocertainfearsandconcerns.

6___________

concernrelatestoalackofcontrolover7____________

appearsontheInternet.Withtelevisionandradiothereareeditorstochecktheaccuracyorappropriatenessofthecontentofprograms,andwithtelevisionthereare

8_________________(restrict)onwhatkindsofprogramscan

9_______________(broadcast)andatwhattimesoftheday.WiththeInternet,parentscannot

checkapublishedguidetodeterminewhatissuitable10_________theirchildrentosee.三、阅读理解AccordingtoarecentstudyintheJournalofConsumerResearch,boththesizeandconsumptionhabitsofoureatingpanionscaninfluenceourfoodintake.Andcontrarytoexistingresearchthatsaysyoushouldavoideatingwithheavierpeoplewhoorderlargeportions(份),it'sthebeanpoleswithbigappetitesyoureallyneedtoavoid.Totesttheeffectofsocialinfluenceoneatinghabits,theresearchersconductedtwoexperiments.Inthefirst,95undergraduatewomenwereindividuallyinvitedintoalabtoostensibly(表面上)participateinastudyaboutmovieviewership.Beforethefilmbegan,eachwomanwasaskedtohelpherselftoasnack.Anactorhiredbytheresearchersgrabbedherfoodfirst.Inhernaturalstate,theactorweighed105pounds.Butinhalfthecasessheworeaspeciallydesignedfatsuitwhichincreasedherweightto180pounds.Boththefatandthinversionsoftheactortookalargeamountoffood.Theparticipantsfollowedsuit,takingmorefoodthantheynormallywouldhave.However,theytooksignificantlymorewhentheactorwasthin.Forthesecondtest,inonecasethethinactortooktwopiecesofcandyfromthesnackbowls.Intheothercase,shetook30pieces.Theresultsweresimilartothefirsttest:theparticipantsfollowedsuitbuttooksignificantlymorecandywhenthethinactortook30pieces.Thetestsshowthatthesocialenvironmentisextremelyinfluentialwhenwe'remakingdecisions.Ifthisfellowparticipantisgoingtoeatmore,sowillI.Callitthe“I’llhavewhatshe'shaving”effect.However,we'lladjusttheinfluence.Ifanoverweightpersonishavingalargeportion,I'llholdbackabitbecauseIseetheresultsofhiseatinghabits.Butifathinpersoneatsalot,I'llfollowsuit.Ifhecaneatmuchandkeepslim,whycan'tI?1.Whatistherecentstudymainlyabout?A.Foodsafety. B.Movieviewership.C.Consumerdemand. D.Eatingbehavior.2.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“beanpoles”inparagraph1referto?A.Bigeaters. B.Overweightpersons.C.Pickyeaters. D.Tallthinpersons.3.Whydidtheresearchershiretheactor?A.Toseehowshewouldaffecttheparticipants. B.Totestiftheparticipantscouldrecognizeher.C.Tofindoutwhatshewoulddointhetwotests. D.Tostudywhyshecouldkeepherweightdown.4.Onwhatbasisdowe“adjusttheinfluence”accordingtothelastparagraph?A.Howhungryweare. B.Howslimwewanttobe.C.Howweperceiveothers. D.Howwefeelaboutthefood.四、七选五Makingotherpeoplefeelgoodfeelsgood,and,bestofall,itrequireslittlemorethanagenerousheart.Studiesshowthatpeoplefeelhappierwhentheydosomethingkindforanotherperson,andbothrecipientsandgooddeeddoerscangetth