四级写作高分技巧4.ppt

1、四级写作高分技巧 第四讲,王飞飞,2. 句子写作,A. 句子的分类 B. 基本句型的扩展 C. 句子的多样性 D. 句子的连贯一致 E. 标点符号 F. 主谓一致，独立主格，比较句型,E. 标点符号,标点符号主要用来明确语句的含义，标识一个句子或句子中各个成分的起止， 以及彼此间的语法或语义上的关系。 标点符号在文章中同单词享有同样的地位，有些甚至比单词起着更重要的信息传播作用。有时，我们误拼一个单词恐怕不至于引起什么不可弥补的损失或谬误，而用错一个标点符号所引起的谬误恐怕就不是一桩小事情了。,E. 标点符号 逗号的用法,并列的词或句子。 - Solids, liquids and gases

2、 can be changed from one to another. - From 1926 until his death in 1953, Thorpe lived a poor, lonely, unhappy life. - Theres only enough room for people to walk in, take one of the eleven inserts, roll them together, slip a rubber band around them and slide them into a plastic bag. - The present is

3、 living, the past dead, and the future unknowable.,E. 标点符号 逗号的用法,b) 状语 （包括从句，动词-ing形式，独立结构，不定式短语，介词短语等） - When water is heated, it will be changed into vapour. - John, seeing that his brother was hurt, ran to help him. - Work is done, even by a force acting at a distance. - To make the trip more exc

4、iting for the kids, Oscar kept the destination a secret. - After the heartbreaking experience, Thorpe turned to professional sports.,E. 标点符号 逗号的用法,c) 非限定形容词从句或插入语 - At 10 a.m. we arrived at the railway station, where Jane was waiting for us. - You know, of course, what a phrasal verb is. I neednt, t

5、herefore, explain it now.,E. 标点符号 逗号的用法,d) 呼语、同位语 - George, tell Dick the answer to the question. - He was a direct descendant of the famous warrior chief, Black Hawk.,E. 标点符号 逗号的用法,e) 日期、数字、地址。 - Chichester began the greatest voyage of his life in August, 1966. - The voyage from England and back co

6、vered 28,500 miles. - Please send it to 1932 Hill Road, London S. E. 18. (门牌号和街名间无标点),E. 标点符号 逗号的用法,f) 姓名（姓在名前面时），非正式信件的抬头或信末署名前的客套语。 - Shakespeare, William - Einstein, Albert - Dear Philip, - Sincerely yours,E. 标点符号 句号的用法,结束一个陈述句或祈使句 - The Presidents remarks were indeed encouraging. - Please fax th

7、is document to the president before noon.,E. 标点符号 句号的用法,跟随大多数的缩写 - Add. Tel. U.S.A. Ph. D.,E. 标点符号 分号的用法,主要用于： 两个或两个以上意义有联系的分句中间。例如： -Understanding is two-way operation; learning doesnt consist in being an empty receptacle. - Work is more than a necessity for most human beings; it is the focus of th

8、eir lives, the source of their identity and creativity.,E. 标点符号 分号的用法,b) 列举事物，尤其是其间有逗号时。例如： - There will be three foreign teachers next term: Miss Ann Smith from Boston, America; Mr John Baker from London, England; and Ms Mary Blake from Sydney, Australia.,E. 标点符号 破折号的用法,注释性的词语或句子前；如用于句子中间，前后都要有破折号。

9、 - There is a way to decide any question - experiment.,E. 标点符号 破折号的用法,b) 补充性的成分 - Life - and death, too - is a cycle that goes round and round. I teach because teaching is a profession built on change. When the material is the same, I change - and more important, my students change.,E. 标点符号 破折号的用法,c

10、) 总括所列举的事物 - The complex operation required new methods for directing the combined endeavors of thousands and thousands of minds, some in government, some in universities, some in private industry - all working together for a common purpose.,E. 标点符号 破折号的用法,d) 突然转折 - One little problem is that a comp

11、uter cant laugh yet - but the scientists are working on it.,E. 标点符号 冒号的用法,列举事物 - That was a tale of two cities: London and Paris.,E. 标点符号 冒号的用法,b) 注释句之前 - Ive just had some good news: Ive been offered a part-time job in the computer center. - These seat covers are the most durable kind: they are rei

12、nforced with double stitching and covered with a heavy plastic coating.,Exercise,Mr jones was very fond of climbing mountains so one year he went to switzerland for his holidays after he had climbed some easy mountains he decided one day to climb a more difficult one but he did not want to go up it

13、alone so he found a good swiss guide who had often climbed that mountain. at first it was not a difficult climb but then they came to a place which was not so easy the guide stopped turned round and warned mr jones be careful here he said this is a dangerous place you can easily fall and if you do y

14、ou will fall straight down a very long way but he continued calmly if you do fall here dont forget to look to the right while you are going down there is a quite extraordinarily beautiful view there much more beautiful than the one you can see from here,Mr Jones was very fond of climbing mountain, s

15、o one year he went to Switzerland for his holidays. After he had climbed some easy mountains, he decided one day to climb a more difficult one; but he did not want to go up it alone, so he found a good Swiss guide, who had often climbed that mountain. At first it was not a difficult climb, but then

16、they came to a place which was not so easy. The guide stopped, turned round and warned Mr Jones. “Be careful here,” he said. “This is a dangerous place. You can easily fall, and if you do, you will fall straight down a very long way.” “But,” he continued calmly, “if you do fall here, dont forget to

17、look to the right while you are going down. There is a quite extraordinarily beautiful view there - much more beautiful than the one you can see from here.”,F. 主谓一致,Pre-test All of the work (was, were) finished. General Motors (is, are) a huge corporation. Neither the teacher nor the students (has,

18、have) enough time. What I saw (was, were) two men attacking the policeman. Most of the houses (needs, need) painting. Trial (试验) and error (is, are) the source of our knowledge. A number of students (speaks, speak) English very well.,主谓一致 1）谓语动词在人称和数上必须与主语一致,在语序正常的句子中 - My father has travelled widel

19、y. - Things are invented when the need is great enough.,主谓一致 1）谓语动词在人称和数上必须与主语一致,b) 在There be 结构中 - There is no smoke without fire. - There were not many influential guests at the party. - There seems to be little time left. - There seem to be too many men in the field. 注：在there, here 引起的结构中，如主语有好几个

20、， 则谓语动词可与最临近的主语取得一致。例如： - There was a TV set, a portrait and several albums (相册) on the shelf. - Here are a few envelopes, a pen and some paper in the drawer.,主谓一致 1）谓语动词在人称和数上必须与主语一致,c) 在倒装结构中 - In every province of China are found rich natural resources. - Here come the five noisy children from ne

21、xt door.,主谓一致 1）谓语动词在人称和数上必须与主语一致,d) 在主语后有修饰语的句子中 -Differences in speech often cause people to snigger(窃笑). -His attempt to improve the experiments is successful. - A person who has good friends enjoys life more.,主谓一致 1）谓语动词在人称和数上必须与主语一致,e) 在主语后有“as well as, not to mention, along with 等+名词” 句子中 - Un

22、employment as well as taxes influences votes. - Taxes, not to mention unemployment, influence votes. - This man along with his sons always catches the largest fish.,由上述 d)、e)诸例可以看出，主谓一致不受修饰语或”as well as 等 + 名词” 结构中名词的数的影响。此外，主语后若跟有 accompanied by, as much as, besides, except (but), in addition to, i

23、ncluding, instead of, no less than, rather than, together with 等+ 名词, 也不影响其与谓语动词的一致关系。,主谓一致 Exercise 1,The book on political parties (is, are) interesting. Every one of my cousins, including Larry, (has, have) brown eyes. John, together with his family, (is, are) flying to London. Here (is, are) the

24、 files you asked for. There (seems, seem) to be many arguments on both sides. There (has, have) been tremendous progress within this century. The Minister, rather than the trade unions, (is, are) responsible for the present situation. The boy, not his parents (is, are) being punished.,主谓一致 2）单数主语,不定

25、式短语、动词-ing形式（短语）及名词从句作主语时，谓语动词用单数。 - To become doctors is their ambition. - Reading without comprehension is no good. - What that country needs is more jobs and lower taxes.,主谓一致 2）单数主语,b) 事件、国名、机构名称、书及其他作品的名称用作主语时，谓语动词用单数。 - The United Nations was formed in 1945. - The Thirty-Nine Steps was written

26、 by John Buchan.,主谓一致 2）单数主语,c) 下列不定代词或限定词作主语或修饰主语时， 谓语动词永远是单数。 - Every silver knife, fork, and spoon has to be counted. - Each book and magazine is listed in the card catalog. - Each of the students has a schedule. - Everyone/Everybody is here. 注：every 和each 后面的名词为单数。 each of 后的名词必须是复数。,主谓一致 2）单数主语

27、,c) 下列不定代词或限定词作主语或修饰主语时， 谓语动词永远是单数。 - One of my friends needs some help. - Is either of the singers reading now? - Neither (one) is satisfactory. 注： one of 后的名词必须是复数。 - Many a college student wishes to return to the easy days of high school. 注： many a 后的名词是单数。 注意： a great/good many 后的名词为复数。例如： - A g

28、reat/good many books have been written on the subject.,主谓一致 3）复数主语,下列不定代词作主语时，谓语动词用复数: - Both of them have won prizes. - Few of my family really understand me. - Many were surprised at the final score. - Several of the regular members were absent.,主谓一致 4）带有量词的主语与谓语动词的一致,- A lot of the equipment is n

29、ew. - A lot of my friends are here. - All of the fruit looks ripe. - All of the cherries look ripe. - Has any of this evidence been presented? - Have any of my friends called me? - Most of the book was interesting. - Most of the books were interesting. - Some of the book is good. - Some of the books

30、 are good.,注： 主语的数取决于介词of后名词的数。 用法相同的其他短语有： half of, two-thirds of, ninety percent of, part of, the rest of等,主谓一致 4）带有量词的主语与谓语动词的一致,- None of the evidence points to his guilt. - None of our students were involved.,在非正式语体中， 第二句中的谓语动词可用was。 如要表达单数概念， 最好将第二句中的主语改为no one 或not one.,主谓一致 4）带有量词的主语与谓语动词的一致

31、,- The number of students in the class is fifteen. - A number of students were late.,A number of 后用复数名词， 并用复数谓语动词。,主谓一致 4）带有量词的主语与谓语动词的一致,- More than one person is involved in this case. - More than one hundred men and women are working in this workshop.,主谓一致 4）带有量词的主语与谓语动词的一致,- The majority were/wa

32、s in favour of the proposal. - The majority of boys like football.,主谓一致 Exercise 2,- Some of the coins (is, are) missing. - Some of the money (was, were) missing. - Most of the fruit crop (was, were) destroyed by frost. - Most of the motorcycles (was, were) damaged. - The negative part of a conversa

33、tion (is, are) often as important as the positive. - The greater part of the natives (was, were) unable to speak English. - Half of this money (belongs, belong) to you. - Half of the students in the class (is, are) from Arabic-speaking countries.,主谓一致 5）并列主语,由and 或bothand连接两个主语时，谓语动词一般用复数。 - May and

34、 Jane compete with each other for the first prize. - Both John and Ann are ready. - Riding on the swings and playing with the ducks in the pond were our childrens greatest pleasure when we took them to the park.,主谓一致 5）并列主语,但当并列主语作为整体考虑，或在意义上指同一个人、同一事物时，谓语动词用单数。 - Ice cream and cake is my favorite d

35、essert. - My house and home is at 1501 Washington Avenue. 两个单数名词前都有冠词时，谓语动词常用复数。 -The editor and the publisher of this magazine are very able men.(指两个人) - The editor and publisher of this magazine is a very able man.(指同一个人),主谓一致 5）并列主语,并列主语由“形容词+and+形容词+名词”构成，指两类不同的人或物时，谓语动词也用复数。 - Social and politi

36、cal freedom are limited there. (= Social freedom and political freedom ),主谓一致 5）并列主语,b) 由or, either or, 或neither nor连接两个单数主语时，谓语动词用单数。 - Either Tom or Maria is sure to know the answer. - Neither criticism nor praise affects them. 口语中也可以说： - Neither criticism nor praise affect them.,主谓一致 5）并列主语,c) 当o

37、r, eitheror, neither nor 或 not only but (also)连接一个单数主语和一个复数主语时，谓语动词取决于最接近它的名词或代词的数。 - Pat or you were supposed to call. - You or Pat was supposed to call. - Neither the quality nor the prices have changed. - Neither the prices nor the quality has changed. - Doesnt he or I deserve it? - Dont you or h

38、e deserve it?,主谓一致 6）集体名词作主语,集体名词作主语时，谓语动词的数取决于主语表示的意义。当主语表示不可分割的整体时，谓语动词用单数；当主语强调集体中的各个成员时，谓语动词用复数。 - The crowd was an orderly one. (crowd作为整体考虑) - The crowd were fighting for their lives. (强调群体中的个体) - The family is the basic unit of our society. (家庭作为一个整体) - The family have agreed among themselves

39、 to present a solid front. (强调家庭成员) 此类集体名词还有：army, audience, band, board, clan, class, club, committee, company, crew, firm, flock, gang, government, group, herd, jury, majority, minority, orchestra, party, public, staff, swarm, team, troop等。,主谓一致 7）形容词从句中的主谓一致,关系代词作主语时， 它的数必须与其先行词一致。 - The person w

40、ho gets there first is served first. - This is one of the rooms that were damaged in the fire. - He who hesitates is lost.,主谓一致 7）形容词从句中的主谓一致,b) 在正式语体中，”one of those +复数名词” 后的形容词从句中的谓语动词用复数。 - That is one of those remarks that are intended to start arguments. - Jane is one of those persons who alway

41、s think they are right. 当one前面有the only 等修饰时， 形容词从句中的谓语动词用单数。 - She is the only one of those girls who is willing to take a make-up exam.,主谓一致 7）其他情况下的主谓一致,表示时间、金钱、距离、体积、小数等名词作主语时，其谓语动词常用单数。 - Eight hours of sleep is enough. - Twenty dollars is too much to pay. - Three thousand miles is too far to t

42、ravel. 如果主语表示具体的、个别的单位，谓语动词用复数。 - Their last four years have been full of surprises. - There are two silver dollars in each of the stockings.,主谓一致 7）其他情况下的主谓一致,b) 一些以-ics 或-s结尾的名词作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数。 - Physics is a difficult subject. - Measles (麻疹) is a disease to take seriously. 常见的这类名词还有：civics(公民学), e

43、conomics, electronics, mathematics, mumps（流行性腮腺炎等）. 有些以-ics结尾的名词， 如ethics, politics, statistics 等用来表示“学科领域”时，谓语动词用单数；用来表示具体“行为”、“观点”、“数字”时，谓语动词用复数。 - Statistics is a field of study. - The statistics in that report are not accurate.,主谓一致 7）其他情况下的主谓一致,c) Chinese, English, French, Japanese等词指语言时，用单数；指人

44、民时，用复数。 - Chinese is a difficult language. - The Chinese are kind and friendly. (The Chinese = The Chinese people),主谓一致 7）其他情况下的主谓一致,d) “The + 形容词/动词-ed形式” 作主语如果表示一类人，谓语动词用复数。 - The young are full of vigour. - The injured were taken to hospital.,F. 独立主格,1 独立主格结构的形式独立主格结构可分为两部分，一部分是名词或代词（主格），起着逻辑主语的作

45、用；另一部分由形容词、分词、介词短语等构成，表示前面名词或代词的状态，状况或动作。例如：,独立主格,名词/代词+形容词The men moved slowly forward, neck deep in the water, with their officers guiding them. It stood silent in the noon sunlight, its door open.2） 名词/代词+现在分词Winter coming, it gets colder and colder. 冬天来了，天气越来越冷了。The rain having stopped, he went

46、out for a walk. 雨停了，他出去散步。The question being settled, we wound up the meeting. 问题解决之后，我们结束了会议。3） 名词/代词+过去分词“Marquis,” said the boy, turning to the man, his eyes opened wide, and his right hand raised.,独立主格,4） 名词/代词（主格）+不定式We shall assemble at ten forty-five, the procession to start moving at precise

47、ly eleven. 我们十点四十五分集合，队伍十一点准时出发。Here are the first two volumes, the third one to come out next month. 这是前两卷，第三卷将于下月问世。We divided the work, he to clean the windows and I to sweep the floor. 我们进行了分工，他擦窗户，我扫地。The two boys said good-bye to each other, one to go home, the other to go to his friends. 两个男孩

48、彼此道了别，一个回了家，另一个去了他朋友家。5） 名词/代词+介词短语I followed him here, climbed in, sword in hand. The huntsman entered the forest, gun in hand. 那位猎人手里提着枪走进了树林。He sat at the table, coat off, head down, and pen in hand.,独立主格,6） 名词/代词+副词Nobody in, the thief took a lot of things away.Lunch over, he left the house. But

49、 he was thinking. 7） 名词/代词+名词he fought the wolf, a stick his only weapon. 他和狼搏斗着，唯一的武器是一根棍棒。,独立主格,8）有时可由介词with引导 - With the temperature falling so rapidly, we couldnt go on with the experiment. - The school with a river flowing in front of it is located in a scenic area. - Atoms with the outer layer

50、 filled do not form compounds.,独立主格,2 独立主格结构的功能独立主格结构主要用于描绘性文字中，其作用相当于一个状语从句，常用来表示时间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随情况等。例如：,独立主格,1) 表示时间The meeting being over, all of us went home. 开完会后我们都回家了。Her work done, she sat down for a cup of tea. 她干完了活，坐下来喝茶。2） 表示条件The condition being favourable, he may succeed. 若条件有利，他或许能成功。

51、3） 表示原因There being no taxis, we had to walk. 没有出租车，我们只好步行。He wrapped her up with great care, the night being dark and frosty. 夜又黑又冷，所以他把她裹得严严实实的。4） 表示伴随情况Almost all metals are good conductors, silver being the best of all. 几乎所有的金属都是良导体，而银则是最好的导体。(=Almost all metals are good conductors, and silver is

52、 the best of all.),分词结构还是独立结构？,上面的例子告诉我们，独立结构常常可以看作是由主从复合句中的从句变来的。但是，如果从句和主句的主语相同，则不可改为独立结构。例如：Since he was very tired with his walk, he soon fell asleep and forgot his troubles.不可改为：He being very tired with his walk, he但可改为：Being very tired with his work, he,分词作状语,- I got to know him while working

53、if the factory. - Seen from a distance, the mountain looked like an elephant. (= When it was seen from a distance, the mountain looked like an elephant.) -Being ill, he couldnt go to class. (= As he was ill, he couldnt go to class.) - Although given the best medical care, he died. - If going there b

54、y plane, well have to pay twice as much. - The war went on for years, killing thousands upon thousands of people. - He sat in an armchair, watching TV.,Exercise,- Waiting for a bus, a stone hit me. (a stone并不是 waiting for a bus的逻辑主语) - While I was waiting for the bus, a stone hit me. - By swimming a

55、n hour every day, Janes weight was reduced from 120 to 110 pounds. (Janes weight 不是swimming an hour every day的逻辑主语) - By swimming an hour every day, Jane reduced her weight from 120 to 110 pounds. - Made of plastic, I didnt expect the chairs would be that strong. (I 不是made of plastic的逻辑主语) - As the

56、chairs were made of plastic, I didnt expect they would be that strong.,Summary Exercises 句子常见错误,- I sat watching the boys playing football in front of the house. - I sat in front of the house, watching the boys playing football. - He said in spite of protest he would go. - He said he would go in spi

57、te of protest.,- He is of different disposition from that of hers. - His disposition is different from hers. - A bullet hit him in the leg, but it was not serious. - A bullet hit him in the leg, but the wound was not serious. - I tried to assist him, but he refused it. - I offered him my assistance,

58、 but he refused it.,- I wrote to him, but my letter was not answered. - I wrote to him, but he did not answer my letter. - She as well as the other students have learned how to install this electric equipment. - She as well as the other students has learned how to install this electric equipment. - John waits till the light changed, then crossed the street. - John waited till the light changed, then crossed the street.,- Those who want to take part in the party please put down your names here. - Those who wan