动车组制动系统维护与检修(中英双语)：防滑电磁阀的结构

TheStructureoftheAnti-slipSolenoidValve防滑电磁阀的结构Thestructureoftheanti-slipsolenoidvalve防滑电磁阀的结构Althoughthestructuralformoftheanti-slipsolenoidvalveisdifferent,asfortheexistinganti-slipsolenoidvalve,thedomesticorforeignoneshavethesamerequirementsandworkingprinciplesa,TheyaremainlycomposedofIntermediate,sidebody,membraneplate,electromagneticpilotpart,

etc.形式虽然千差万别,但就现有防滑电磁阀来说,不论是国内还是国外其设计要求和工作原理都几乎完全相同,它们主要由中间体、侧体、膜板、电磁先导部分等组成Thestructureandworkingprincipleofanti-slipsolenoidvalve防滑电磁阀的结构及工作原理1、23—膜板座；2—排气膜板V2；3—阀体;4、5、13—密封圈；6、14—阀座；7-solenoidvalveVM1/7—电磁阀VM1；8、19—外部阀座；

9、15—侧板；10,17-spring/10、17—弹簧；11,16-internalvalveseat/11、16—内部阀座；12—接线柱；18-solenoidvalveVM2,etc/18—电磁阀VM2；20—电枢及绕组；

21—进气膜板V1；22—膜板弹簧；24—阀座Thestructureoftheanti-slipsolenoidvalve(asshownontheright)防滑电磁阀的结构（如右图）Theanti-skidvalveworks防滑阀工作原理Noanti-skidfunctionwhenthebrakingandmitigationeffect无防滑功能时的制动和缓解作用Exhaustfunctionwhenthereisanti-skidfunction有防滑功能时的排气作用12Thestructureandworkingprincipleofanti-slipsolenoidvalve防滑电磁阀的结构及工作原理Re-brakewithanti-skidfunction(inflatable)role有防滑功能时的再制动（充气）作用Withanti-slipfunctionwhenthepressureholding(pressureholding)function有防滑功能时的压力保持（保压）作用34Atthistime,solenoidvalvesVM1andVM2arenotexcited.Thechannelskanduareclosed,andthechannelsMandNareopenwhenbraking此时电磁阀VM1、VM2均不励磁。通道k、u关闭,通道M、N打开制动时PressureairflowsfromthebrakecontroldevicerelayvalvetotheairinletD.来自制动控制装置中继阀的压力空气到进风口D1.Noanti-skidfunctionwhenthebrakingandmitigationeffect无防滑功能时的制动和缓解作用TheTchamberactsontheinletdiaphragmplateV1,asthecontrolchamberSDbySD→g→openvalveseatN→r→q→Ototheatmosphere,经T室作用在进气膜板V1上,由于控制室SD经SD→g→开启的阀座N→r→q→O通大气1.Noanti-skidfunctionwhenthebrakingandmitigationeffect无防滑功能时的制动和缓解作用Therefore,theinletdiaphragmplateV1ispushedtotherightendofthelimitposition,theinletdiaphragmplateV1open;atthesametime,pressureairofFchamberflowsthroughF→→d→→→M→h→SC,underthefunctionofpressuredifferencebetweenthepressureintheexhaustdiaphragmplateV2leftcontrolroomSCchamberpressureandUchamberpressure(notethattherightsideofV2→→Ototheatmosphere)exhaustdiaphragmplateV2closed.因此进气膜板V1被推至右端极限位置,进气膜板V1打开;同时F室的压力空气经F→→d→→M→h→SC,在排气膜板V2左侧控制室SC室压力与U室压力的压差作用下(注意V2右侧→→O通大气)排气膜板V2关闭。1.Noanti-skidfunctionwhenthebrakingandmitigationeffect无防滑功能时的制动和缓解作用Thus,D→F→V1left→ZCpathwayopen,thevehiclefornormalbrakingreliefbegan,C→Z→V1left→F→Dpathwayopen,whentherightsideoftheintakediaphragmplateV1springpressureishigherthantheTchamberpressure,theintakediaphragmplateV1closed,theremainingairintheUchamberopenexhaustdiaphragmplateV2,exhausttheremainingairinthebrakecylinderC这样,D→F→V1左侧→ZC通路打开,车辆进行正常的制动缓解开始时,C→Z→V1左侧→F→D通路畅通,当进气膜板V1右侧弹簧压力高于T室压力时,进气膜板V1关闭,U室的剩余空气打开排气膜板V2,排尽制动缸C的剩余空气1.Noanti-skidfunctionwhenthebrakingandmitigationeffect无防滑功能时的制动和缓解作用1.Noanti-skidfunctionwhenthebrakingandmitigationeffect无防滑功能时的制动和缓解作用Atthistime,solenoidvalvesVM1andVM2arenotexcited.Thechannelskanduareclosed,andthechannelsMandNareopenwhenbraking此时电磁阀VM1、VM2均不励磁。通道k、u关闭,通道M、N打开制动时PressureairflowsfromthebrakecontroldevicerelayvalvetotheairinletD.来自制动控制装置中继阀的压力空气到进风口D1.Noanti-skidfunctionwhenthebrakingandmitigationeffect无防滑功能时的制动和缓解作用TheTchamberactsontheinletdiaphragmplateV1,asthecontrolchamberSDbySD→g→openvalveseatN→r→q→Ototheatmosphere,经T室作用在进气膜板V1上,由于控制室SD经SD→g→开启的阀座N→r→q→O通大气Therefore,theinletdiaphragmplateV1ispushedtotherightendofthelimitposition,theinletdiaphragmplateV1open;atthesametime,pressureairofFchamberflowsthroughF→→d→→→M→h→SC,underthefunctionofpressuredifferencebetweenthepressureintheexhaustdiaphragmplateV2leftcontrolroomSCchamberpressureandUchamberpressure(notethattherightsideofV2→→Ototheatmosphere)exhaustdiaphragmplateV2closed.因此进气膜板V1被推至右端极限位置,进气膜板V1打开;同时F室的压力空气经F→→d→→M→h→SC,在排气膜板V2左侧控制室SC室压力与U室压力的压差作用下(注意V2右侧→→O通大气)排气膜板V2关闭。Thus,D→F→V1left→ZCpathwayopen,thevehiclefornormalbrakingreliefbegan,C→Z→V1left→F→Dpathwayopen,whentherightsideoftheintakediaphragmplateV1springpressureishigherthantheTchamberpressure,theintakediaphragmplateV1closed,theremainingairintheUchamberopenexhaustdiaphragmplateV2,exhausttheremainingairinthebrakecylinderC这样,D→F→V1左侧→ZC通路打开,车辆进行正常的制动缓解开始时,C→Z→V1左侧→F→D通路畅通,当进气膜板V1右侧弹簧压力高于T室压力时,进气膜板V1关闭,U室的剩余空气打开排气膜板V2,排尽制动缸C的剩余空气Atthistime,solenoidvalvesVM1andVM2arenotexcited.Thechannelskanduareclosed,andthechannelsMandNareopenwhenbraking此时电磁阀VM1、VM2均不励磁。通道k、u关闭,通道M、N打开制动时PressureairflowsfromthebrakecontroldevicerelayvalvetotheairinletD.来自制动控制装置中继阀的压力空气到进风口D1.Noanti-skidfunctionwhenthebrakingandmitigationeffect无防滑功能时的制动和缓解作用TheTchamberactsontheinletdiaphragmplateV1,asthecontrolchamberSDbySD→g→openvalveseatN→r→q→Ototheatmosphere,经T室作用在进气膜板V1上,由于控制室SD经SD→g→开启的阀座N→r→q→O通大气Therefore,theinletdiaphragmplateV1ispushedtotherightendofthelimitposition,theinletdiaphragmplateV1open;atthesametime,pressureairofFchamberflowsthroughF→→d→→→M→h→SC,underthefunctionofpressuredifferencebetweenthepressureintheexhaustdiaphragmplateV2leftcontrolroomSCchamberpressureandUchamberpressure(notethattherightsideofV2→→Ototheatmosphere)exhaustdiaphragmplateV2closed.因此进气膜板V1被推至右端极限位置,进气膜板V1打开;同时F室的压力空气经F→→d→→M→h→SC,在排气膜板V2左侧控制室SC室压力与U室压力的压差作用下(注意V2右侧→→O通大气)排气膜板V2关闭。Thus,D→F→V1left→ZCpathwayopen,thevehiclefornormalbrakingreliefbegan,C→Z→V1left→F→Dpathwayopen,whentherightsideoftheintakediaphragmplateV1springpressureishigherthantheTchamberpressure,theintakediaphragmplateV1closed,theremainingairintheUchamberopenexhaustdiaphragmplateV2,exhausttheremainingairinthebrakecylinderC这样,D→F→V1左侧→ZC通路打开,车辆进行正常的制动缓解开始时,C→Z→V1左侧→F→D通路畅通,当进气膜板V1右侧弹簧压力高于T室压力时,进气膜板V1关闭,U室的剩余空气打开排气膜板V2,排尽制动缸C的剩余空气Whentheexhaustcommandisreceived,solenoidvalvesVM1andVM2areexcited.Channelskanduareopened,channelsMandNareclosed,andthepositionofexhaustreliefischanged.接到排气指令的同时电磁阀VM1、VM2均励磁。通道k、u打开,通道M、N关闭,变成排气缓解位置2.Exhaustfunctionwhenthereisanti-skidfunction有防滑功能时的排气作用PressureairflowsthroughF→i→→→g→SD,SDchamberpressurerises,ofwhichthepressuredifferencequicklyreachabalancewiththatoftheTchamber,themembraneplatespringwouldbepushedtheinletmembraneplatetotheleftendposition.Atthesametime,thepressureofSDchambercontinuestorise,andthepressuredifferencebetweenthespringforce+SDchamberpressureandTchamberwouldbegettinglargerandlarger压力空气经F→i→→g→SD,SD室压力上升,与T室压差很快达到平衡,膜板弹簧将进气膜板推至左端位置,SD室压力继续上升,弹簧力+SD室压力与T室压力的压差越来越大Theinletdiaphragmremainsclosed,进气膜板保持关闭,Thus,thepathofD→F→V1left→Z→Cisclosed,从而D→F→V1左侧→Z→C的通路关闭,Atthistime,theairpressurefromtherelayvalveDwillnotincreasethepressureofthebrakecylinder,nomatterhowmuchitincreases;这时中继阀D处来的空气压力不管如何增加,也不会增加制动缸的压力;2.Exhaustfunctionwhenthereisanti-skidfunction有防滑功能时的排气作用Atthesametime,theairinthecontrolchamberSCpassesthroughSC→→k→q→Ototheatmosphere,同时控制室SC的空气经SC→→k→q→O通大气ThepressureairinchamberUopenstheexhaustdiaphragmV2,U室的压力空气打开排气膜板V2,BrakecylinderCairthroughthepathC→Z→V2right→p→Oexhaustatmosphere.制动缸C的空气经通路C→Z→V2右侧→p→O排大气。2.Exhaustfunctionwhenthereisanti-skidfunction有防滑功能时的排气作用Atthistime,thesolenoidvalvesVM1andVM2arenotexcited.Thechannelskanduareclosed,andthechannelsMandNareopened.充此时电磁阀VM1、VM2均不励磁。通道k、u关闭,通道M、N打开3.Re-brakewithanti-skidfunction(inflatable)role有防滑功能的再制动(充气)作用PressureairfromtherelayvalveD,throughtheTchamber,actsontheinletdiaphragmplateV1.AstheairinthecontrolroomSDisdischargedtotheatmospherethroughthroughSD→Nq→O,therefore,itwouldquicklydroptothesamepressureastheatmosphere.UndertheactionoftheairpressureoftheTchamber,theinletdiaphragmplateV1ispushedtotherightendposition,theinletdiaphragmplateV1wouldopenagain(ifthebrakecylinderairhasnotbeenexhausted,underthejointactionofairpressureoftheTchamberandV1leftside,theinletMembraneplateV1wouldopenfaster);来自中继阀D的压力空气经T室作用在进气膜板V1上,由于控制室SD的空气经SD→Nq→O通大气,因此,迅速降为与大气压力相同,在T室空气压力作用下,进气膜板V1被推向右端位置,进气膜板V1再次打开(若制动缸空气尚未排尽,在T室和V1左侧空气压力的共同作用下,进气膜板V1打开更快);atthesametimepressureairfromDwouldrisequicklythroughF→→d→Mh→SC,SCchamberpressurerisesrapidly.WithdrivingbyactionofpressuredifferencebetweentheSCchamberpressureandUchamber(V2right→→Ototheatmosphere),theexhaustmembraneplateV2quicklyclose,thebrakecylinderairwouldnotexhausttotheatmosphereanymore.Thus,D→F→V1left→Z→Cpathwayopenagain,thevehicleagainintothebrakeinflatablestateChargingatthistimethesolenoidvalveVM1,VM2arenotexcitation.Channelk,uclosed,channelM,Nopen同时来自D的压力空气经F→→d→Mh→SC,SC室压力迅速上升,在SC室压力与U室的压差作用下(V2右侧→→O通大气)排气膜板V2迅速关闭,制动缸的空气不再排大气。这样,D→F→V1左侧→Z→C通路再次打开,车辆再次进入制动充气状态4.Pressurekeeping(pressureholding)functionwithanti-slipfunction有防滑功能时的压力保持(保压)作用Atthistime,thesolenoidvalveVM1isnotenergizedandVM2isenergized.ChannelskandNareclosed,channelsManduareopened,andthepressureofthepressureairpassesthroughF→i→→SD.ThepressureoftheSDchamberrisesrapidly,andthedifferentialpressurebetweentheSDchamberandtheTchamberquicklyreachesequilibrium.Thediaphragmspringpushestheintakediaphragmtotheleftend,andthepressureoftheSDchambercontinuestorise.Thespringforce+thedifferentialpressurebetweentheSDchamberpressureandtheTchamberpressureincreases,andtheintakediaphragmremainsclosed,sothatthechannelD→F→V1left→Z→Cisclosed;Atthesametime,whenthepressureairpassesthroughF→i→d→e→M→h→SC,thepressureofSCchamberrisesrapidly,andtheexhaustdiaphragmV2closesrapidly.Atthistime,thebrakecylinderneitherexhaustsnorinflates,formingapressureholding(pressuremaintaining)state此时电磁阀VM1不励磁、VM2励磁。通道k、N关闭,通道M、u打开压力空气经F→i→→→SD,SD室压力迅速升,与T室压差很快达到平衡,膜板弹簧将进气膜板推至左端位置,SD室压力续上升,弹簧力+SD室压力与T室压力的压差越来越大,进气膜板保持关闭,从而D→F→V1左侧→Z→C的通路关闭;同时压力空气经F→i→d→e→M→h→SC,SC室压力迅速上升,排气膜板V2迅速关闭。这时制动缸既不排风也不充气,形成压力保持(保压)状态4.Pressurekeeping(pressureholding)functionwithanti-slipfunction有防滑功能时的压力保持(保压)作用Inthepressuremaintainingstate,ifVM1isexcitedintermittently(energized),thebrakecylinderwillexhaustairintermittently.Toachievestagerelease,ifVMisalwaysexcited(energized),whileVM2isexcitedintermittently(energized),thebrakecylinderwillinflateintermittentlytoachievestagebraking在保压状态时,若使VM1间断地励磁(得电),制动缸便会间断地排风,实现阶段缓解若保持VM始终励磁(得电),而VM2间地励磁(得电),制动缸便会间断地充气,实现阶段制动Theslipdetectionunitcalculatesandcomparesthepulsefrequencysignalssentbythespeedsensor,andjudgeswhetherslipoccursaccordingtothepredeterminedlogiccontrol.由滑行检测单元对速度传感器送来的脉冲频率信号进行计算比较,并根据事先规定的逻辑控制来判断是否发生了滑行。(四)SlipDetection

（四）滑行检测13524Inaddition,thetrainspeedisalsocalculatedaccordingtotherotationspeedofthewheel.Incaseofslip,theanti-slipsolenoidvalveassembledintheboostercylinderwillbeenergizedtoreducethepressureoftheboostercylinderthroughtemporaryexhaust.此外,还根据车轮的转动速度计算出列车速度,如果发生滑行时,组装在增压缸内的防滑电磁阀励磁通过短暂排气将增压缸压力降低。Aftertheairpressureoftheboostercylinderdecreases,thewheelspeedincreasesundertheeffectoftheadhesionbetweenthewheelandrail.Whenthespeeddifferencewiththereferenceshaftdropstowithinthesetvalue,theslipingdetectionunitwilljudgethattheadhesionhasbeenrestored增压缸空气压力降低后,在轮轨间黏着力的作用下车轮转速上升,当与基准轴的转速差降到设定值以内时,滑行检测单元就会判断为已经恢复了黏着Theanti-slipsolenoidvalvemakesthehydraulicbrakecylinder

pressureriseagain防滑电磁阀使液压制动缸压力再次上升。Theslippressurecontrolistoexcitetheanti-slipsolenoidvalvetoreturntheoilinthehydraulicbrakecylindertotheoiltanksothatthehydraulicpressureofthehydraulicbrakecylinderdropsto500kPainordertorapidlyreducethepressureofthehydraulicbrakecylinderaftertheslipingisdetected滑行的压力控制是在检测到滑行后,为迅速降低液压制动缸压力,将防滑电磁阀励磁使液压制动缸内的油返回油箱,致使液压制动缸的液压降到500kPaSlipre-adhesioncontrol滑行再黏着控制Slipandre-adhesioncontrolof

regenerativebraking再生制动的滑行再黏着控制Slipre-adhesioncontrolofairbraking空气制动的滑行再黏着控制12(五)Slipre-adhesioncontrol（五）

滑行再黏着控制There-adhesioncontrolmethodafterslipingisthatMseriesusesthespeedsensor(PGsensor)equippedwiththetractionmotor,andTseriesusesthesignalsentbythespeedsensorequippedontheaxleendofeachaxletocalculatethespeedofeachaxleevery20mstodetecttheslipingstate.Aftertheslipingisdetermined,theregenerativebrakingcontrolunitadoptsthemethodofreducingtheregenerativebrakingforce,andtheairbrakingcontrolunitadoptsthemethodofreducingtheBC(brakecylinder)pressuretocontrolthere-adhesion.滑行后的再黏着控制方法,是M车系列使用装备在牵引电机的速度传感器(PG传感器)T车系列利用装备在各车车轴轴端的速度传感器所发出的信号,算出各轴每20ms的速度检测出滑行状态。确定滑行后,再生制控制单元采取减小再生制动力大小的方法,空气制动控制单元则采用降低BC(制动缸)压力的方法来进行再黏着的控制。1.Coastingandadhesioncontrolofregenerativebraking1.再生制动的滑行再黏着控制RegenerativecontrolmodeistoreduceregenerativebrakingforcewhenoneoftheconditionsinTable28-3ismetwithin1.5safterbrakingtosliping(i.e.slipingwithoutpower,atwhichtimethelocomotiveitselfhasnotractionandbraking,alsoknownassliping),orfrombrakingtoslipingtopoweroperation.Thebrakingforceshallberecoveredwhentheconditionsarenotmet.Delaycalculationshallbecarriedoutevery0.6swhentheregenerativecontrolmodeiscontrollingsliping;Afterreturningtothenormalstate,thelocomotiveoperationstateshallbedelayedevery2stojudgethecontrolbrakingforce再生控制模式是在对于从制动到惯性滑行(即无动力滑行状态,此时车辆本身无牵引无制动,又称为惰行状态),或者从制动到惯性滑行再变为动力运转状态后1.5s之内符合表28-3中某一条件时就减小再生制动力。在条件不成立的情况下再恢复制动力。再生控制模式控制滑行时每0.6s进行一次延迟计算;恢复到正常状态后每2s对车辆的运行状态进行一次延迟计算来判别控制制动力的大小2.Slipingre-adhesioncontrolofairbraking2.空气制动的滑行再黏着控制Theslipingdetectionofairbrakingisthesameasthatofregenerativebraking(whentheeffectivesignalofregenerativebrakingisdisconnectedduringtheslipingofregenerativebraking,theslipingcontrolofairbrakingisalsoperformed).Comparethespeedoffourlocomotivegroupsofeachlocomotivewitheachother.TheslipingdetectionconditionsareshowninTable28-4.ControlthebrakingforceaccordingtothecontrolschematicdiagramshowninFigure2-811.空气制动的滑行检测与再生制动滑行检测一样(再生制动滑行中再生制动有效信号在断开的情况下也进行空气制动的滑行控)。互相比较每辆车四车组的速度,滑行检测条件如表28-4所示,根据图2-811所示的控制原理图进行制动力大小的控制。2.Slipingre-adhesioncontrolofairbraking2.空气制动的滑行再黏着控制AsshowninFig.2-8-11,whentheconditionsatpointAaremet,theanti-slipvalveactsimmediatelytodischargetheBCpressureinastepmanner.Theslipingcausedbyexcessivebrakingforceshallberelievedandthestateshallbestabilized.AftertheBCpressuredecreases,theslipingoftheaxleiscontrolled.Withthedecreaseofthespeed,theconditionatpointBisestablished,andtheBCexhaustisstoppedtokeeptheBCpressureclosetotheadhesionstate,sothatthebrakepadcanfurthercompressthebrake

surface.Trytocontroltheslipingratetopreventtheextensionofthebrakedistance.Afterthat,whentheconditionsatpointCaremet,BCpressurewillberaisedagaintoreturntothenormalstatebeforesliping.如图2-8-11所示,当符合A点条件时,防滑阀立即动作,以阶梯方式排出BC压力。缓解因制动力过大而产生的滑行并使状态趋于稳定。BC压力降低后,该轴的滑行得到控制然后随着速度的降低,B点的条件成立,便停止BC的排气,使BC压力保持接近黏着状态从而使得闸片更近一步地压紧制动盘面,尽力控制滑行率,以防止制动距离的延长。此后当C点的条件成立时,就重新升高BC压回复为发生滑行前的正常状态。Accordingtotheslipingdegree,controltheworkingtimeoftheRV(exhaustvalve)showninTable2-8-5tokeeptheBCpressurewithinthelimitstatetoachievere-adhesi