水产养殖认证_

CONSULTATIVEWORKSHOPONGUIDELINESFORAQUACULTURECERTIFICATION68MAY2008BEIJING,CHINAAQUACULTURECERTIFICATIONSMALLSCALEAQUACULTUREPRODUCERSANDCHALLENGESINTHEIRPARTICIPATIONINCERTIFICATION水产养殖认证小规模水产养殖者和他们参与认证面对的挑战MICHAELJPHILLIPSNETWORKFORAQUACULTURECENTERSINASIAPACIFICNACAROHANASUBASINGHEFOODANDAGRICULTUREORGANIZATIONOFUNITEDNATIONSFAOAJOINTPRESENTATIONFROMTHEEXPERIENCESOFNACAANDFAOCONSULTATIVEWORKSHOPONGUIDELINESFORAQUACULTURECERTIFICATION68MAY2008BEIJING,CHINAZPRESENTATION陈述SMALLSCALEAQUACULTUREFARMERS小规模水产养殖生产者OPPORTUNITIESANDCONSTRAINTS机会与限制因子SPECIALCONSIDERATIONS专门考虑ZDISCUSSIONSESSION讨论PLEASEGIVEYOUREXPERIENCESANDIDEAS分享您的经验和想法CONSULTATIVEWORKSHOPONGUIDELINESFORAQUACULTURECERTIFICATION68MAY2008BEIJING,CHINAZWHATISA“SMALLSCALE”AQUACULTUREFARMER什么是小规模养殖者NOCLEARINTERNATIONALDEFINITION,BUTCERTAINCHARACTERISTICS国际上没有清晰的定义，但具备某些特点ZSMALLLANDORWATERAREA土地或水面面积小ZFAMILYSIZEDOPERATIONS/BUSINESSES家庭规模的操作/ZOFTENUSINGFAMILYLABOR常用家庭成员劳力ZOFTENBASEDONFAMILYLAND常依赖家庭土地ZLIMITEDACCESSTORESOURCES可获得的资源有限ZVULNERABILITY脆弱ZCHINA240MILLIONFARMERS,01HA在中国，24亿农民规模15亩MAYBEDIFFUSEDTHROUGHALOCALAREA也许在某地分散ORHIGHLYCONCENTRATEDAROUNDSPECIFICRESOURCEEGWATERSUPPLY或者集中于某种资源的所在位置（例如供水）ZMANYOTHERSMALLSCALESTAKEHOLDERSINSUPPLYCHAIN在供应链上还有许多其它的小规模利益攸关者CONSULTATIVEWORKSHOPONGUIDELINESFORAQUACULTURECERTIFICATION68MAY2008BEIJING,CHINAZSMALLSCALEAQUACULTUREFARMERSAREVERYIMPORTANTINASIA小规模水产养殖者在亚洲有重要的作用LARGESTGROUPOFAQUACULTUREFARMERS是渔农中数量最大的群体MAJORCONTRIBUTORTOPRODUCTIONINMANYCOUNTRIESEGVIETNAM7080在许多国家他们是产量的主要贡献者ITISTHEREFOREMAJORCONTRIBUTORTOGLOBALFISHSUPPLIES所以他们也是全球水产品供应的主要贡献者HIGHLYINNOVATIVESECTOR具有高度创新性IMPORTANTFORRURALDEVELOPMENT,EMPLOYMENTANDPOVERTYREDUCTION对于农村发展、就业以及减少贫困的重要作用CONSULTATIVEWORKSHOPONGUIDELINESFORAQUACULTURECERTIFICATION68MAY2008BEIJING,CHINAZPRESENTTRENDSINMARKETANDTRADEAREWORKINGAGAINSTTHESMALLSCALESECTOR当前的市场和贸易趋势对小规模养殖者不利CHANGESINCOSTSANDBUSINESSSTRUCTURESOFAQUACULTURE水产养殖的成本和行业结构发生改变TRENDSTOWARDSCERTIFICATION,TRACEABLEANDQUALITYASSURANCE趋向于认证、可追溯性和质量保证RISKMANAGEMENTSTRATEGIESOFLARGERTRADERSANDBUYERSAREDRIVINGAGAINSTSMALLSCALEFARMERS大型贸易和购买者企业的风险管理策略越来越不利于小规模渔农ZEASIERFORBIGBUYERSTODEALWITHBIGFARMSWITHLARGEPRODUCTVOLUMES大型购买者与大规模养殖单位买卖容易ZSMALLQUANTITIESOFPRODUCTINCONVENIENTTOLARGERBUYERS少量的产品对大型购买者不方便CONSULTATIVEWORKSHOPONGUIDELINESFORAQUACULTURECERTIFICATION68MAY2008BEIJING,CHINAZPRESENTTRENDSINMARKETANDTRADEAREWORKINGAGAINSTTHESMALLSCALESECTOR当前的市场和贸易趋势对小规模养殖者不利（续）NOCERTIFICATIONSCHEMEYETTARGETSTHESMALLSCALESECTOR没有针对小规模养殖者的认证方案NOFAIRTRADESCHEMETODATE至今没有公平贸易方案LIMITEDACCESSTOMARKET,TECHNICALANDBUSINESSKNOWLEDGE市场进入、获取科技和商业知识能力有限LIMITEDORINEQUITABLEACCESSTOFINANCIALSERVICESTOFUNDCHANGE获取财政服务用于生产改造的能力有限或待遇不公COMMERCIAL/GOVERNMENTSERVICINGLESSORIENTEDTOWARDSTHESMALLSCALEFARMER商业/政府服务较少面向小规模养殖者ZAPROBLEMISEMERGINGWITHTHISCRITICALRURALSECTOR问题随着这一重要的农村阶层涌现CONSULTATIVEWORKSHOPONGUIDELINESFORAQUACULTURECERTIFICATION68MAY2008BEIJING,CHINAZSPECIALCONSTRAINTSINCERTIFICATIONFORSMALLSCALEAQUACULTUREFARMERS对小规模水产养殖者开展认证的特殊限制因子SMALLSIZEANDLARGENUMBERSOFFARMERS养殖者规模小，数量大FARMSMAYNOTEVENBEFORMALLYREGISTERED有些甚至没有正式注册登记SMALLVOLUMESOFPRODUCTFROMINDIVIDUALFARMS单个养殖场的产品产量小ZNEEDTOAGGREGATEFORBUYERS需要聚集起来卖给购买者TOTALVALUEOFCROP/总的产量ZWILLITCOVERCOSTSOFCERTIFICATION是否能承受认证的成本LOWORNOMARKETINCENTIVES市场鼓励机制较低或者不存在COMPLEXMARKETINGCHANNELSMAKETRACEABILITYDIFFICULT销售渠道的复杂性致使可追溯性困难ZDEDICATEDMARKETINGCHANNELSTHROUGHMIDDLEMENORDIRECTTOALOCALMARKET销售渠道通过中间商或者直接进入本地市场ZTRADERCREDITRELATIONS买卖者信用关系MAYNOTBEORGANIZEDINTOPRODUCERSGROUPS也许无法组成生产者团体CONSULTATIVEWORKSHOPONGUIDELINESFORAQUACULTURECERTIFICATION68MAY2008BEIJING,CHINAZARETHEREWAYSTOASSISTSMALLSCALEFARMERPARTICIPATEINMODERNMARKETCHAINSANDTRADE是否有途径可以帮助小规模养殖者参与到现代市场链和贸易YES,RECENTEXPERIENCESSHOWPOSITIVEACTIONCANRESULTINPOSITIVEBENEFITS有最近的经验显示，正面的行为可以产生正面的利益ORGANIZATIONOFFARMERSINTOPRODUCERGROUPSISAKEYSTRATEGY关键策略将小规模养殖者组织起来ZMAYALLOWCERTIFICATIONOFGROUPSASOPPOSEDTOINDIVIDUALS对群组认证ZALLOWSECONOMIESOFSCALEEGBULKPURCHASEANDMARKETING规模效益ZFACILITATESCOMMUNICATIONANDEXTENSION交流和推广ZFACILITATES“BETTERMANAGEMENT”更好管理ZFACILITATESORGANIZEDMARKETING组织化销售GOVERNMENTANDBUSINESSNEEDSSMALLSCALEFARMERORIENTEDPOLICIES,TECHNICALANDFINANCIALSERVICESANDBUYERSTRATEGIES政府与行业需要面向小规模渔农的政策，技术和财政服务以及购买者策略IDENTIFYSUITABLEMARKETSEGLOCALANDNICHEMARKETS选择合适的产品市场（例如当地市场或特殊市场）CONSULTATIVEWORKSHOPONGUIDELINESFORAQUACULTURECERTIFICATION68MAY2008BEIJING,CHINAZANEXAMPLEFROMINDIA印度的实例MPEDA/NACATECHNICALCOLLABORATIONONSHRIMPDISEASECONTROLININDIA,STARTEDIN2000海产出口发展局与NACA开展对虾病害控制技术合作，始于2000年OBJECTIVES/目的ZTOREDUCETHERISKOFDISEASEOUTBREAKSANDIMPROVESHRIMPFARMPRODUCTION减少病害发生风险，改善对虾养殖生产ZTOORGANIZETHEFARMERSUNDER“SELFHELPGROUPS”/“AQUACLUBS”组成“自助团组”/“虾农俱乐部”形式ZTOPRODUCEBETTERQUALITYSHRIMPSINARESPONSIBLEANDECONOMICALLYVIABLEMANNER以负责任和经济可行的方式生产更优质对虾KEYELEMENTSOFSUCCESS/成功的关键因素ZBETTERMANAGEMENTPRACTICESBMPSBENEFITFARMERS更好管理操作让虾农受益ZFARMERCLUBFORMATIONANDCOOPERATION虾农团组的建立和合作CONSULTATIVEWORKSHOPONGUIDELINESFORAQUACULTURECERTIFICATION68MAY2008BEIJING,CHINA“BMPS”USED采用了“更好管理操作”1GOODPONDPREPARATION良好的池塘准备2GOODQUALITYSEEDSELECTION选用优质苗种3WATERQUALITYMANAGEMENT水质管理4FEEDMANAGEMENT饲料管理5HEALTHMONITORING/BIOSECURITY健康状况监测/生物安全6PONDBOTTOMMONITORING池塘底部状况监测7DISEASEMANAGEMENT病害管理8HARVESTANDPOSTHARVESTPRACTICES良好收获和收获后操作9RECORDMAINTENANCE/TRACEABILITY养殖生产记录/可追溯性10ENVIRONMENTALAWARENESS简历环保意识CONSULTATIVEWORKSHOPONGUIDELINESFORAQUACULTURECERTIFICATION68MAY2008BEIJING,CHINACLUSTERMANAGEMENT养殖场群管理ZGROUPOFINTERDEPENDENTSHRIMPPONDS,OFTENSITUATEDINASPECIFIEDGEOGRAPHICALLOCALITY一组相互独立的养虾池，通常在地理位置上处于某地USUALLYALLPONDSDEPENDENTONTHESAMEWATERSOURCE通常所有池塘以来相同的水源COLLECTIVEPLANNING,DECISIONMAKINGANDIMPLEMENTATIONOFCROPACTIVITIESBYAGROUPOFFARMERSINACLUSTERTHROUGHPARTICIPATORYAPPROACH一组虾农集体计划、决策、开展养殖生产活动CLUSTERINTANJAVUR,TNCLUSTERINKUNDAPUR,KACLUSTERINVALSAD,GUJARATCONSULTATIVEWORKSHOPONGUIDELINESFORAQUACULTURECERTIFICATION68MAY2008BEIJING,CHINAFARMERCLUBS“AQUACLUBS”CANIMPROVEMANAGEMENTOFAQUACULTURE虾农团组可以改善养殖生产管理WEEKLYMEETINGS/每周会议STOCKINGATSAMETIME/同时放养COOPERATIONINCREATINGCOMMONFACILITIES1INFORMATIONSHARINGREDUCEDDISEASERISKS信息分享减少了病害风险2IMPROVEDBARGAININGPOWERANDLOWERPRICESBUYINGFARMINPUTS讨价还价能力得以提高，买进养殖投入品价格降低3COOPERATIONINSELECTING/TESTINGANDBUYINGSEEDSREDUCEDCOSTANDIMPROVEDQUALITY在苗种的选择、检测和购买方面合作，降低了苗种成本且改善了质量4INCREASEDCOOPERATIONLEDTOIMPROVEMENTSINSHAREDCOMMONFACILITIESEGDEEPENINGINLETS,DRAINSETC增进合作，导致公用设施的改善进排水沟的改造等5COOPERATIONREDUCEDCOSTSANDIMPROVEDPROFITSFORALLTHECLUSTERFARMERS合作使所有团组成员降低了成本，以高了效益CONSULTATIVEWORKSHOPONGUIDELINESFORAQUACULTURECERTIFICATION68MAY2008BEIJING,CHINA2003VILLAGELEVELEXTENSION1VILLAGE1AQUACLUB58FARMERS108PONDS58HA22TONNES2004CREEKLEVELEXTENSION6VILLAGES7AQUACLUBS130FARMERS254PONDS173HA40TONNES2002FARMLEVELDEMONSTRATION5FARMERS10PONDS7HA4TONNES20022001SURVEY365PONDSNELLORENWESTGODRISKFACTORSBMPS2003CONTRACTHATCHERYSEEDPRODUCTIONPILOTTRACEABILITYPROGRESSINLAST8YEARS2005APKAGU2005STATELEVELEXPANSION3STATES19AQUACLUBS736FARMERS1187PONDS663HA672TONNESEXPANSIONTOOTHERSTATES20042006APKAORGUTNEXPANSIONTO5STATES20065STATES28AQUACLUBS730FARMERS1370PONDS813HA870T20072008NATIONALCENTREFORSUSTAINABLEAQUACULTURE120SOCIETIES3000FARMERS20083000TNACSACONSULTATIVEWORKSHOPONGUIDELINESFORAQUACULTURECERTIFICATION68MAY2008BEIJING,CHINA2003村级水平示范1个村1个团组58位虾农108口池58公顷22吨产量2004沿河地区推广6个村7个团组130位虾农254口池173公顷40吨产量2002养殖场水平示范5位虾农10口虾池7公顷4吨产量20022001SURVEY365PONDSNELLORENWESTGODRISKFACTORSBMPS2003合同育苗场苗种生产可追溯性试验过去8年的历程2005APKAGU2005邦省级水平扩展3个邦省19个团组736位虾农1187口池663公顷672吨产量向其它邦省扩展20042006APKAORGUTN扩展至5个邦省20065个邦省28个团组730位虾农1370口池813公顷870吨产量20072008国家可持续水产养殖中心NACSA120个团体3000位虾农23千吨产量NACSACONSULTATIVEWORKSHOPONGUIDELINESFORAQUACULTURECERTIFICATION68MAY2008BEIJING,CHINATANGIBLEBENEFITS/切实的好处REDUCEDRISK减少风险INCREASEDPROFIT增加利润QUALITYPRODUCT提高产品质量REDUCEDENVIRONMENTALIMPACT减少对环境影响0100200300400500600200620052004CLUBSCONTROLYEAR年份CLUBS虾池群CONTROL对照池塘200382895220051542274420043772027200617REDUCEDDISEASEPREVALENCE减少了病害发生SUCCESSFULCROPINCREASEDPROFIT养殖成功增加利润PROFITMADEONEVERYTHOUSANDRUPEES1USRS40盈利（单位千）（1美元40卢比7元人民币）CONSULTATIVEWORKSHOPONGUIDELINESFORAQUACULTURECERTIFICATION68MAY2008BEIJING,CHINAZSPECIALCONSIDERATIONSFORAQUACULTURECERTIFICATION对水产养殖认证的专门思考COSTSANDCOSTRECOVERY/成本和成本回收ROLEOFGOVERNMENT/政府的作用ZPOLICY,SUBSIDIES,INFRASTRUCTURE,TECHNICALSUPPORTETC政策、补贴、基础设施、技术支持等ROLEOFPRIVATESECTORANDBUSINESSCASE/私营部门和行业个案ZINCLUDING“CORPORATESOCIALRESPONSIBILITY”包括“企业社会责任”STANDARDS,PRACTICALITYANDSMALLSCALEFARMERS/标准、可操作性和小型养殖者INVESTMENTIN“COSTSOFTRANSITION”/对“改变的成本”进行投资TECHNICAL,FINANCIALANDMARKETSERVICES/技术、资金和市场服务BUILDINGSUPPLYCHAINSFORSMALLSCALEFARMER/为小型养殖者营造供应链CONSULTATIVEWORKSHOPONGUIDELINESFORAQUACULTURECERTIFICATION68MAY2008BEIJING,CHINAZNEXTSTEPSDEVELOPPRACTICALMODELSFORSMALLSCALEFARMERGROUPCERTIFICATIONANDSHAREEXPERIENCESWIDELYZGROUPCERTIFICATION,TRACEABILITY,INTERNALCONTROLSANDINDEPENDENTCERTIFICATIONSYSTEMSIMPROVEBUSINESSCONNECTIONSBETWEENCERTIFIEDSMALLSCALEFARMERGROUPSANDMARKETSADDRESSBARRIERSBUILDBUSINESSCASEFORINVESTINGINCERTIFICATIONANDMARKETACCESSFORSMALLFARMERSTHEREISABUSINESSCASEFORINVESTMENTZININDIA,2006INVESTMENTOF80,000INTECHNICALSERVICINGLEDTOCROPIMPROVEMENTSWORTH2MILLIONCONSULTATIVEWORKSHOPONGUIDELINESFORAQUACULTURECERTIFICATION68MAY2008BEIJING,CHINAZPRELIMINARYLESSONS初始经验ORGANIZATIONOFSMALLSCALEFARMINGSECTORCANACHIEVEPOSITIVECHANGE将小规模虾农组织起来可达到正面的改变CHANGETAKESTIME改变需要时间CERTIFICATIONWILLTAKETIME开展认证需要花时间BUT,SOCIALINVESTMENTCANMAKESOUNDBUSINESSSENSE但是社会投资可以具有商业上的意义GOVERNMENTANDPRIVATESECTORSHOULDINVESTTOWARDSTHESMALLSCALESECTOR政府和私营部门应该向小规模养殖行业投资CONSULTATIVEWORKSHOPONGUIDELINESFORAQUACULTURECERTIFICATION68MAY2008BEIJING,CHINAZPUBLICINVESTMENTSARENEEDEDINGENERALFORTHESMALLSCALESECTORNOTONLYFORCERTIFICATION公共部门总体上需要向小农户投资不仅限于认证POLICYDEVELOPMENTFAVORABLETOTHESMALLSCALESECTOR政策发展倾向于小农户ZSUPPORTINGFARMERGROUPFORMATIONZTECHNICALANDMARKETINGSERVICESFORSMALLSCALEAQUACULTUREPRODUCERSZMARKETACCESSFORSMALLSCALEPRODUCERSZINFORMATIONSERVICESFORRURALFARMERSZACCESSTOFINANCIALSERVICESZENCOURAGINGPRIVATEINVESTMENTINSMALLSCALEAQUACULTUREPRODUCTIONANDSERVICESSOCIAL”SAFETYNETS”FORMOSTVULNERABLE为最脆弱者提供社会“安全网”EDUCATIONALANDTECHNICALINSTITUTIONSORIENTEDTOTHESMALLSCALEAQUACULTURESECTOR教育和技术机构面向小农户TRADERULESANDGUIDELINESTHATCONSIDERTHENEEDSANDREALITIESOFTHESMALLSCALESECTOR贸易准则和指导纲要考虑小农户的需要和实际情况CONSULTATIVEWORKSHOPONGUIDELINESFORAQUACULTURECERTIFICATION68MAY2008BEIJING,CHINAZPRIVATESECTORINVESTMENTS私营部门投资ZMANYOPPORTUNITIESFORPRIVATEINVESTMENTTOSUPPORTMILLIONSOFSMALLSCALEFARMERS向数以百万计的小农户予以扶持，为私营部门的投资提供了丰富的机会ZINVESTMENTOPPORTUNITIESIN投资机会ZTECHNICALANDMARKETINGSERVICESFORSMALLSCALEAQUACULTUREPRODUCERS为小农户提供技术和销售服务ZINFORMATIONSERVICES信息服务ZMICROFINANCEANDFINANCIALSERVICES微型资金和信贷服务ZINPUTPACKAGINGANDDELIVERYFORSMALLSCALEFARMERSBOTTOMOFTHEPYRAMIDMARKETSMUSTBECOMEANINTEGRALPARTOFTHEWORKANDOFTHECOREBUSINESSOFTHEPRIVATESECTORBOTTOMOFTHEPYRAMIDMARKETSCANNOTMERELYBELEFTTOTHEREALMOFCORPORATESOCIALRESPONSIBILITYCSRINITIATIVESCONSULTATIVEWORKSHOPONGUIDELINESFORAQUACULTURECERTIFICATION68MAY2008BEIJING,CHINAZ“CORPORATESOCIALRESPONSIBILITY”INITIATIVESINTHEAQUACULTURESECTOR,SUCHASZFACILITATINGMARKETACCESSFORSMALLSCALEAQUACULTUREPRODUCERSZPROVISIONOFTECHNICALANDFINANCIALASSISTANCETOSMALLSCALEPRODUCERSTOCOMPLYWITHMARKETREQUIREMENTSZBRANDDEVELOPMENTANDMARKETINGFAVORABLETOAQUACULTUREPRODUCTSFROMSMALLERPRODUCERSZCERTIFICATIONANDQUALITYASSURANCESCHEMESARENEEDEDTHATARERE