宏观期末知识点总结

宏观知识点总结Chapter26theexchangerateandbalanceofpayment1.名义利率和实际利率的概念，要区分；二者的关系，那个公式。明白一国货币升值表示什么意思。（掌握）2.tradedweightedindex(了解)3.对一国货币的供给和需求的分析一，供给和需求决定汇率，要知道哪些因素影响一国货币的供给和需求，相应的曲线在图上会怎么移动（重点）。二，对一种货币的需求是对另一种货币的供给，要清楚某一种货币供给需求变化后，另一种货币的供给和需求会如何变化。（重点）4.利率平价和购买力平价（掌握）5.internationaltrade(了解)6.汇率政策。理解什么是浮动汇率、固定利率和crawlingpeg。注意区分。（掌握）Chapter27(AD-ASmodel)ThemainpurposeofAD-ASmodel:explainchangesinrealGDPandpricelevel,whichleadstobusinesscyclefluctuationsaroundpotentialGDP.1、区分宏观中的长短期宏观中的长短期主要以价格行为加以区分：在长期中，价格是具有伸缩性的，价格水平能够调整到充分就业的均衡状态；在短期中，价格是具有粘性的（sticky），实际GDP可能等于、大于、小于潜在GDP.2、总供给（AggregateSupply）2.1总供给是描述实际GDP供给量与价格水平的关系。外生变量外生变量ThequantityoflaboremployedThequantityofphysical,humancapitalQuantityofrealGDPsuppliedThestateoftechnology AS 内生变量 Pricelevel内生变量2.2总供给关系取决于时间范围企业的产品服务价格具有伸缩性---长期总供给曲线企业的产品服务价格具有黏性—短期总供给曲线2.2.1长期总供给（long-runaggregatesupply）a、Inthelongrun,themoneywageratechangesinstepwiththepricelevel;b、TrytoexplainwhytheLAScurveisvertical.（重点）thepricelevel changeby therealwageratethemoneywagethesamepercentagedoesnotchangerateatthefull-employmentlevelrealGDP=potentialGDP potentialGDPisindependentofthepricelevel LAScurveisvertical2.2.2短期总供给（short-runaggregatesupply）a、intheshortrun,themoneywagerate,thepricesofotherresourcesandpotentialGDPremainconstant;b、TrytoexplainwhytheSAScurveslopesupward.Intheshortrun,whenthepricelevelrisesrealwageratedeclinesthecostofproductiondecreasesemploymorelaborsincreasesproduction(realGDP)黏性工资模型在超短期中，总供给曲线是水平的。AggregatePlannedExpenditureAutonomousexpenditure:I,G,X,部分C,MInducedexpenditure:C,M计算autonomousexpenditure:realGDP=0时的aggregateplannedexpenditureAECurveP677Actualaggregateexpenditure=RealGDPAggregateplannedexpenditure≠RealGDP（inventories的作用）Aggregateplannedexpenditure＞RealGDP,inventories减少；Aggregateplannedexpenditure＜RealGDP,inventories增加。d.Equilibriumexpenditure:Aggregateplannedexpenditure=RealGDPMultiplierMultiplier=changesinequilibriumexpenditure/changesinautonomousexpenditure=△Y/△A=1/(1-theslopeofAE)Multiplier>1的原因：autonomousexpenditure的增加会带来realGDP增加，进而增加inducedexpenditure。当无incometax,imports时，multiplier=1/(1-MPC)=1/MPS当有incometax,imports时，multiplier<1/(1-MPC),1/MPSAS-ADandAggregateexpendituremodelsveryshortrun（物价不变，SAS水平，P687）investment增加→AE上移，RealGDP增加，AD右移Multiplier=△Y/△Ashortrun（物价改变，SAS倾斜，P688）investment增加→AE上移，RealGDP增加，AD右移→物价上升→AE减少，RealGDP减少Multiplier会小于当物价不变的情况longrun（物价改变，RealGDP=PotentialGDP，P689）investment增加→AE上移，RealGDP增加，AD右移→物价上升→AE减少，Moneywagerate增加→SAS左移并最终和AD相交回到PotentialGDP水平，AE减少到原水平Multiplier=0Chapter291.demand-pullinflation(MoneyWageRate调节)AninflationthatstartsbecauseaggregatedemandincreasesADemand-PullInflationProcess(P703图）2.cost-pushinflation（Anincreaseincost:themoneywagerateorthemoneypriceofrawmaterials）ACost-PushInflationProcess(P705图）Stagflation:thecombinationofarisingpricelevelandadecreasingrealGDP重点掌握两种类型的图3.expectedinflation.（作图）影响AD和AS的因素4.(重点)short-runPhilipscurve(Theexpectedinflationrate,thenaturalunemploymentrate)当expectedinflationrate=actualinflationrate时，unemploymentrate=naturalunemploymentrate5.(重点)long-runPhilipscurve(actualinflationrate=expectedinflationrate)P209的两个图，short-run和long-run分别怎么变动要掌握6.businesscycle的各种理论(了解)Mainstreambusinesscycletheory，RealbusinesscycletheoryChapter30fiscalpolicy1.Fiscalpolicyistheuseofthefederalbudgettoachievemacroeconomicobjectives,suchasfullemployment,sustainedeconomicgrowth,andpricelevelstability.2.Thefederalbudgetistheannualstatementofthefederalgovernment’soutlaysandtaxrevenues3.Fiscalpolicyhasimportanteffectsonemployment,potentialGDP,andaggregatesupply—calledsupply-sideeffects.(重点掌握如何作图)(1)Theeffectsoftheincometaxonaggregatesupply。主要看课本Figure30.5的两个图(重点注意taxwedge(税收楔形)Thesupply-sideeffectofariseintheincometaxdecreasespotentialGDPanddecreasesaggregatesupplyTaxesonconsumptionexpenditureaddtothetaxwedge.Thereasonisthatataxonconsumptionraisesthepricespaidforconsumptiongoodsandservicesandisequivalenttoacutintherealwagerate(2）theeffectsofataxoncapitalincome(interest)主要看课本上Figure30.6Ataxdecreasesthesupplyofloanablefunds.Andinvestmentandsavingdecrease.Ataxwedgeisdrivenbetweentherealinterestrateandtherealafter-taxinterestrate.(3)TaxRevenuesandtheLafferCurve(拉弗曲线)TherelationshipbetweenthetaxrateandtheamountoftaxrevenuecollectediscalledtheLaffercurve.见课本Figure30.74.generationalaccounting,fiscalimbalance,generationalimbalance(了解)5.FiscalStimulus：Afiscalstimulusistheuseoffiscalpolicytoincreaseproductionandemployment主要分为以下两种政策：Automaticfiscalpolicy（自动稳定的财政政策）isafiscalpolicyactiontriggeredbythestateoftheeconomywithnogovernmentaction.Discretionaryfiscalpolicy（相机抉择的财政政策）isapolicyactionthatisinitiatedbyanactofCongress.（1）在Automaticfiscalpolicy这一块的知识点中主要掌握结构性平衡和周期性平衡，弄清楚结构性盈余和赤字以及周期性盈余和赤字ThestructuralsurplusordeficitisthebudgetbalancethatwouldoccuriftheeconomywereatfullemploymentandrealGDPwereequaltopotentialGDP.Thecyclicalsurplusordeficitistheactualsurplusordeficitminusthestructuralsurplusordeficit.（主要看课本上Figure30.9）(2)在Discretionaryfiscalpolicy这一块的知识中主要掌握governmentexpendituremultiplier（政府支出乘数效应）thequantityeffectofachangeingovernmentexpenditureonrealGDP.(要重点掌握如何作图表现这一乘数效应，Figure30.11要特别注意以下几种情况：：a.WhengovernmentexpenditureincreasesrealGDP,incomesriseandahigherincomebringaincreaseinconsumptionexpenditure.Ifthisweretheonlyconsequenceoftheincreaseingovernmentexpenditure,themultiplierwouldbe>1b.whengovernmentexpenditureincreases,governmentborrowingincreaseandraisestherealinterestrate.Withthehighercostofborrowing,investmentdecreases,whichwillpartlyoffsetstheincreaseingovernmentspending.Ifthisweretheonlyconsequenceoftheincreaseingovernmentexpenditure,themultiplierwouldbe<1.cTheactualmultiplierdependsonwhichaboveeffectisstronger.(3)Thetaxmultiplieristhequantityeffectacha