燃料电池-PPT（精）

Advanced fuel cell technology,Introduction to Fuel CellsFuel Cell VehiclesFuel Cell BusesForkliftsMotorcycles and bicyclesAirplanesconclusion,Introduction to Fuel Cells,Fuel cells are electrochemical devices that combine hydrogen and oxygen to produce electricity, water, and heat. Unlike batteries, fuel cells continuously generate electricity, as long as a source of fuel is supplied. Fuel cells do not burn fuel, making the process quiet, pollution-free and two to three times more efficient than combustion. A fuel cell system can be a truly zero-emission source of electricity, when the hydrogen is produced from non-polluting sources.,Fuel Cell Vehicles,The major components of a typical FCV,Schematic of a Fuel Cell Vehicle,Source: NREL,How Fuel Cells Work,Fuel Cell Stacks,Benefits and Challenges,BenefitsLess Greenhouse Gas EmissionsLess Air PollutantsReduced Oil DependenceChallengesOnboard Hydrogen StorageVehicle CostFuel Cell Durability and ReliabilityGetting Hydrogen to ConsumersPublic Acceptance,Recently Tested Vehicles,Toyota FCV-R concept vehicle,Mercedes F125! concept vehicle,Some notable releases since 2009 include:,Hyundai Tucson-ix35 FCEV (2010)BMW 1 series-fuel cell hybrid (2010)Mercedes-Benz-F800-(2010)Mazda 5Hydrogen RE Hybrid (2009)Fiat Panda-HyTRAN (2009)Audi Q5-FCEV (2009)Nissan X-Trail-FCV (2009)Volkswagen Caddy-Maxi HyMotion (2009)Mercedes-BenzB-Class-F-Cell (2009),First production hydrogen fuel cell cars,Fuel Cell Buses,Fuel cell buses are expensive as compared with conventional fossil fuel buses, in part because they are not yet produced in commercial volumes. However, fuel cell buses offer zero tailpipe emissions and are much quieter than conventional buses significant advantages for crowded urban areas with air pollution concerns.,CHIC fuel cell bus in London,In 2011, major programs were either initiated or continued to deploy fuel cell buses in the North America, Europe, and Latin America. In late 2010, the European Union launched the Clean Hydrogen in European Cities Project (CHIC) program, a project to deploy 26 fuel cell buses in five locations across Europe Aargau (Switzerland), Bolzano/Bozen (Italy), London (UK), Milan (Italy), and Oslo (Norway). As of October 2011, five fuel cell hybrid buses had been deployed in London, operating up to 20 hours per day with refueling times of less than 15 minutes. Many of the buses in the CHIC program will be powered by Ballard Power Systems, which signed an agreement with Van Hool NV, Europes fourth largest bus manufacturer, for 21 FCvelocity-HD6 fuel cell power modules.,Other Transportation Applications,Most transport-related applications for fuel cells are in light duty vehicles and buses. In recent years, however, fuel cells have found a range of other transport applications, including heavy duty trucks, aviation, and utility vehicles.,Vision Motors provided the worlds first fuel cell plug-in hybrid class 8 and terminal tractor trucks to the ports of Long Beach and Los Angeles, California, for a demonstration of the technology. Vision also received a Letter of Intent (LOI) from Total Transportation Services, Inc. to purchase one hundred of its trucks for approximately $27 million. The letters of interest also includes an option to purchase an additional three hundred trucks.,Vision Motors Tyrano fuel cell electric truck,Efficiency and cost,Advancements in fuel cell technology have reduced the size, weight and cost of fuel cell electric vehicles.,Buses,There are also demonstration models of buses,and in total there are over 100fuel cell busesdeployed around the world today. Most of these buses are produced by UTC Power, Toyota, Ballard, Hydrogenics, and Proton Motor. UTC buses have already accumulated over 970,000km (600,000mi) of driving.Fuel cell buses have a 30-141% higher fuel economy than diesel buses and natural gas buses . Fuel cell buses have been deployed around the world including in Whistler Canada, San Francisco USA, Hamburg Germany, Shanghai China, London England, So Paulo Brazil as well as several others.,Forklifts,Fuel cell powered forklifts are one of the largest sectors of fuel cell applications in the industry.Most fuel cells used for material handling purposes are powered by PEM fuel cells, although some direct methanol fuel forklifts are coming onto the market. Fuel cell fleets are currently being operated by a large number of companies, including Sysco Foods, FedEx Freight, GENCO (at Wegmans, Coca-Cola, Kimberly Clark, Sysco Foods, and Whole Foods), and H-E-B Grocers.,Fuel cell powered forklifts provide significant benefits over both petroleum and battery powered forklifts as they produce no local emissions, can work for a full 8 hour shift on a single tank of hydrogen, can be refueled in 3 minutes and have a lifetime of 810 years. Fuel cell powered forklifts are often used in refrigerated warehouses as their performance is not degraded by lower temperatures. Many companies do not use petroleum powered forklifts, as these vehicles work indoors where emissions must be controlled and instead are turning towards electric forklifts. Fuel cell forklifts offer low greenhouse gas emissions, product lifetime, maintenance cost, refueling and labor cost benefits over battery operated fork lifts.,Motorcycles and bicycles,In 2005 the British firm Intelligent Energy produced the first ever working hydrogen runmotorcyclecalled theENV(Emission Neutral Vehicle). The motorcycle holds enough fuel to run for four hours, and to travel 160km (100mi) in an urban area, at a top speed of 80km/h (50mph). In 2004Hondadeveloped afuel-cell motorcyclewhich utilized the Honda FC Stack.There are other examples of bikes and bicycles with a hydrogen fuel cell engine. The Suzuki Burgman received whole vehicle type approval in the EU.The Taiwanese company APFCT conducts a live street test with 80 fuel cell scooters for Taiwans Bureau of Energy using the fueling system from Italys Acta SpAwith a 2012 production target of 1,000 fuel cell scooters.,Airplanes,There have been several fuel cell powered unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV). A Horizen fuel cell UAV set the record distance flow for a small UAV in 2007.53The military is especially interested in this application because