新核心综合学术英语教程第二册Unit5省公开课金奖全国赛课一等奖微课获奖课件

Unit5ScientificDiscoveries1/81Inthisunit,youwilllearnabouttheconcept“serendipitousdiscovery”andfamousexamples;research“LouisPasteur”,“AlexanderFleming”and“EdwardJenner”ontheInternetandfindreliableinformation;learnwords,expressions,andsentencepatternsrelatedtothethemeandusetheminwritingandspeech;learnstrategiessuchaslisteningforexamples(listening),guessingwordmeaningsfromcontextclues(reading),paraphrasing(discussing),andwritingconclusion(writing),etc;giveanoralpresentationonanassignedtopictotheclass.2/81BackgroundInformationApproachingtheTopicReadingabouttheTopicExploringtheTopicIntegratedExercises3/81BackgroundInformationaboutSerendipitousDiscoveryJosephListerAlexanderFlemingHowardFloreyEdwardJenner4/81aboutSerendipitousDiscoveryIfamanwillbeginwithcertaintieshewillendwithdoubts,butifhewillbecontenttobeginwithdoubtsheshallendincertainties.

—FrancisBaconItischoice—notchance—thatdeterminesyourdestiny.

—JohnDeweyItisimportantforhimwhowantstodiscovernottoconfinehimselftoonechapterofscience,buttokeepintouchwithvariousothers.

—JacquesHadamardInthefieldsofobservationchancefavorsonlythosemindswhichareprepared.

—LouisPasteurChancefavorstheconnectedmind.—StevenJohnson5/81AlexanderFlemingAlexanderFleming(6August1881–11March1955)wasaScottishbiologist,pharmacologistandbotanist.Hewrotemanyarticlesonbacteriology,immunology,andchemotherapy.Hisbest-knowndiscoveriesaretheenzymelysozymein1923andtheantibioticsubstancepenicillinfromthemouldPenicilliumnotatumin1928,forwhichhesharedtheNobelPrizeinPhysiologyorMedicinein1945withHowardFloreyandErnstBorisChain.6/81JosephListerJosephLister(5April1827–10February1912),knownasSirJosephLister,Bt.,between1883and1897,wasaBritishsurgeonandapioneerofantisepticsurgery.ByapplyingLouisPasteur'sadvancesinmicrobiology,hepromotedtheideaofsterilesurgerywhileworkingattheGlasgowRoyalInfirmary.Listersuccessfullyintroducedcarbolicacid(nowknownasphenol)tosterilisesurgicalinstrumentsandtocleanwounds,whichledtoareductioninpost-operativeinfectionsandmadesurgerysaferforpatients.7/81HowardFloreyHowardFlorey(24September1898–21February1968)wasanAustralianpharmacologistandpathologistwhosharedtheNobelPrizeinPhysiologyorMedicinein1945withSirErnstBorisChainandSirAlexanderFlemingforhisroleinthemakingofpenicillin.AlthoughFlemingreceivedmostofthecreditforthediscoveryofpenicillin,itwasFloreywhocarriedoutthefirsteverclinicaltrialsin1941ofpenicillinattheRadcliffeInfirmaryinOxfordonthefirstpatient,aPostmasterfromWolvercotenearOxford.Florey'sdiscoveriesareestimatedtohavesavedover82millionlives.FloreyisregardedbytheAustralianscientificandmedicalcommunityasoneofitsgreatestscientists.SirRobertMenzies,Australia'slongest-servingPrimeMinister,said,"Intermsofworldwell-being,FloreywasthemostimportantmaneverborninAustralia".8/81EdwardJennerEdwardJennerwasanEnglishphysicianandscientistwhowasthepioneerofsmallpoxvaccine,theworld'sfirstvaccine.Heisoftencalled"thefatherofimmunology",andhisworkissaidtohave"savedmorelivesthantheworkofanyotherhuman".9/81triggerv.tocause(something,suchasanalarm)tostartfunctioninge.g.Thetimerwassettotriggerthebombinexactlyonehour.externaladj.located,seen,orusedontheoutsideorsurfaceofsomethinge.g.Somesymptomsaretheexternalsignsofthediseasevolumen.theamountofsoundthatisproducedbyatelevision,radio,stereo,etc.e.g.FromhisstudycamethesoundofMahler,playingatfullvolume.ApproachingtheTopicReading1/LanguagePointsReadingabouttheTopicExploringtheTopicIntegratedExercise10/81crownn.adecorativeobjectthatisshapedlikeacircleandwornontheheadofakingorqueenforspecialceremoniese.g.Thewinnerofthebeautypageantwalkeddowntherunwaywearinghersparklingcrown.slipv.tomovewithasmoothslidingmotione.g.Helettheballslipthroughhisgraspandintothenet.inspirationn.somethingthatmakessomeonewanttodosomethingorthatgivessomeoneanideaaboutwhattodoorcreate:aforceorinfluencethatinspiressomeonee.g.Hispaintingstaketheirinspirationfromnature.v.inspireReading1LanguagePointsReadingabouttheTopicExploringtheTopicIntegratedExercise11/81bumpintov.tomeetsomeonethatyouknowwhenyouwerenotexpectingtoe.g.IbumpedintoJeanintownthismorning.creditn.recognitionbynameofapersoncontributingtoaperformance(asafilmortelecast)e.g.She'sfinallygettingthecreditshedeserves.ponderv.tothinkaboutorconsider(something)carefullye.g.Heponderedthequestionbeforeheanswered.stumblev.tohityourfootonsomethingwhenyouarewalkingorrunningsothatyoufalloralmostfalle.g.Hestumbledovertothetable.Reading1LanguagePointsReadingabouttheTopicExploringtheTopicIntegratedExercise12/811)WhathappenedtoArchimedeswhenherealizedthathecouldmeasurethevolumeofanirregularobject?Heslippedintoapublicbath.2)Inwhichwaycanwemeasurethevolumeofanirregularobject?Bymeasuringthevolumeofthewateritdisplaces.3)Whycouldscientistsmakesignificantdiscoveries?Theywouldstopandponderaboutthepuzzlestheystumbleupon,recognizetheirsignificances,andmakeefforttopursuetheleadstosignificantdiscoveries.4)HowcanyouunderstandLouisPasteur’sremark“Chancefavorsthepreparedmind”?Mostaccidentsthatledtodiscoveriesoccurredinlaboratories,whichwerethemselvesdesignedforexplorations.ApproachingtheTopicTask1ReadingabouttheTopicExploringtheTopicIntegratedExercise13/811)

flash2)trigger3)displace4)encounter5)shatter 6)intrigue7)ponder8)vacuum9)exploration10)microbiologyApproachingtheTopicTask2c.asuddenbrilliantunderstandinga.putinmotionormovetoacth.taketheplaceofd.ameetingcausedbyluckorchanceb.breakintomanypiecese.causetobeinterestedorcuriousg.reflectdeeplyonasubjectf.anemptyareaorspacej.anexaminationordiscussionofsomethingtofindoutmoreaboutiti.thebranchofbiologythatstudiesofmicroorganismsandtheireffectsonhumansReadingabouttheTopicExploringtheTopicIntegratedExercise14/81E.O.Wilson:AdvicetoyoungscientistsScientificpursuitshouldbemotivatedbycuriosity—aninterviewwithNobelLaureateSirHaroldKroto,whoopenedanentirelynewbranchofchemistry.Prof.Kroto,whatisyourgeneralphilosophyonscienceeducation?Themostimportantthingforaneducatororaparentistoteachchildrenhowtheycandecidewhattheyarebeingtoldisactuallytrue.Sciencedealswithfundamentaltruths.Weshouldbeteachingchildrennottoacceptanyinformationwithoutassessingtheevidenceverycarefully.Teachersmustfosterachild’sabilitytodecidewhetherwhatisbeingtoldistrue,encouragecuriosityabouteverything,andencouragechildrentoworkthingsoutforthemselves.

ApproachingtheTopicTask41234ReadingabouttheTopicExploringtheTopicIntegratedExercise15/81Howshouldchildrenorteachersgoaboutcheckingwhetherwhatistoldistrueornot?Ireadscienceresearchpapersverycriticallyandlookattheevidencecarefully.Itisimportantinascientifictextthatonedoesnotdisconnectfromkeyissuesorsimplifykeymatterswhichmightbesomewhatcomplex.Ascientistisnotsomeonewhohasdonescienceatuniversityorschoolorhappenstolikescienceandstudiesit,butsomeonewhoseprofessionisthediscoverynewknowledgeasaresearcher.Thatis,ascientistissomeonewholooksdeeplyintothewaythingsworkandsqueezesbloodoutofthestoneofknowledgeandgraduallyrevealsthewaytheuniverseworks.Thatisa“scientist”andscienceishardwork.

ApproachingtheTopicTask456ReadingabouttheTopicExploringtheTopicIntegratedExercise16/81Whatadvicedoyouhaveforyoungpeople?Theyshouldneverdoaprojecthalf-heartedly.Theindividualmustbepreparedtostayupto3or4a.m.todothebesttheycan.Iftheyfollowthisadvice,theywillprobablydoworkbetterthananybodyelse,probablybetterthanpeoplewhocoulddoitbetternaturallybutdonotbecausetheyhavenottheirenthusiasm.Youshoulddosomethingthatyoucannotstopworkingon,orissoabsorbingthatyouhavecompletelyforgottentogoforlunch.

AbigdangerinyoungscientistsespeciallyinAsiaisthattheytendtoaskmehowtogettheNobelPrize.Inevereventhoughtaboutit.Don’tdosciencebecauseyouwanttowinprizesordosomethingjustbecauseyouthinkitisimportant.Doitbecauseitissomethingthatyouarecuriousaboutorfascinatesyoupersonally,independentlyofwhatothermightthink.

ApproachingtheTopicTask478910ReadingabouttheTopicExploringtheTopicIntegratedExercise17/811)Whatthemedothepassageandthespeechshare?Thephilosophyofscientificresearch.2)Forthewriterandthespeaker,howdotheymakescientificdiscoveries?Scientificdiscoveriesshouldbemotivatedbycuriosityandpersistentefforts.3)Accordingtotheauthorofthepassageandthespeech,whatisthemostimportantsteptomakediscoveries?Bepreparedtothinkhardandlongabouttheproblems,andlookdeeplyintothewaythingswork.4)Haveyoueverhadyoureurekamomentinyourlife?Isiteasyordifficulttofinditout?5)Doyouwanttobeascientist,whyorwhynot?ApproachingtheTopicTask6ReadingabouttheTopicExploringtheTopicIntegratedExercise18/81exploitv.togetvalueorusefrom(something)e.g.Topathletesareabletoexploittheiropponents'weaknesses.mouldn.asoftgreenorblacksubstancethatgrowsonfoodwhichhasbeenkepttoolong,andonobjectsthatareinworm,wetaire.g.Therewasmouldonthebathroomceiling.bacterian.verysmalllivingthingsrelatedtoplants,someofwhichcausediseasee.g.Bacteriathatarenotkilledentirelybyanantibioticwillmutateandbecomeresistanttoit.ReadingabouttheTopicReading2/LanguagePointsApproachingtheTopicExploringtheTopicIntegratedExercise19/81contaminatev.tomake(something)dangerous,dirty,orimpurebyaddingsomethingharmfulorundesirabletoite.g.Becarefulnottoallowbacteriatocontaminatethewound.n.contaminationincidencen.thenumberoftimessomethinghappensordevelops:therateatwhichsomethingoccurse.g.Itcanbeseenthattheincidenceofaccidentsdecreasesasthechildren’sageincreases.mereadj.usedtosaythatsomethingorsomeoneissmall,unimportant,etc.e.g.ThemereideaofyourtravelingalonetoEuropeisridiculous.adv.merelyReading2LanguagePointsApproachingtheTopicExploringtheTopicIntegratedExercise20/81differentiatev.tomake(someoneorsomething)differentinsomewaye.g.Theonlythingthatdifferentiatesthetwinsisthecoloroftheireyes.adj.differentantisepticn.asubstancethatpreventsinfectioninawoundbykillingbacteriae.g.Heappliedantiseptictothewound.reagentn.asubstanceused(asindetectingormeasuringacomponent,inpreparingaproduct,orindevelopingphotographs)becauseofitschemicalorbiologicalactivitye.g.Limeisacommonneutralizingreagentusedinacidwatertreatment.Reading2LanguagePointsApproachingtheTopicExploringtheTopicIntegratedExercise21/81infectiousadj.capableofbeingpassedtosomeoneelsebygermsthatenterthebodye.g.Shehasaninfectiousgrin.n.infectionpropertyn.aspecialqualityorcharacteristicofsomethinge.gThetwoplantshavesimilarphysicalproperties.gratituden.\'ɡrætɪ.tud\--afeelingofappreciationorthankse.g.Letmeexpressmysinceregratitudeforallyourhelp.sensationaladj.causingverygreatexcitementorinterestwithshockingdetailse.g.Shelookedsensationalinhernewdress.Reading2LanguagePointsApproachingtheTopicExploringtheTopicIntegratedExercise22/81gloryn.publicpraise,honor,andfamee.g.Henowhasonlyafewtrophiestoremindhimofthegloryofhisathleticcareer.adj.gloriousinvainwithoutsuccessorresulte.g.Itbecameobviousthatallhercomplaintswereinvain.historicaladj.oforrelatingtohistorye.g.Hestroveforhistoricalaccuracyinthemovie.adj.historicreconcilev.tofindawayofmaking(twodifferentideas,facts,etc.)existorbetrueatthesametimee.g.Itcanbedifficulttoreconcileyouridealswithreality.n.reconciliationReading2LanguagePointsApproachingtheTopicExploringtheTopicIntegratedExercise23/81biochemistn.thechemistryoflivingthingse.g.Sheisabiochemistwhoworksonthefrontiersofbiology.pathologistn.adoctorwhospecializesinpathology;especially:adoctorwhoexaminesbodiestofindoutthecauseofdeathe.g.So,thatpathologistisjustlikelookingatthisplasticbottle.vitaladj.extremelyimportante.g.Thesciencesareavitalpartoftheschoolcurriculum.capabilityn.theabilitytodosomethinge.g.Thedevicehasthecapabilityofrecordingtwotelevisionchannelsatonce.adj.capableReading2LanguagePointsApproachingtheTopicExploringtheTopicIntegratedExercise24/81domainn.thelandthataruleroragovernmentcontrolse.g.Mysisteristhemathexpertinthefamily,butliteratureismydomain.collaboratorn.someonewhoworkswithanotherpersonorgroupinordertoachieveordosomethinge.g.Afarbetterapproachistouseanoutsiderasacollaborator.v.collaborateReading2LanguagePointsApproachingtheTopicExploringtheTopicIntegratedExercise25/81PartPara(s)MainIdeaIATheauthorpointsoutthateveniffavoredbychance,onemayfailtomakegreaterdiscoverieswithoutanopenmind.IIB-GTheauthorcitestheexampleofthediscoveryofpenicillintoshowthatFlemingfailedtoconnectthedots.IIIHTheauthoranalysesthereasonwhyFlemingfailedtoconnectthedotsofpenicillinandantibiotictherapy.Reading2TextAnalysisApproachingtheTopicExploringtheTopicIntegratedExercise26/811)What’sthemainideaofthearticle?Thearticlemainlytellsusthatthediscoveryofpenicillinneedsapreparedandopenmind,andalsorelevantknowledgeisessentialforscientificinvestigation.2)Whenisanantibacterialsubstanceeffective?Onlywhenbacterialcoloniesarequiteyoung.3)Howmanyscientistsareassociatedwiththediscoveryofpenicillin?Atleastfour.ReadingabouttheTopicTask3ApproachingtheTopicExploringtheTopicIntegratedExercise27/814)Whenthe1945NobelPrizeforpenicillinwasawarded,amongwhomwasitequallydivided?AmongChain,Fleming,andFlorey.5)AccordingtoChain,whydidnotFlemingperformthesimpleexperimentofinjectingpenicillinintoinfectedmicetotestitsmedicalproperty?Becausehedidnotthinkitwasworthwhiletrying.ReadingabouttheTopicTask3ApproachingtheTopicExploringtheTopicIntegratedExercise28/81Set1(fromPara.AtoF)1)exploit(A)2)extract(B)3)grace(C)4)substance(C)5)cultivate(D)6)potential(E)7)reign(E)8)incite(F)ReadingabouttheTopicTask4f.tousesomethingfullyandeffectivelyinordertogainanadvantageorprofitd.todraworpullouth.togivehonorto,tomakesomethingbrighta.tohelpthegrowthofe.possibilityofbeingdevelopedorusedg.particulartypeofmatterc.aperiodofrulingb.tocauseApproachingtheTopicExploringtheTopicIntegratedExercise29/81Set2(fromPara.FtoH)1)wonder(F)2)vain(F)3)inject(G)4)consume(G)5)reconcile(G)6)indifference(G)7)consult(H)8)expertise(H)ReadingabouttheTopicTask4h.miraclea.withoutsuccessinspiteofyoureffortb.toforceadrugintosomebodye.feelsomethingverystronglyandcannotforgetitd.toagreewithg.havingnointerestinf.toaskforinformationoradvicefromsomeonec.knowledgeinaparticularfieldApproachingtheTopicExploringtheTopicIntegratedExercise30/81a.ThoughListerwasthefirstpersontonoticetheeffectofPenicillin,Flemingdiscoveredmore.

b.InChain’sview,thefailuretofindpenicillin’smedicalpropertywasbecauseFlemingdidn’tperformexperimentwell.c.Flemingpaidlittleattentiontothesignificantprogressmadebyhistwoassistants.d.Flemingwasverylucky,andatthesametimehehadapreparedmindtodiscoverthemould.e.DoubtarousethatwhyFlemingdidn’tdiscoverthewonderdrug.f.Itisaluckycasetodiscoverpenicillinwithoutanypreparation.g.Flemingcultivatedthemouldandnameditpenicillin.h.Penicillin’smedicalpropertywasdiscoveredbyHowardFlorey,ErnestChain,andtheirOxfordteamin1940.ReadingabouttheTopicTask5Para.APara.BPara.CPara.DPara.EPara.FPara.GPara.HApproachingtheTopicExploringtheTopicIntegratedExercise31/81noveltyn.thequalityorstateofbeingnew,different,andinterestinge.g.Eatingsharkmeatisanoveltytomanypeople.adj.novelfactualadj.limitedto,involving,orbasedonfactse.g.Thatstatementisnotfactual.extractv.toremove(something)bypullingitoutorcuttingitoute.g.Heextractedacreditcardfromhiswallet.virulentadj.fullofhateorangere.g.Thecountryseemedtobereturningtothevirulentnationalismofitspast.Reading3LanguagePointsApproachingtheTopicExploringtheTopicIntegratedExercise32/81residev.toliveinaparticularplacee.g.Hestillresidesathisparents'house.staleadj.notinterestingornew:boringorunoriginale.g.Viewerswereboredbythestalestorylinesofthenewcropofsitcoms.inoculatev.togive(apersonoranimal)aweakenedformofadiseaseinordertopreventinfectionbythediseasee.g.Theteacherinoculatedthemwiththeideathattheindividualcanalwaysmakeadifferenceinthisworld.scabn.ahardcoveringofdriedbloodthatformsoverawoundtocoverandprotectitasithealse.g.I'llhaveascaboneverytoe.Reading3LanguagePointsApproachingtheTopicExploringtheTopicIntegratedExercise33/81smallpoxn.aseriousdiseasethatcausesfeverandarashandoftendeathe.g.Smallpoxisoneofthemostlethaldiseasesinhistory.pustulen.asmallbumpontheskinthatcontainsorproducespuse.g.Smallpox'scharacteristicpustulestypicallyresultedinpermanentscarringforsurvivorsofthedreadeddisease.immuneadj.\notcapableofbeingaffectedbyadiseasee.g.Inpeoplewithhealthyimmunesystems,thesesymptomsdonotlastmorethanaboutaweek.n.immunityReading3LanguagePointsApproachingtheTopicExploringtheTopicIntegratedExercise34/81germn.averysmalllivingthingthatcausesdiseasee.g.Thisgermisfoundonthingsusedbythepatients.manipulatev.tomoveorcontrol(something)withyourhandsorbyusingamachinee.g.Theprogramwasdesignedtoorganizeandmanipulatelargeamountsofdata.adj.manipulativeassertv.tostate(something)inastronganddefinitewaye.g.Sheassertedherindependencefromherparentsbygettingherownapartment.anthraxn.aseriousdiseasethataffectsanimals(suchascattleandsheep)andsometimespeoplee.g.Whatarethesymptomsofanthrax?Reading3LanguagePointsApproachingtheTopicExploringtheTopicIntegratedExercise35/81PartPara(s)MainIdeaIATheauthorpointsoutthatthefundamentaldiscoveryhaslittleimpactifitisnotconnectedtootherphenomena.IIB-EJennerdiscoveredthefactualconnectionbetweenthedots,whilePasteurdiscoveredthetheoreticalconnectionbetweenthreegroupsofdots.IIIFTheauthorconcludesthatexperimentsarenotpassiveobservations;theyareactivelyplanned.Reading3TextAnalysisApproachingtheTopicExploringtheTopicIntegratedExercise36/811)Howcanwemakeaninfluentialdiscovery?Itrequiresmuchmoreknowledge,insight,andeffortthantheinitialdescriptionofevent.2)WhydidtherecycledchickenremainunaffectedinPasteur’sexperiments?Becausetherecycledchickenswereinjectedintoacultureandhadbeenvaccinated.3)What’stheconnectionbetweencowpoxandsmallpoxobservedbyphysicianEdwardJenner?Cowpoxvaccineandsmallpoxprevention.ReadingabouttheTopicTask6ApproachingtheTopicExploringtheTopicIntegratedExercise37/814)WhatisthesignificanceofPasteur’sdiscovery?Hisdiscoveryturnedvaccinationfromapeculiarprocedureforaparticulardiseasetoatheoryconnectinggerms,vaccines,anddiseasepreventioningeneral.5)Whatdoestheauthorthinkofexperiments?Experimentsarenotpassiveobservations;theyareactivelyplannedaccordingtosomeconceptiontolookforsomething.ReadingabouttheTopicTask6ApproachingtheTopicExploringtheTopicIntegratedExercise38/81Set1(fromPara.AtoB)1.stumbleon(A) 2.novelty(A) 3.exploit(A) 4.initial(A)5.reveal(A) 6.infectious(B) 7.vaccination(B)8.recycle(B) ReadingabouttheTopicTask7d.encounterbychancec.originalitybyvirtueofbeingnewandsurprisinga.useormanipulatetoone’sadvantagee.occurringatthebeginningh.makesomethingtobeknownb.easilyspreadf.takingavaccineasaprecautionagainstcontractinga

diseaseg.reuseApproachingtheTopicExploringtheTopicIntegratedExercise39/81Set2(fromPara.CtoF)1)account(C)2)dispute(C)3)immune(D)4)derive(D)5)empirical(D)6)inspire(E)7)justifiably(F)8)constitute(F)ReadingabouttheTopicTask7g.report,descriptionf.argue,debateh.thatcan’tbeharmedoraffectedbyadiseasee.comeb.basedonobservationorexperimenta.toencouragesomeonebymakingthemfeelconfidentandeagertoachievesomethinggreatc.reasonablyd.makeup,orformApproachingtheTopicExploringtheTopicIntegratedExercise40/811)Listthesimilaritiesofthetwoarticlesintermsofaddressingthesametheme.Boththeauthorscitesimilarexamples,andemploythemforcontrastsoastoillustratetheirpoints.2)Accordingtothesetwoarticles,whatcanleadtobigdiscoveries?Keepinganopenmindreadytoexploitnewpossibilitiesandconnectthedots.ReadingabouttheTopicTask8ApproachingtheTopicExploringtheTopicIntegratedExercise41/813)What’stherelationshipbetween“theopenmind”(Reading1)and“connectingthedots”(Reading2)?Anopenmindwouldenableonetoseesomethinginanewlight,thereforeconnectingittootherphenomenatoexplainthecausesandfullyrevealsignificances.4)Doyouthinkthetwoauthorssharethesamebackground?Yes.Theymaysharethesamebackgroundasthethemesofthetwoarticlesbothrevolvearoundmedicalresearch.ReadingabouttheTopicTask8ApproachingtheTopicExploringtheTopicIntegratedExercise42/811)Vaccinationisageneralmethodofpreventinginfectiousdiseases,discoveryofwhichisduetoaccidentalconnectionofdots.(Para.B)Accidentalconnectionofdotsledtothediscoverythatvaccinationisageneralmethodforpreventinginfectiousdiseases.2)However,thesignificanceofthediscoveryanditsaccidentalnaturedon’tchangedespitethedispute.(Para.C)However,thedisputechangesneitherthesignificanceofthediscoverynoritsaccidentalnature.3)PeopletookSmallpoxvaccinationbycarefulobservation,whichdoesn’tindicatethatitislikelytofindvaccinesforotherdiseases.(Para.D)Smallpoxvaccinationwasacceptedstrictlybasedonempiricalsuccessandassuchitdidnotpointtothepossibilityofvaccinesforotherdiseases.ReadingabouttheTopicTask9ApproachingtheTopicExploringtheTopicIntegratedExercise43/814)Todevelopavaccineforaspecificdiseasedoesn’tdependonaluckyobservationanymore.(Para.E)Onenolongerneedstowaitforaluckyobservationtosuggestavaccineforaspecificdisease.5)Withthehelpofcertaintheory,peopleactivelycarryonsomeexperimentssoastolook

for

something.(Para.F)Experimentsarenotpassiveobservations;theyareactivelyplannedaccordingtosomeconceptiontolookforsomething.ReadingabouttheTopicTask9ApproachingtheTopicExploringtheTopicIntegratedExercise44/81SummarizeParagraphsAofReading3usingonesentenceonly.Connectingthedotsormakingconnectionsbetweendifferentphenomena,thoughentailingmoreknowledgeandinsight,willleadtoamoresignificantdiscovery.ReadingabouttheTopicTask10ApproachingtheTopicExploringtheTopicIntegratedExercise45/81ExploringtheTopicReading4/LanguagePointsshedlightupon,makesomethingeasiertounderstandbyprovidingneworbetterinformatione.g.Wearehopinghisletterwillshedsomelightonthemystery.seeminglyadv.externalappearanceasdistinguishedfromtruecharactere.g.Butthebulkoftheinvasionforcewasaseeminglyinexhaustiblenumberoftheseadaptablefighters.delightn.astrongfeelingofhappiness:greatpleasureorsatisfactione.g.Wewatchedthefireworkswithdelight.adj.delightfulIntegratedExerciseReadingabouttheTopicApproachingtheTopic46/81possessv.tohaveorown(something)e.g.Thedrugpossessesthepotentialtosuppresstumors.unearthv.tofind(something)thatwasburiedintheearthe.g.Anolddocumentwasunearthedfromthefiles.lengthyadj.lastingforalongtimee.g.Theprocessisbothlengthyandcostly.n.lengthdedicatev.toofficiallymake(something)aplaceforhonoringorrememberingaperson,event,etc.e.g.Ayoungattorneywhohasdecidedtodedicatehercareertohelpingthepoorreceivejustice.n.dedicationReading4LanguagePointsIntegratedExe