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THEREWASONSHOPINTHETOWNOFMUFULIRA,WHICHWASNOTORIOUSFORITSCOLORBARITWASADRUGSTOREWHILEEUROPEANSWERESERVEDATTHECOUNTER,ALONGLINEOFAFRICANSQUEUEDATTHEWINDOWANDOFTENNOTONLYWEREKEPTWAITINGBUT,WHENTHEIRTURNCAMETOBESERVED,WERERUDELYTREATEDBYTHESHOPASSISTANTSONEDAYIWASDETERMINEDTOMAKEAPUBLICPROTESTAGAINSTTHISKINDOFTHING,ANDMANYOFTHESCHOOLBOYSINMYCLASSFOLLOWEDMETOTHESTOREANDWAITEDOUTSIDETOSEEWHATWOULDHAPPENWHENIWENTINISIMPLYWENTINTOTHESHOPANDASKEDTHEMANAGERPOLITELYFORSOMEMEDICINEASSOONASHESAWMESTANDINGINTHEPLACEWHEREONLYEUROPEANCUSTOMERSWEREALLOWEDTOSTANDHESHOUTEDATMEINABASTARDLANGUAGETHATISONLYUSEDBYANEMPLOYEDWHENSPEAKINGTOHISSERVANTSISTOODATTHECOUNTERANDPOLITELYREQUESTEDINENGLISHTHATISHOULDBESERVEDTHEMANAGERBECAMEEXASPERATEDANDSAIDTOMEINENGLISH,“IFYOUSTANDTHERETILLCHRISTMASIWILLNEVERSERVEYOU”IWENTTOTHEDISTRICTCOMMISSIONERSOFFICEFORTUNATELYTHEDISTRICTCOMMISSIONERWASOUT,FORHEWASONEOFTHEOLDSCHOOL;HOWEVER,ISAWAYOUNGDISTRICTOFFICERWHOWASAFRIENDOFMINEHEWASVERYCONCERNEDTOHEARMYSTORYANDTOLDMETHATIFEVERIWANTEDANYTHINGMOREFROMTHEDRUGSTOREALLIHADTODOWASCOMETOHIMPERSONALLYANDHEWOULDBUYMYMEDICINEFORMEIPROTESTEDTHATTHATWASNOTGOODENOUGHIASKEDHIMTOACCOMPANYMEBACKTOTHESTOREANDTOMAKEAPROTESTTOTHEMANAGERTHISHEDID,ANDIWELLREMEMBERHIMSAYINGTOTHEMANAGER,“HEREISMRKAUNDAWHOISARESPONSIBLEMEMBEROFTHEURBANADVISORYCOUNCIL,ANDYOUTREATHIMLIKEACOMMONSERVANT”THEMANAGEROFTHEDRUGSTOREAPOLOGIZEDANDSAID,“IFONLYHEHADINTRODUCEDHIMSELFANDEXPLAINEDWHOHEWAS,THEN,OFCOURSEISHOULDHAVEGIVENHIMPROPERSERVICE”IHADTOEXPLAINONCEAGAINTHATHEHADMISSEDMYPOINTWHYSHOULDIHAVETOINTRODUCEMYSELFEVERYTIMEIWENTINTOASTOREANYMORETHANISHOULDHAVETOBUYMYMEDICINEBYGOINGTOAEUROPEANFRIENDIWANTTOPROVETHATANYMANOFANYCOLOR,WHATEVERHISPOSITION,SHOULDHAVETHERIGHTTOGOINTOANYSHOPANDBUYWHATHEWANTED1“COLORBAR”INTHEFIRSTPARAGRAPHCOMESCLOSESTINMEANINGTO_AABARWHICHISPAINTEDINDIFFERENTCOLORSBTHEFACTTHATWHITEANDBLACKCUSTOMERSARESERVEDSEPARATELYCABAROFCHOCOLATEHAVINGDIFFERENTCOLORSDACOUNTERWHEREPEOPLEOFDIFFERENTCOLORSARESERVEDWITHBEER2THEWRITERWAS,ATTHETIMEOFTHESTORY,_AABLACKSCHOOLTEACHERBANAFRICANSERVANTCABLACK,BUTAFRIENDOFEUROPEANSDARICHBLACK3THEMANAGEROFTHEDRUGSTORESHOUTEDATTHEWRITERINABASTARDLANGUAGEBECAUSE_AHEHADNTLEARNEDTOSPEAKPOLITEENGLISHBHETHOUGHTTHEWRITERWOULDNTUNDERSTANDENGLISHCTHATWASTHEUSUALLANGUAGEUSEDBYEUROPEANSWHENSPEAKINGTOAFRICANSDTHATWASTHEONLYLANGUAGEHECOULDSPEAKWHENHEWASANGRY4INTHETHIRDPARAGRAPH,“HEWASONEOFTHEOLDSCHOOL”MEANS_AHEBELIEVEDINTHEAGEOLDPRACTICEOFRACIALDISCRIMINATIONBHEWASAVERYOLDMANCHEGRADUATEDFROMANOLD,CONSERVATIVESCHOOLDHEWASINCHARGEOFANOLDSCHOOL5WHYDIDNTTHEWRITERWAITATTHEWINDOWOFTHEDRUGSTORELIKEOTHERBLACKAFRICANABECAUSEHETHOUGHTHEWASEDUCATEDANDSHOULDBETREATEDDIFFERENTLYBBECAUSEHETHOUGHT,BEINGANIMPORTANTPERSON,HESHOULDNOTBEKEPTWAITINGCBECAUSEHETHOUGHTHISWHITEFRIENDSWOULDHELPHIMOUTDBECAUSEHEWANTEDTOPROTESTAGAINSTRACIALDISCRIMINATION答案LOOKATTHEKEYBOARDOFANYSTANDARDTYPEWRITERORCOMPUTER“Q,“W,“E,“R,“T“AND“Y“ARETHEFIRSTSIXLETTERSWHODECIDEDONTHISARRANGEMENTOFTHELETTERSANDWHYPEOPLETRIEDFORCENTURIESTOINVENTTHETYPEWRITERIN1714INENGLAND,HENRYMILLFILEDAPATENTFORAMACHINECALLEDANARTIFICIALMACHINEORMETHODFORTHEIMPRESSINGORTRANSCRIBINGOFLETTERS,SINGLYORPROGRESSIVELYONEAFTERANOTHER,ASINWRITING,WHEREBYALLWRITINGWHATSOEVERMAYBEENGROSSEDINPAPERORPARCHMENTSONEATANDEXACTASNOTTOBEDISTINGUISHEDFROMPRINTTHATMACHINEPROBABLYDIDNTSELLBECAUSENOONECOULDREMEMBERITSNAMETHEFIRSTPRACTICALTYPEWRITERWASPATENTEDINTHEUNITEDSTATESIN1868BYCHRISTOPHERLATHAMSHOLESHISMACHINEWASKNOWNASTHETYPEWRITERITHADAMOVABLECARRIAGE,ALEVERFORTURNINGPAPERFROMLINETOLINE,ANDAKEYBOARDONWHICHTHELETTERSWEREARRANGEDINALPHABETICALORDERBUTSHOLESHADAPROBLEMONHISFIRSTMODEL,HIS“ABC“KEYARRANGEMENTCAUSEDTHEKEYSTOJAMWHENTHETYPISTWORKEDQUICKLYSHOLESDIDNTKNOWHOWTOKEEPTHEKEYSFROMSTICKING,SOHISSOLUTIONWASTOKEEPTHETYPISTFROMTYPINGTOOFASTSHOLESASKEDHISBROTHERINLAWTOREARRANGETHEKEYBOARDSOTHATTHECOMMONESTLETTERSWERENOTSOCLOSETOGETHERANDTHETYPEBARSWOULDCOMEFROMOPPOSITEDIRECTIONSTHUSTHEYWOULDNOTCLASHTOGETHERANDJAMTHEMACHINETHENEWARRANGEMENTWASTHEQWERTYARRANGEMENTTYPISTSUSETODAYOFCOURSE,SHOLESCLAIMEDTHATTHENEWARRANGEMENTWASSCIENTIFICANDWOULDADDSPEEDANDEFFICIENCYTHEONLYEFFICIENCYITADDEDWASTOSLOWTHETYPISTDOWN,SINCEALMOSTANYWORDINTHEENGLISHLANGUAGEREQUIREDTHETYPISTSFINGERSTOCOVERMOREDISTANCEONTHEKEYBOARDTHEADVANTAGESOFTHETYPEWRITEROUTWEIGHEDTHEDISADVANTAGESOFTHEKEYBOARDTYPISTSMEMORIZEDTHECRAZYLETTERARRANGEMENT,ANDTHETYPEWRITERBECAMEAHUGESUCCESSBYTHETIMETYPISTSHADMEMORIZEDTHENEWARRANGEMENTOFLETTERSANDBUILTTHEIRSPEED,TYPEWRITERTECHNOLOGYHADIMPROVED,ANDTHEKEYSDIDNTSTICKASBADLYASTHEYHADATFIRST1WEKNOWFROMTHEPASSAGETHATTHEINVENTOROFTHEFIRSTPRACTICALTYPEWRITERIS_AHENRYMILLBCHRISTOPHERLATHAMSHOLESCSHOLESBROTHERINLAWDALLBERTEINSTEIN2THEAUTHORTHINKSTHEMACHINEINVENTEDBYHENRYMILLCOULDNOTBESOLDBECAUSE_AITWASDIFFICULTFORPEOPLETOACCEPTNEWTHINGSBTHEREWEREGREATDISADVANTAGESOFTHEKEYBOARDCTHEMACHINECOULDNOTBEDISTINGUISHEDFROMPRINTDTHENAMEOFTHEMACHINEWASTOOLONG3SHOLESDECIDEDTHEQWERTYARRANGEMENTOFTHEKEYBOARDINORDERTO_AARRANGETHELETTERSINALPHABETICALORDERBCAUSETHEKEYSTOJ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EMAINFACTORANDUNEMPLOYMENT,STRANGETOSAY,NINETIMESOUTOFTENRESULTSFROMAUTOMATION,BOTHININDUSTRIALANDAGRICULTURALAREASFOREXAMPLE,INTHERURALSOUTHWHENACOTTONPLANTATIONSUDDENLYCUTSITSFORCEFROM100PEOPLETOTHREE,THEPROBLEMTOHELPTHEDISPLACEDARISESSOISTHECASEWITHINDUSTRIALAUTOMATIONINFACT,PROBABLY2MILLIONJOBSAREMADEUNNECESSARYEACHYEARINTHEWHOLECOUNTRYASARESULTOFTHEAUTOMATIONPROCESS,THUSMAKINGUNEMPLOYMENTACHIEFSOCIALCONCERNACCORDINGTOGOVERNMENTSTATISTICS,THENUMBEROFPEOPLEUNEMPLOYEDWASOVER5PERCENTFORTHEPERIODFROM1958TO1963INJULY1981,ITROSETO78PERCENTASAMATTEROFFACT,ITHASLONGBEENKNOWNTHATEVENDURINGTHEMOSTPROSPEROUSPERIODSTHEREHAVEBEENPEOPLEWITHOUTENOUGHTOEATSOITHINKTHATSWHYPRESIDENTKENNEDYSAIDINHISINAUGURATIONSPEECHIN1961,IFTHEGOVERNMENTDIDNOTHELPTHEPOOR,ITCOULDNOTSAVETHERICHIN1966,THESOCIALSECURITYADMINISTRATIONCALCULATEDTHATAFAMILYOFFOURNEEDEDANINCOMEOF3,355AYEARTOBEABOVETHELINEOFPOVERTYANDIN1977,THEAVERAGEPOVERTYLINEOFTHECOUNTRYWASSLIGHTLYMORETHAN6,200ANNUALINCOMEFORANONFARMFAMILYOFFOURACCORDINGTOTHESOCIALSECURITYACT,FAMILIESOFTHATSIZEBELOWPOVERTYLINEAREELIGIBLETORECEIVEBENEFITSFROMTHESPECIALWELFAREPROGRAMTHEAVERAGEWEEKLYPAYMENTOFBENEFITSNOWISEQUIVALENTTO36PERCENTOFTHEWORKERSNORMALWAGEANDTHENUMBEROFPEOPLEWHORECEIVEGOVERNMENTBENEFITSISINCREASINGIN1973,SOCIALINSURANCEPAYMENTSBYGOVERNMENTS,MAINLYTOOLDAGEPENSIONERSANDPEOPLEWHOHADLOSTTHEIRJOBSORWEREOFFWORKTHROUGHILLNESS,AMOUNTEDTO86,000MILLIONTHOSENOTFULLYQUALIFIEDFORINSURANCEPAYMENTSRECEIVED29,000MILLIONINPUBLICAIDBUTPROBLEMSSTILLEXISTMANYPEOPLEARENOTREACHEDBYTHEANTIPOVERTYPROGRAM,BECAUSELOCALAUTHORITIESANDAGENCIESDONOTWANTTOPLAYTHEIRPARTORDONOTGAVETHERESOURCESTODOSOSOMEPOORPEOPLEWILLNOTACCEPTHELPFORVARIOUSREASONSOFCOURSE,THEREARESOMEMOREIMPORTANTFACTORSWHICHLIEINTHESTRUCTUREOFTHESOCIETY,BUTIDONTCONSIDERITNECESSARYTODIGINTOTHEMHEREYETWEWILLPERHAPSAGREETHATSOCIALWELFAREPROGRAMSHAVESOLVEDTOSOMEEXTENTTHEPROBLEMSOFFEEDING,CLOTHINGANDHOUSINGTHOSEBELOWTHEPOVERTYLINEONTHEWHOLE,ITPERHAPSMIGHTBESAIDTHATAMERICANPEOPLEARELIVINGABETTERLIFETHANPEOPLEINMOSTOTHERCOUNTRIES1THEUNITEDSTATESISCALLEDACOUNTRYONWHEELSBECAUSE_AABOUTONEFOURTHAMERICANSOWNTWOCARSBABITOVERONEOUTOFFOURHOUSEHOLDSARETHEOWNERSOFTWOCARSCNEARLY8MILLIONNEWCARSDRIVEINTHECOUNTRYEVERYYEARD80AMERICANSHAVEATLEASTONECAR2ACCORDINGTOA1968SURVEY,TENMILLIONAMERICANSFOUNDTHEMSELVESINADIFFICULTHEALTHSITUATIONCHIEFLYDUETO_AINADEQUATEFEEDINGBMALNUTRITIONCUNEMPLOYMENTDAUTOMATION3THEAUTHORUSE”THEDISPLACED”LINE9,PARA2TOREFERTOTHOSEWHOARE_AUNEMPLOYEDBDISABLEDCSICKDPOOR4THEWORD“ELIGIBLE”LINE6,PARA3ISSYNONYMOUSWITH“_”ANECESSARYBURGENTCNEEDEDDWORTHY5AMERICANSARELIVINGABETTERLIFETHANTHOSEINMOSTOFOTHERCOUNTRIESBECAUSE,TOSOMEDEGREE,_AMANYAMERICANSRECEIVEBENEFITSFROMTHESPECIALWELFAREPROGRAMBSOMEPOORPEOPLECANRECEIVEHELPFORSOMEREASONOROTHERCTHEREISTHEANTIPOVERTYPROGRAMINTHEUSDSOCIALWELFAREPROGRAMSHAVESOMEMEASURESETTLEDTHEPROBLEMSOFTHOSEBELOWTHEPOVERTYLINE参考答案BC
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