丰田公司国际化发展战略(英文论文)

International business Table of content 1.0 Introduction 2 1a Brief introduction of Toyota 2 1b Toyotas business in terms of products and markets . 2 2.0 The reasons why Toyota internationalizes its business 2 3.0 International product lifecycle to explain the internationalization process of Toyota . 3 4.0 Key environmental factors faced by Toyota 4 4a Environmental factors faced by Toyota in Singapore . 4 4b Foreign currency risk faced by Toyota . 5 5.0 Social-culture factors . 5 5a Halls high and low context culture 5 5b Context culture of Singapore 6 6.0 Market entry strategy . 6 6a Five market entry strategy . 6 Exporting 6 Franchising . 6 Licensing 7 Management contract . 7 Joint ventures . 7 6b The market entry strategy used by Toyota in Singapore . 8 7.0 International staffing strategy of Toyota 8 8.0 Standardized and customized international marketing 8 8a The differences between standardized and customized international marketing 8 8b Reasons why Toyota uses customized strategy in Singapore . 9 9.0 Conclusion . 10 Reference . 11 1.0 Introduction 1a Brief introduction of Toyota Toyota was created in 1933 and now has developed as i one of the top ten auto companies in the world (Muffatto, 1998). In its development process, Toyota has achieved huge success. On May 8, 2013, the company issued its financial result, which shows that its net revenues was 216 billion U.S. dollars (ref: /statistics/262752/total-net-revenues-of-toyota/). Until 2014, its net revenues was increased to 249 billion U.S. dollars (ref: Toyota 2014 annual report). 1b Toyotas business in terms of products and markets Toyota produces and supplies high quality auto and other relevant products to target customers under five brands, which respectively are Toyota brand, Hino, Lexus, Ranz, and Scion. Currently, the company has produced some excellent automotive products, such as CROWN, REIZ, PRIUS, COROLLA, COROLLA, VIOS and LAND CRUISER and so on. to achieve further success, Toyota continues to expand its business into different countries and regions excluding Japan. In its international expansion process, the size of the company has been expanded. Until now, the company has 52 manufacturing companies in 170 states. To some extent, its success benefits from its effective international expansion strategy. 2.0 The reasons why Toyota internationalizes its business There are some reasons why Toyota internationalizes its business. The first reason is to seek for more market opportunities and achieve further development and success. To some extent, international markets provides more opportunities for enterprises to sell their products and services (Robles, 1994). For example, to obtain more market opportunities, Toyota is expanding its business into developing countries such China and India etc. The international expansion can help Toyota to achieve a growth potentiality. The second reason is to maintain higher competitive advantages. As more and more automotive enterprises enter automotive industry, the competition in automotive industry is becoming more and more intense (Zapata Burton, F.; Dowling, P. (2002). International Business. Cengage Learning EMEA. Qin, R and Nembhard, A. D. (2012). Is product life cycle theory a special case? Dominant designs and the emergence of market niches through coevolutionary-learning. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 9 (1), Pages 109-134. Robles, F., (1994). International market entry strategies and performance of United States catalog firms. Journal of Direct Marketing, 8 (1), 59-70. Ribbink, D & Grimm, M. C (2014). The impact of cultural differences on buyer-supplier negotiations: An experimental study. Journal of Operations Management, In Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available online 31 January 2014. Sherman, A. J., (2004). Franchising & licensing: two powerful ways to grow your business in any economy, AMACOM Div American Mgmt Assn. Sim, L & Ong, S & Agarwal, A & Parsa, A & Keivani, R (2003). Singapores competitiveness as a global city: development strategy, institutions and busine