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LINGUISTICCODEFOREXAMPLE,ARETHEREANYNEOLOGISMSSUCHAS“PORTENTOUSINFANTS”ARETHEREANYSEMANTIC,SYNTACTIC,PHONOLOGICAL,ORGRAPHOLOGICALDEVIATIONSSUCHDEVIATIONSAREOFTENTHECLUETOSPECIALINTERPRETATIONSASSOCIATEDWITHTRADITIONALFIGURESOFSPEECHSUCHASMETAPHOR,METONYMY,SYNECDOCHE,PARADOX,ANDIRONYIFSUCHTROPESOCCUR,WHATKINDOFSPECIALINTERPRETATIONISINVOLVEDFOREXAMPLE,METAPHORCANBECLASSIFIEDASPERSONIFYING,ANIMALIZING,CONCRETIZING,SYNAESTHETIC,ETCCONTEXTANDCOHESIONHEREWETAKEALOOKATFEATURESWHICHAREGENERALLYFULLYDEALTWITHINDISCOURSEANALYSISUNDERCOHESIONWAYSINWHICHONEPARTOFATEXTISLINKEDTOANOTHERARECONSIDEREDFORINSTANCE,THEWAYSSENTENCESARECONNECTEDTHISISTHEINTERNALORGANIZATIONOFATEXTUNDERCONTEXT,ROUGHLYTHEMATERIAL,MENTAL,PERSONAL,INTERACTIONAL,SOCIAL,INSTITUTIONAL,CULTURAL,ANDHISTORICALSITUATIONINWHICHTHEDISCOURSEISMADE,WECONSIDERTHEEXTERNALRELATIONSOFTHELITERARYTEXTORAPARTOFTHETEXT,SEEINGITASADISCOURSEPRESUPPOSINGASOCIALRELATIONBETWEENITSPARTICIPANTSAUTHORANDREADER,CHARACTERANDCHARACTER,CHARACTERANDREADER,ETC,ANDASHARINGOFKNOWLEDGEANDASSUMPTIONSBYPARTICIPANTSCOHESIONDOESTHETEXTCONTAINLOGICALOROTHERLINKSBETWEENSENTENCESEGCOORDINATINGCONJUNCTIONS,LINKINGADVERBIALS,ORDOESITTENDTOREPLYONIMPLICITCONNECTIONSOFMEANINGWHATSORTOFUSEISMADEOFCROSSREFERENCEBYPRONOUNSSHE,IT,THEY,ETC,BYSUBSTITUTEFORMSDO,SO,ETC,ORELLIPSISISTHEREANYUSEMADEOFELEGANTVARIATIONTHEAVOIDANCEOFREPETITIONBYSUBSTITUTIONOFADESCRIPTIVEPHRASEAS“THEOLDLAWYER”SUBSTITUTESFORTHEREPETITIONOFANEARLIER“MRJONES”AREMEANINGCONNECTIONSREINFORCEDBYREPETITIONOFWORDSANDPHRASES,ORBYREPEATEDLYUSINGWORDSFROMTHESAMESEMANTICFIELDCONTEXTDOESTHEWRITERADDRESSTHEREADERDIRECTLY,ORTHROUGHTHEWORDSORTHOUGHTSOFSOMEFICTIONALCHARACTERWHATLINGUISTICCLUESEGFIRSTPERSONPRONOUNSI,ME,MY,MINEARETHEREOFTHEADDRESSERADDRESSEERELATIONSHIPWHATATTITUDEDOESTHEAUTHORIMPLYTOWARDSHIS/HERSUBJECTIFACHARACTERSWORDSORTHOUGHTSAREREPRESENTED,ISTHISDONEBYDIRECTQUOTATION,ORBYSOMEOTHERMETHODEGINDIRECTSPEECH,FREEINDIRECTSPEECHARETHERESIGNIFICANTCHANGESOFSTYLEWITHRESPECTTODIFFERENTPERSONSNARRATORORCHARACTERWHOISSUPPOSEDLYSPEAKINGORTHINKINGTHEWORDSONTHEPAGEWHATISTHEPOINTOFVIEWOFTHESTORYARETHEFREQUENTSHIFTSOFPOINTVIEWIFSO,INWHOSEVOICEISTHENARRATORSPEAKINGCHAPTERSEVENSYMBOLWHATISSYMBOLSYMBOL,INTHESIMPLESTSENSE,ANYTHINGTHATSTANDSFORORREPRESENTSSOMETHINGELSEBEYONDITUSUALLYANIDEACONVENTIONALLYASSOCIATEDWITHITOBJECTSLIKEFLAGSANDCROSSESCANFUNCTIONSYMBOLICALLYANDWORDSAREALSOSYMBOLSP218OXFORDCONCISEDICTIONARYOFLITERARYTERMSASYMBOLISATHINGTHATSUGGESTSMORETHANITSLITERALMEANINGITEXISTSWIDELYEVENINOURDAILYLIFEOURLANGUAGEITSELFISSYMBOLTHEDAILYGREETINGSINDICATETHATTHEPASSAGEOFCOMMUNICATIONISOPENRINGISASYMBOLOFETERNITYTHESIGNOFCROSSINDICATESATONEMENTTHEBIGBENSYMBOLIZESLONDON,THEGREATWALLCHINARITUALISTICACTSARESYMBOLICINCHURCHWEDDINGTHEBRIDEISHANDEDOVERFROMTHEFATHERTOTHEGROOMHOLYEATINGISSYMBOLICOFCOMMUNION,BAPTIZINGCLEANSINGANDREBIRTHTHERAISINGANDLOWERINGOFANATIONALFLAGCERTAINLYSUGGESTMEANINGSLARGERTHANTHEACTSTHEMSELVESANDFINALLYTOASTINGANDSHAKINGHANDSONFORMALORINFORMALOCCASIONSASRHETORICALDEVICE,SYMBOLISDIFFERENTFROMMETAPHOR,WHICHISLITERALLYFALSEBUTFIGURATIVELYTRUEUNLIKEALLEGORY,WHICHREPRESENTSABSTRACTTERMSLIKE“LOVE”OR“TRUTH,”SYMBOLSAREPERCEPTIBLEOBJECTSINLITERATUREALMOSTANYTHINGPARTICULAROBJECTS,CHARACTERS,SETTING,ANDACTIONSCANBESYMBOLICIFTHEAUTHORWISHESTOMAKEITSOBYEITHERHINTINGORINSISTINGTHATTHEMATERIALMEANSMORETHANITLITERALLYDOESSYMBOLSARESUGGESTEDTHROUGHSPECIALTREATMENTSUCHASIMAGERY,REPETITION,CONNOTATIVELANGUAGE,OROTHERARTISTICDEVICESINFSCOTTFITZGERALDSNOVELTHEGREATGATSBY,AHUGEPAIROFBESPECTACLEDEYESSTARESACROSSAWILDNESSOFASHHEAPSFROMABILLBOARDADVERTISINGTHESERVICESOFANOCULISTREPEATEDLYAPPEARINGINTHESTORY,THEBESPECTACLEDEYESCOMETOMEANMORETHANSIMPLYTHEAVAILABILITYOFEYEEXAMINATIONACHARACTERINTHESTORYCOMPARESITTOTHEEYESOFGODHEHINTSTHATSOMESAD,COMPASSIONATESPIRITISBROODINGASITWATCHESTHEPASSINGPROCESSIONOFHUMANITYSUCHANOBJECTISASYMBOLINLITERATURE,ASYMBOLISATHINGTHATREFERSORSUGGESTSMORETHANITSLITERALMEANINGTHEREAREQUITEALOTOFSYMBOLSTHATAPPEARINORDINARYLIFE,FORTHEUSEOFSYMBOLISBYNOMEANSOFLIMITEDTOLITERATUREANDARTFORINSTANCE,ADOVEISASYMBOLOFPEACE,THEFLAGISTHESYMBOLOFACOUNTRY,ANDTHECROSSISTHESYMBOLOFTHECHRISTIANRELIGIONTHESEARESYMBOLSADOPTEDBYAWHOLESOCIETYANDARERECOGNIZEDBYALLMEMBERSOFSUCHASOCIETYTHEREAREOTHERKINDSOFSYMBOLS,SUCHASFIGURE3,WHICHMAYBEABSTRACTSYMBOLSBUTSYMBOLSINLITERATUREWORKSAREDIFFERENTFROMEITHEROFTHEOTHERTYPESGENERALLYSPEAKING,ALITERARYSYMBOLDOESNOTHAVEACOMMONSOCIALACCEPTANCE,ASDOESTHEFLAGITIS,RATHER,ASYMBOLTHEPOETORTHEWRITERADOPTSFORTHEPURPOSEOFHIS/HERWORK,ANDITISTOBEUNDERSTOODONLYINTHECONTEXTOFTHATWORKITDIFFERSFROMTHEKINDOFSYMBOLILLUSTRATEDBYTHEFIGURE3BECAUSEITISCONCRETEANDSPECIFICAPOETORAWRITERUSESSYMBOLSFORTHESAMEREASONHE/SHEUSESSIMILES,METAPHORS,ANDIMAGES,ETCTHEYHELPTOEXPRESSHIS/HERMEANINGINAWAYTHATWILLAPPEALTOTHESENSESANDTOTHEEMOTIONSOFTHEREADERMOSTSYMBOLS,INLITERATUREANDEVERYDAYLIFEASWELL,POSSESSATREMENDOUSCONDENSINGPOWERTHEIRFOCUSINGONTHERELATIONSHIPSBETWEENTHEVISIBLEAUDIBLEANDWHATTHEYSUGGESTCANKINDLEITINTOASINGLEIMPACTOFCOURSE,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