初中被动语态语法讲解

1、被动语态语法讲解 (一) 语态分类英语动词有两种语态.，主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。如：They will build a new bridge over the river. (主动)A new bridge will be built over the river. (被动)汉语中常用“被”、“给”、“由”、“受”等词用来表示被动，而英语用：助动词be + 及物动词的过去分词构成。(二) 被动语态的时态、人称和数的变化主要体现在be的变化上，其形式与系动词be的变化形式完全一样。以 give 为例，列表如下：一般现在时：am / is

2、 / are + p.p一般过去时：was / were + p.p一般将来时：shall / will + be + p.p be(am / is / are)going to + be + p.p过去将来时：should / would + be + p.p be(was/were)going to + be + p.p现在进行时：am / is / are + being + be + p.p过去进行时：was / were + being + p.p现在完成时：have / has + been + P.P过去完成时：had + been + p.p情态动词： 情态动词 + be +

3、p.p注被动语态没有将来进行时和过去将来进行时。(三)常见的八种时态中的被动语态1. 一般现在时：People grow rice in the south of the country.-Rice is grown in the south of the country.2. 一般过去时：They agreed on the building of a new car factory last month.-The building of a new car factory was agreed on last month.3. 一般将来时：They will give plenty of

4、jobs to school-leavers.-Plenty of jobs will be given to school-leavers.4. 过去将来时：The manager said they would complete the project by the end of the year.-The manager said the project would be completed by the end of the year.6. 过去进行时：The workers were mending the road.-The road was being mended.7. 现在完

5、成时:He has brought his book here.-His book has been brought here.8. 过去完成时：When I got to the theatre, I found they had already sold out the tickets.-When I got to the theatre, I found the tickets had already been sold out.(四） 含有情态动词的被动语态：含有情态动词的被动语态是由“情态动词+ be+ 及物动词的过去分词”构成。He can write a great many l

6、etters with the computer.-A great many letters can be written with the computer by him.(五) 被 动 语 态 的 使 用1.当不知道或没有必要指出动作的执行者时，常用被动语态，这时往往不用by 短语。 “Mr. White, the cup was broken after class. ”2.突出或强调动作的承受者，如果需要说出动作的执行者，用by 短语。These records were made by John Denver.The cup was broken by Paul.These cars

7、 were made in China.(六)主动语态变被动语态的方法1.把主动语态的宾语变成被动语态的主语。2.把主动语态的谓语变成被动语态的be + 过去分词，时态要与原句保持一致。3.把主动语态的主语变为介词by 的宾语，放在被动语态里谓语动词之后，by 短语可以省略。如果原句主语是地点名词，在被动语态中用in + 地点名词作状语。My aunt invited meto her dinner party.主语 谓语 宾语I was invited(by my aunt ) to her dinner party.(七)语态转换时所注意的问题1. 把主动语态变为被动语态时，其谓语动词的时

8、态要与原句时态保持一致，其谓语动词要与新主语保持一致。We have bought a new computer.A new computer has been bought. (正确)A new computer have been bought. (错误)2. 含有双宾语的主动句变被动句时，可分别将其中的一个宾语变为主语，另一个不动，一般变间接宾语为主语时比较多。My uncle gave me a present on my birthday.-I was given a present on my birthday.如果把直接宾语(指物)改为主语，则在间接宾语(指人)前加适当的介词，如

9、上句还可以说：-A present was given to me yesterday.1.一般在下列动词后，常在间接宾语前用介词 to，如：bring, give, pass, show，lend等。(1) The book was showed to the class.(2) My bike was lent to her.2.在see, watch, hear, notice, make,等动词后作宾语补足语的动词不定式都不带 to，但改成被动语态后都带to，这时不定式为主语补足语，to不能省略。 We often hear him play the guitar.-He is oft

10、en heard to play the guitar.3. 当主动句的主语是nobody, no one等含有否定意义的不定代词时，被动句中将其变为anybody, 作by的宾语，并将谓语动词变为否定的被动语态。 Nobody can answer this question.误：The question can be answered by nobody.正：The question can not be answered by anybody.4. 当否定句中的宾语是anything, anybody, anyone等不定代词时，在被动句中应将其分别变为nothing, nobody,

11、no one作主语，并将谓语动词变为肯定的被动语态。They havent done anything to make the river clean.误：Anything hasnt been done to make the river clean.正：Nothing has been done to make the river clean.5. 以who为主语开头的疑问句，变被动时，用by whom放在句首。Who wrote the story?误：Who was the story written?正：By whom was the story written?9. 下列情况主动句

12、不能改为被动句：下列动词（词组）没有被动式： 下列动词（词组）没有被动式： 1.、半系动词无被动语态：以主动形式表示被动之意 、系动词无被动语态,常见的系动词有： look/seem/appear, feel(感觉，摸起来 sound, smell, taste e.g. She seems/appears happy. It smells terrible. The silk feels soft. 丝绸摸起来很柔软。 (逐渐 变得 变成：become, grow, get, turn, come, go e.g. His wish has come true. 他的愿望实现了 People

13、 often went hungry in the old days. The tree is growing tall. The leaves of the trees turn yellow in autumn. 树叶在秋天变黄。 保持：keep, stay e.g. We must keep quiet in the reading room. 2、有些不及物动词常用主动形式表示被动意义。 不及物动词常用主动形式表示被动意义 某些可用来表示主语内在“品质”或“性能”的及物动词，如 lock, shut, open, move, read, 某些可用来表示主语内在“品质” 用来表示主语内在

14、 性能”的及物动词， write, sell, wash, clean, catch, draw, cut 等 举例1This table cleans very easily.The cloth (布)washes well. His book doesnt sell well. The flower smells sweet. The supermarket opens at 8:00 in the morning. The door wont close/shut. 举例2(1) Do you like the material? Yes, it feels very soft.误：It

15、 is felt very soft.(2)The food tastes delicious.误：The food is tasted delicious.(3)The pop music sounds beautiful.误：The pop music is sounded beautiful.某些表示“发生” happen, take place, occur,“爆发” break out, burst out“传播”spread 的不及物 某些表示“发生” 举例1The accident happened last week. Great changes have taken plac

16、e in China .The fire spread from the factory to the warehouse nearby. 3举例21.The fire broke out in the capital building.误：The fire was broke out in the capital building.2.When we got to the top of the mountain, the sun had already risen.误：When we got to the top of the mountain,The sun had already bee

17、n risen.3.After the earthquake, few houses remained.误：After the earthquake, few houses were remained.第四，宾语是反身代词，相互代词，不定式，v-ing形式及抽象名词等，不能变为被动句子的主语。I taught myself English.误：Myself was taught English.We love each other.误：Each other is loved.10. 在汉语中，有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可用被动结构来表示。据说 It is said that 据报导 I