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PobranezczasopismaAnnalesH-Oeconomia
http://oeconomia.annales.umcs.pl
Data:07/06/202020:06:30
DOI:10.17951/h.207-24
ANNALES
UNIVERSITATISMARIAECURIE-SKŁODOWSKALUBLIN–POLONIA
VOL.LIII,2 SECTIOH 2019
ALEKSANDRADEWICKA
aleksandra.dewicka@put.poznan.pl
PoznanUniversityofTechnology,FacultyofEngineeringandManagement,ul.Strzelecka11,60-965Poznan,Poland
ORCIDID:/0000-0001-8238-6602
MICHAŁTRZISZKA
michal.trziszka@put.poznan.pl
PoznanUniversityofTechnology,FacultyofEngineeringandManagement,ul.Strzelecka11,60-965Poznan,Poland
ORCIDID:/0000-0003-0170-5849
JOANNAZIOMEK
joanna.ziomek@put.poznan.pl
PoznanUniversityofTechnology,FacultyofEngineeringandManagement,ul.Strzelecka11,60-965Poznan,Poland
ORCIDID:/0000-0002-4063-6463
TheCRMsystemanditsroleinraisingthecompetitivenessofenterprises
Keywords:CRM;competition;entrepreneurship;customerrelations
JEL:M15;M31;O32
Howtoquotethispaper:Dewicka,A.,Trziszka,M.,&Ziomek,J.(2019).TheCRMsystemanditsroleinraisingthecompetitivenessofenterprises.AnnalesUniversitatisMariaeCurie-Skłodowska,sectioH–Oecono-mia,Vol.53,No.2.
18 ALEKSANDRADEWICKA,MICHAŁTRZISZKA,JOANNAZIOMEK
Abstract
Theglobalisationofcountries’economiesandthegrowthofthemarketintheWestarebecomingimportantfactorsdeterminingtheactivityofenterprises.Inthischangingeconomicenvironment,thesearchfornewsourcesofconcurrencyadvantageoftendeterminesthesurvivalanddevelopmentofanenterprise.Knowl-edgeaboutthemarket,speedofdecisions,innovationsandcustomerrelationshipmanagement(CRM)arebecomingsomeofthekeysuccessfactors.Followingananalysisoftheliterature,thisarticlepresentstheessenceanddefinitionaswellasthebenefitsofCRMintermsofraisingthecompetitivenessofenterprisesforwhichtheclientplaysaleadingrole.
Introduction
Intoday’seconomicoutlook,theclientplaysakeyroleintheoperationsofen-terprises,andallcompanyactivitiesshouldbecarriedoutinsuchawayastomain-tainthebestpossiblerelationshipwiththecompany.Competitionforthecustomerandthepatternofgeneralcompetition,aswellasthemodernglobalisationoftheeconomy,havebecomeimportantfactorsconditioningtheoperationsofenterprises.Inthedynamicsofthechangingeconomicenvironment,thesearchfornewsourcesofconcurrencyadvantageoftendeterminesthesurvivalanddevelopmentofbusinessentities,andthebroadknowledgeofthemarketandthespeedofde-cisions,aswellasinnovationandmanagement,becomesomeofthekeysuccess
factors(Zając,2007).
Oneofthosefactorsisthecustomerrelationshipmanagement(CRM)strategy,whichassumesthatthesourceofenterprisegrowthis,first,thepropernurturingoftherelationshipwiththeclientandtheconsumer,whoisincreasinglyawareoftheadvantagesanddisadvantagesoftheproductsandservicesoffered.Inthe21stcentury,thestrategyofindividualcontactwiththeclienthasbecomeimportant,therefore,thisstudyusestheliteratureandtheavailableresultsofmarketresearchtopresenttheessenceofCRMintermsofraisingthecompetitivenessofbusinessentities.
CRMsystem
WhendescribingtheCRMsystemitshouldberememberedthatitisprimarilyabusinessphilosophyinwhichtheclientplaysaleadingrole,andsecond,itisanana-lyticalandITsystem.CRMisnowacommonelementofmarketingformodernbusinessenterprises.Itisusedinallbusinessentitieswhovaluemaintainingastablerelationshipwithclients.TheideaoftheCRMsystemistoconnecttwoentities–theenterpriseandtheclient–andthisrelationshipbringsmutualfinancialandbusinessbenefits.
CRMisabusinessstrategybasedonselectingandmanagingclientstooptimiselong-termbenefits.Itrequirestheintroductionofacustomer-orientedphilosophyandbusinessculturethatensureseffectivemarketing,salesandserviceprocesses.
ThECRMSySTEMANDITSROLEINRAISINgThECOMPETITIVENESSOFENTERPRISES 19
OnlineCRMapplicationsprovidetheopportunitytoeffectivelymanagecustomercontacts,leadingtothesuperiorityofthisapproachovertheoverallcultureandstrategyintheenterprise(Grzanka,2009).
ThestrategyandimplementationoftheCRMsystemrequiresthatenterprisesuseappropriateresourcesandknowledge,thus,therearemanydefinitionsofCRM.AccordingtoTiwana,theCRMsystemisaprocessofmanagingrelationswithcurrentclientsinordertomaintainthem,maximisetheirloyaltyandincreasetheirrevenues,andatthesametimeselectivelyattractnewcustomers.Accordingtootherresearchers,theCRMsystemcreatesacultureofimprovingthefunctioningofthecompanyintermsofmaintaininganddevelopingrelationshipswithclients.TheadoptedCRMstrategyfocusesonsupportingmarketingactivities,thesalesprocessandallactivitiesrelatedtocustomerservicebydirectingattentiononlytotheneedsoftheconsumer,withaparticularemphasisonculturally-developedbehaviourpatterns(Tiwana,2003).
Intheopinionofthesystemresearchers,CRMextendsthedefinitionandcon-ceptofsalesfromaconsciousacttoacontinuousprocess,coveringallemploy-eesofagiveneconomicentity.CRMdefineseachclientbymeansofcontinuousacquisitionandtheappropriateuseofavailableloyaltyinformation.Onthebasisofanothertheory,theCRMsystemisaimedatimprovingandimplementingsuchactionstrategieswhich,supportedbymoderntechnologicalsolutions,reducethediscrepancybetweenthecurrentandfutureactivitiesoftheorganisationintermsofmaintainingandacquiringnewcustomers.
CRMisamodernmanagementmodel,themeasureofwhichisthebestwaytomeetconsumerneeds.Thegoalofthisapproachistodevelopinternalandexternalrelationswiththeconsumer,whichwilldirectlyincreasetheprofitandproductivityofthecompany.Therelationshipssoughtariseasaresultoftheuseoftechnologicalsolutions,strategicplanningmethods,andanyothermarketingandorganisationalimprovementtoolsandtechniques.
CRMappliestoallaspectsofmanagementthatmeetindividualcustomerneeds,aswellasimprovingtheirlifecycleinthecompany.CRMisarelativelynewap-proachinthefieldofmanagementthatintegratessales,orderfulfilmentandserviceofferingswhilecoordinatingallcomponentsoftheinteractionprocesswiththeconsumer.TheCRMsystemalsofindsitsdefinitioninIT.Itcoversthemethods,softwareandotherITpossibilitiesthatenablethecompanytoorganiseitsrelationswithconsumersinanorderlymanner(Grzanka,2009).
CRMisnotonlyatoolbutalsoastrategyforbusinessphilosophy,forwhichconstantcontactandcustomerretentionisakeyvalue.AnimportantissueoftheCRMsystemistoensuretheuniformoperationinallbusinessprocessesoftheenterprise,startingfromstatisticsandendingwiththeportfolioofofferedgoodsandservices.
ThereareseveralaspectsandconceptsandmodulesforCRM,butthemostimportantare:
20 ALEKSANDRADEWICKA,MICHAŁTRZISZKA,JOANNAZIOMEK
toensuretheentitiesoftheeconomyarefocusedontheselectedgroupofclients;
toensuresuppliersandrecipientscollaboratetorelateagreedandsharedintentions;
tousesophisticatedtechnologytoindividualisecontacts;
toincreasetheoperationalefficiencyofpremises;
toestablishlong-termcooperationwithclients;
toindividualisedirectcontactswithclients;
toensurethebasisforthecompany’soperationisthesatisfactionoftheclientandguaranteeofhisloyalty.
TherearemanyotherdefinitionsandaspectsoftheCRMsystemthatareencap-sulatedinvariousclassificationandcommunicationmodels.
ClassificationofCRMsystems
Theliteraturereviewindicatesthestudiesthathavepreviouslydealtwithsimilarresearchtopicsbeforeandtheirresults.Theliteraturebackgroundshowstheresultsofthepriorstudies.Additionally,differentoptionsandperspectivesfromtheliteraturecanbeidentifiedanddocumented.
CRMenjoysconsiderableinterestamongbusinessentities.Theessenceofthesystem,accordingtothedefinitionsquoted,istheclient,whoshouldbeapproachedindividuallyinordertobuildhisloyaltyandsenseofexclusiveness.ThemainareasoftheconceptofeffectiveCRMinclude:
estimatingthepotentialvalueoftheclient;
themanagementofadvertisingcampaigns;
acquiringandobtainingclients;
riskreductionandmanagement;
systemssupportingcustomercommunicationchannels;
integratedcallcentresystems;
usingtheInternetincooperationwithclients(Grzanka,2009).
Basedonitsapplication,theCRMsystemisdividedintothreeimportantele-ments.Thefirstoftheseisthecommunicationelement(interaction),responsibleforcommunicationwiththeclient.Thetaskofcommunicationistohandleallpos-siblecustomercontactchannelswiththeorganisationandensuretheindepend-enceofthecustomerservicestandardfromtheinformationandcommunicationchannel.AnotherelementoftheCRMsystemistheoperatingpanelresponsiblefortheautomationofbasicbusinessprocessessuchasmarketing,salesandservice.Thisinvolvescollectingandsharingallpossibleinformationabouttheclient,whichenableitscomprehensiveandfullservice.Theoperatingpanelincludesthreegroupsoffunctionalities,targetedatmarketing,salesandtechnicalsupport(Januszewski,2018).ThelastelementoftheCRMsystemistheanalyticalfunction,responsible
ThECRMSySTEMANDITSROLEINRAISINgThECOMPETITIVENESSOFENTERPRISES 21
foranalysingcustomerbehaviour,onthebasisofdatacollectedintheoperatingsystem.ItsmaintaskintheCRMsystemistoperformacomprehensiveanalysisandprocessingofcustomerdata.
ThetypicalfunctionalfeaturesoftheCRMsystemareconstantcontactwiththeclientfromthefirstmeetingandbuildingapermanentrelationshiptosolvingtheproblem,aswellas:
automaticroutingoforderstootherpeoplesothattheclientfeelsthatanappropriateemployeeisassignedtothem;
shorteningworkingtimeandfacilitatingworkforemployees;
generatingautomaticcontractsbetweenaclientandanenterprise;
efficientelectroniccommunicationbetweenthecompanyandtheclient;
reportingtoolsthathelphighlightthemostcommonproblemsrelatedtocustomerservice,learnaboutthecustomers’needsandevaluateserviceper-formance;
theCRMsystemprimarilyhasamailmergefeature,whichissenttopotentialandexistingcustomers,thus,reducingthescopeofworkofenterprises(Zając,2007).
Allthisispossiblethankstothreemodules.Thesalesmodulethatautomatesthesalesprocess.Theresultofthisprocessistheautomaticcollectionofdetailsoftheinformationthatisthesubjectofthetransaction.however,forthetransactiontotakeplace,itisnecessarytoperformanumberofelementaryactivitieswhichcanbeincludedasstandard:therecognitionofcustomers’needs,submittinganofferandinsomecasesitspresentation,negotiatingacontract,collectingorders,preparinginvoices,sendinggoods,andsettlingthesuppliesofsoldgoodsandservices(Dembińska-Cyranetal.,2004).Salesfunctions,duetothethematicandtechnologicalscope,canbedividedintothefollowingsub-functions:customerrecords(companies,naturalpersons),recordsofcontactpersons,salesplanningandforecasting,salesrecords,andsalesanalysis.
Anothermoduleismarketing,whichincludesthescopeofautomationofac-tivitiesrelatedtothecomprehensiveregistrationofstandardmarketingactivities.Detailedsub-functionsimplementedinthemarketingfunctionareprimarily:thereg-istrationofadvertisingcampaignscarriedout,handlingofcorrespondencereceivedfromcustomers,telemarketing(telesales),marketsegmentationandthemonitoringofcompetition,aswellasamarketingencyclopaedia.
ThelastmoduleoftheCRMsystemisserviceandafter-salesservice,whichissimilartothesalesmoduletoacertainextent.Itisrelatedtothewarrantyandpost-warrantyserviceforsoldproducts,goodsandservices.Theimportanceofthismoduleliesinshowingspecialinteresttothecustomerwhohasalreadyboughtsomethinginthecompany.Thisaction,referredtoasanafter-salesservice,includes:examiningthedegreeofcustomersatisfaction,obtaininginformationfromcustom-ersabouttheassessmentofthepurchasedproductandservice,testingpreferences,opinionsandfurtherneeds,andencouragingyoutomakefurtherpurchasesinthiscompany(Rudawska,2008).
22 ALEKSANDRADEWICKA,MICHAŁTRZISZKA,JOANNAZIOMEK
AllthisispossiblethankstotheuseofappropriateandtailoredCRMcommu-nicationchannelssuitedtothepreferencesofusersandconsumers.
CRMcommunicationchannels
Fromthetechnicalandcommunicationside,CRMsystemsconsistofapplicationserverlayers,adatabaseserverandinterfacelayers.ThemostimportantelementofCRMiscommunication,whichhelpstocreateclient-enterpriserelations.Therearemanyformsofmediathatofferthemosteffectiveandefficientcommunicationwiththeclient.Currently,mostCRMsystemsusecommunicationmoduleswiththeclientviaSMS,webpage,e-mailandcallcentre(Wilde,2011).
ThetaskofanSMStextmessageistoprovideinformationaboutproductsandcontests,aswellaspreventiveinformationaboutpaymentdates.Asimilarroleisplayedbye-mail,which,viaanautomatede-mail,enablesthemasssendingofdataformarketingorinformationpurposestoaselectedgroupofrecipients.
Webpagesenablethedisplayingofpresentationsandmapsoftheclient’svisitstothewebsitetodeterminehispreferencesandneeds,whilethecallcentremoduleenablestheidentificationofthecaller,thereceivingofinformationaboutthehistoryofcooperationorcontacts,andmanymorefunctions.
Therearemanyothermeansofcommunication,however,itisimportantthatselectedcommunicationchannelsenableefficientcommunicationwiththeclientandbringtangiblebenefitsforthebusinessstrategy.
CRMbenefits
ThemainrecipientsofCRMsolutionsincludeenterprisesandorganisationsthatarecharacterisedbyhavingalargenumberofclients.Theseareprimarily:largecorporationsandretailchains,telecommunicationscompanies,suppliersofcomputerhardwareandsoftware,manufacturersofcomplexsystems,companiesinthefast-movingconsumergoodsindustry,pharmaceuticalcompanies,banks,insurancecompanies,pensionfunds,realestateoffices,andclientsinhealthcareandeducation,aswellasstateadministration.
AllthesebusinessentitiesgainmanybenefitsfromrunningaCRMsystem,bothintermsofmeasurableandnon-measurablevalues.First,usershighlighttheadvantagesofCRMincludingtheavailabilityofinformationatanytime,shorteningthetimeofpreparingoffers,knowledgeaboutcustomers,relieffromroutineworkandincreasingcustomersatisfaction,aswellassavingtime.
Themostimportantbenefitasenjoyedby83%(Internetdata)ofentrepreneurswhohaveimplementedthisstrategytotheirentitiesistheincreaseinrevenuesandprofitsperoneclient.CRMsoftwareallowsyoutodevelopaplantoincreaseyour
ThECRMSySTEMANDITSROLEINRAISINgThECOMPETITIVENESSOFENTERPRISES 23
salesandprofitsinthelongterm,bymakingsalesdataorforecastsavailableimme-diately.CRMenablespolicymakerstocloselyexaminerevenueandcosts,andthishelpsdeterminethenecessarydiscountsorrebates(Wereda,2009).
CRMintroducesachangeofstrategytowardsthecustomer,thankstowhichtheresponsetimetothecustomerisshortened,withthepossibilityofextendingthetimespentwiththeclient.Thisefficientandeffectivecommunicationallowsnewbusinesscontactstobeestablished,aswellasexistinglinkstobeimproved.Enterprisesthusincreasetheirsalesandrevenuesbygeneratingmorepotentialcustomers.ThankstotheautomationfoundintheCRMsystem,itispossibletomonitorcontactswithcustomers,aswellastocreatetwistedsalesareas.
Theneedofeachcompanyistogainacompetitiveadvantagethatcanbecre-atedbyfindinganicheinthemarketandsatisfyingmarketneeds,whichallowsflexibilityduetoscalability.ThescalabilityoftheCRMsystemplaysaparticu-larlyimportantroleinthefunctioningofbusinessentitiesthatwanttoexpandthenumberofclientsinthenearfuture.ManyCRMsolutions,suchasSalesProCRM,orlicensedsoftwareonacomputer,helpcompaniesintegratealltheirbusinesssolutionswhilereducingtheamountoftimethatisrequiredtosolveadministrativeandofficematters.
CRM,introducingsignificantchangesinthemarketingactivitiesofenterprises,streamlinestheserviceofthetargetcustomer,asconfirmedby91%(Internetdata)ofbusinessentities.TheCRMsoftwareincludescentralisedcustomerdatawithwhichyoucanquicklycontactthecustomerviaane-mailtemplate.CRMstorescustomerdatathroughsalespointsandpurchasedata.AnotherbenefitofrunningCRMinenterprisesisincreasedcross-sellingandexpandedsalesfornewandexistingcus-tomers.Ithasbecomecleartocompaniesthatinfinancialtermsitisimportantnotonlytoacquirenewcustomersbut,aboveall,ensuretheloyaltyofexistingones.CRMcreatesalistofvaluableclientsfromcallcentres,databasesandothersources,allowingcustomerserviceemployeesorsellerstomakeanextendedoffertotheirclients(Wereda,2009).
CRMincludesacompetitorandcustomertrackingfunction.Themanagementandsalesdepartmentcanaccessthesereportstoidentifytrends,forecastandtrackthesalesprocess,andevaluatetheirbusinessresults.CRMsoftwareregulatestheavailabilityofinformationthatfacilitateskeydecisionsandalsocontainsmanyimportantarticleandpamphletresources.CRMprofilescustomersbyconductingbettertargetmarketing.TheCRMsystemcapturescustomerdetailssuchaspendingorders,paymenthistoriesanditemspurchased,theregionfromwhichthecustomercomesandmanymore.CRMcentralisesdatabasesthatareusedtoprofileclients,aswellaspredictswhatservicesacustomermayneedinthefuture.
ThegeneralbenefitsforthebusinessentitiesoperatingtheCRMsystemaretheongoingcontrolofthequalityofcustomerservice,thefullandcurrentanalysisoftheeffectivenessofmarketingandcommercialactivities,and,aboveall,accesstotherealknowledgebaseaboutthesurroundingeconomicmarket(Januszewski,2018).
24 ALEKSANDRADEWICKA,MICHAŁTRZISZKA,JOANNAZIOMEK
Conclusions
TheCRMstrategyrequireschangesinacompany,primarilyinitsorganisa-tionalandmarketingculture.CRMbringsmanybenefits,suchasestablishinga
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