英国概况包括历史和文化

ChapterOne:TheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIrelandA2ContentsUnitOne:BriefIntroductionoftheUK12UnitTwo:TheGovernment,PoliticsandEconomy34UnitThree:EducationandLiteratureUnitFour:CultureandSociallifeA3Unit1ABriefIntroductiontotheUnitedKingdomI.DifferentNamesforBritainanditsPartsII.GeographicalFeaturesIII.ClimateandpeopleIV.TheHistoryofGreatBritainA4II.DifferentNamesforBritainanditsParts1.Officialname:theUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland.2.TheDefinitionofTheUK.,GreatBritainandEngland.England,Scotland,WalesNorthernIreland.

GreatBritainIrelandhundredsofsmallones.

TheUKGreatBritain3.TheBritishIsles:A5(1)EnglandisinthesouthernpartofGreatBritain.Itisthelargest,mostpopuloussection.(2)ScotlandisinthenorthofGreatBritain.Capital:Edinburgh.(3)WalesisinthewestofGreatBritain.Capital:Cardiff(4)NorthernIrelandisthefourthregionoftheUK.Capital:Belfast.A6

theBritishIsles,GreatBritainandEngland

theUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland

加的夫Cardiff

贝尔法斯特

BelfastNorthSeaNorthAtlanticOcean

EnglishChannel

StraitofDover

A7northandwest:highlands

eastandsoutheast:lowlands

III.GeographicalFeaturesA8TowerbridgeOriginKembleMouthNorthSeaThamesRiverA9maritimeclimate

plentyofrainfall

prevailingsouth-westwindsandwestwind

NorthAtlanticDrift(北大西洋暖流)

Humidity&fogTheclimateofUKA10AdministrativeDivisionPopulation

(mid2004)AreaSize

(sqkm)

Populationdensity

(peoplepersqkm)England50,093,800130,281383Northern

Ireland1,710,30013,576125Scotland5,078,40077,92565Wales2,952,50020,732142UnitedKingdom59,834.900242,514246unequallydistributedpopulation

A111.TheBritishIslesaremadeupof________A.twolargeislandsandhundredsofsmallonesB.twolargeislandsandNorthernIrelandC.threelargeislandsandhundredsofsmallonesD.threelargeislandsandNorthernIreland2.TherearethreepoliticaldivisionsontheislandofGreatBritain.Theyare_______A.Britain，ScotlandandWalesB.England，ScotlandandWalesC.Britain，ScotlandandIrelandD.England，ScotlandandIrelandABExercise:A124.Aboutahundredyearsago,asaresultofimperialistexpansion,Britainruledanempirethathadonefourthoftheworld'speopleand__________oftheworld'slandarea.onethirdB.onefifthC.onefourthD.twofifths3.ThecapitalcityofScotland,WalesandNorthernIrelandare______________,______________,_____________.EdinburghCardiffBelfastCA131.DoesBritainhaveafavorableclimate？Why？Yes,ithasafavorableclimate,becauseithasamaritimetypeofclimate-----wintersaremild,nottoocoldandsummersarecool,nottoohot.Ithasasteadyreliablerainfallthroughoutthewholeyear.Ithasasmallrangeoftemperaturetoo.2.WhatarethefactorswhichinfluencetheclimateinBritain？WhichpartofBritainhasthemostrainfallandwhichpartisthedriest？A141.Thesurroundingwatersbalancetheseasonaldifferences;2.Theprevailingsouth-westwindsbringingwarmandwetairinwinterandkeepingthetemperaturesmoderate;3.TheNorthAtlanticDriftpassesthewesterncoastoftheBritishIslesandwarmsthem.3.WhatarethethreenaturalzonesinScotland？Thereisawatersurplusinthenorthandwest,andawaterdeficitinthesouthandeast.

ThethreenaturalzonesinScotlandare:theHighlandsinthenorth;theCentrallowlands,andthesouthUplandsA154.WhatisthemainprobleminNorthernIreland？HundredsofyearsagoScotsandEnglishProtestantsweresenttoliveinNorthernIreland.SincethentherehasbeenfightingbetweentheProtestantsandtheRomanCatholics.Theformerarethedominantgroup,whilethelatterareseekingmoresocial,politicalandeconomicopportunities.TheBritishGovernmentandthegovernmentofIrelandarenowworkingtogethertobringpeacetoNorthernIreland.A16I.TheCelticpeoplefromEurope(100AD)II.RomanInvasion(55BC-410AD)III.TheAnglo-SaxonsFromGermany(446-871)IV．VikingandDanishinvasionsV．TheNormanConquest(1066)VI.BritishEmpire.(1400-1946)VI.TheHistoryofGreatBritainA17A18UniteIIThePoliticsofGreatBritain

NationalFlagoftheUnitedKingdomA19英格兰，苏格兰和爱尔兰旗帜A20NationalEmblem

A21nationalanthem：“godsavethequeen”（如在位的是男性君主，国歌改为“godsavetheking”）Nationalflower：RoseNationalbird：红胸鸽(redbreast/robin)A22

redbreastA23TheMonarchyI.TheUnitedKingdomisaconstitutionalmonarchy,theheadofstateisakingoraqueen.

.

II.Themonarchactuallyhasnorealpower.Themonarch’spowerarelimitedbylawandParliament.ConstitutionalmonarchybeganaftertheGloriousRevolutionin1688.A24A25A26BuckinghampalaceA27宫前维多利亚像VictoriaMemorial

A28高帽卫兵A29

Themainfunctions:(1)topasslaws;(2)toprovide,byvotingfortaxation,themeansofcarryingontheworkofgovernment;(3)toexaminegovernmentPolicyandadministrations,includingproposalforexpenditure;(4)todebatethemajorissuesoftheday.TheEnglishParliamentTheBritishParliamentHouseofLords

HouseofCommonsA30A31Parties1.Britainhasanumberofparties,butthereareonlytwomajorparties.ThesetwopartiesaretheConservativePartyandtheLabourParty.2.ThePrimeMinisterpresidesovertheCabinet,isresponsiblefortheallocationoffunctionsamongministersandinformstheQueenatregularmeetingsofgeneralbusinessoftheGovernment.A32

TheCurrentUKEconomyNationaleconomiescanbedividedintothreemainareas:Primaryindustries:agriculture,fishing,andmining.Secondaryindustries:manufacturecomplexgoodsfromprimaryproductsTertiaryindustries:banking,insurance,tourismandsellingofgoods(oftendescribedasservices).A33EnergyproductionisanimportantpartoftheUKeconomy,accountingfor5%ofThenationalwealth.GreatBritainhasabundantsuppliesofcoal,oil,andnaturalgas.Thecountryisself-sufficientinpetroleum.Agriculturalsector:Britain’sagriculturalsectorissmall(producing1.4%ofthenationalwealth)butefficient,Producing58%oftheUK’sfoodneedswithonly2%ofitsworkforce.Thebestagriculturallandisinthesouth-eastofEngland.A341.Ford,GM,Peugeot,Nissan,Toyota:福特（美国），通用（GeneralMotors美国），标致（法国），尼桑（日本），丰田（日本）2。英国最后议价独立的（指英国独资的）大汽车公司Rover（罗孚）公司，最近被德国的BMW（宝马）公司买下了.Secondarysector:Inthesecondarysectoroftheeconomy,manufacturingindustryremainsimportant,producing22%ofnationalwealth.Britainhasabigelectronicsindustry(thefourthlargestintheworld)butlikethecarindustry(whichincludesFord,GM,Peugeot,Nissan,Toyota)thisisinmanycasesforeign-owned.Britain’slastmajorindependentcarcompany,Rover,wasrecentlyboughtbytheGermancompanyBMW.A35

英国老牌车厂罗孚为庆祝ROVER创厂以来的第一个一百年，原厂特地赶造了一批纪念款概念车型ROVER75CoupeConcept，将要限量发行以纪念此百年华诞！上汽支付宝马2170万美元取得Rover商标权A36劳斯莱斯汽车(Rolls—Royce)A37

‘劳斯莱斯’成为英国王室专用车已有数十年历史，爱德华八世、女王伊丽莎白二世、玛格丽特公主、肯特公爵等众多英王室成员的座驾都是劳斯莱斯。A38Tertiaryindustries:banking,insurance,tourismandsellingofgoods(oftendescribedasservices)

70%oftheUK’sworkforceareemployedintheservicesector.

Londonisoneofthetopthreefinancialcentersintheworld

theLondonStockExchangeA39CurrencyofBritain:Englishpound(英镑)辅市单位原为先令(Shilling)和便士（Penny），1￡=20先令，1先令=12便士自1971年2月15日起，辅币单位改为新便士（NewPenny），1￡=100新便士正面反面1便士正面

图案：英国女皇伊丽莎白二世半身像反面

图案：莎士比亚塑像A40TheLiteratureofGreatBritain

英国文学源远流长，经历了长期、复杂的发展演变过程。在这个过程中，文学本体以外的各种现实的、历史的、政治的、文化的力量对文学发生着影响，文学内部遵循自身规律，历经盎格鲁—撒克逊、文艺复兴、新古典主义、浪漫主义、现实主义、现代主义等不同历史阶段。一、中世纪文学（约5世纪—1485）二、文艺复兴时期文学（15世纪后期—17世纪初）三、17世纪文学四、启蒙时期文学（17世纪后期—18世纪中期）五、浪漫主义时期文学（1798—1832）六、现实主义时期文学（19世纪30年代-1918）七、现代主义文学时期（1918-1945）八、当代文学（1945—）

A41Beowulf：

《贝奥武夫》Itisoneoftheoldest“OldEnglish”literaryworksinBritishliterature.A42GeoffreyChaucer(ca.1343-1400)乔叟：oneofthegreatestEnglishpoets"TheCanterburyTales“

《坎特伯雷故事集》内容提要：

4月的一天，一群香客去坎特伯雷朝圣，投宿在泰巴旅店。次日，店主、香客与在此住宿的作者一起出发。店主提议在去坎特伯雷的路上每人讲两个故事，回来时再讲两个，被大家公认为最佳的讲故事者可以在回来时白吃一顿丰盛的晚餐。A43WilliamShakespeare(1564-1616)A44FourTragedies:FourComedies:《哈姆莱特》(Hamlet),《奥赛罗》(Othello),《李尔王》(KingLear),《麦克白》(Macbeth,)《威尼斯商人》(TheMerchantofVenice)，《第十二夜》(TwelfthNight），

《仲夏夜之梦》(AMidsummerNight’sDream)《无事生非》(AsYouLikeIt)又叫<皆大欢喜>.A45Tobeornottobe--------Thatisaquestion;1Whether’tisnoblerinthemindtosufferTheslingsandarrowsofoutrageousfortuneOrtotakearmsagainstaseaoftroubles,Andbyopposingendthem.A46简·奥斯丁（1775年12月6日～1817年7月18日），（Austen，Jane）<<SenseandSensibility>><<PrideandPrejudice

>><<Emma>>

Mainworks:A47CharlesDickens，Englishnovlist（1812-1870）Mainworks:

<<OliverTwist>><<DavidCopperfield

>><<GreatExpectations>><<BleakHouse>><<ATaleofTwoCities>>A48thepurposeoftheBritisheducationsystem“thethreeR’s”(reading,’ritingand’rithmetic)EducationA49II.therelationshipbetweeneducationandsocialclass---classinequalitycanbeerasedorcontinuedaccordingtoeducationalpolicy---theschooltieisaclearmarkerofsocialclassA50thefamousboys’publicschool(私立中学)：Eton(伊顿公学，位于伦敦以西)andWinchester（温切斯特公学，位于英格兰南部）theuniversities:OxfordandCambridge(nicknamed:Oxbridge)A511.pre-primaryschooling(uptoage5)---nurseryschools(托儿所)，daycare(托儿所的日托),orplaygroups2.primaryschooling(5-11,

6years)---mainlystatesector,co-educational/mixedprimaryschools

III.thepresenteducationsystemA52

---comprehensiveschools3.secondaryschooling(11--around19,

7years)---grammarschoolsThenaftergraduatedtheycan1）quitschool;2）orpreparetosituniversityentranceexams;A533）orconcentrateonvocationaltraining

---GNVQs(GeneralNationalVocationalQualifications国家专业资格证书):thevocationalequivalentofA-levelsA544.highereducation---onlyoneprivatelyfundeduniversity:

theUniversityofBuckingham

---oldestuniversities:

Oxford(12thC.)andCambridge(13thC.)*

thefirstdegree(theBachelor’sdegree)coursesaremainlyfulltimeandlast3years,exceptinScotlandwheretheytake4y