2000年-2011 年专八短文改错试题参考答案答案分析

2000 年-2011 年专八短文改错试题 参考答案答案分析 2011 改错From a very early age, perhaps the age of five or six, I knewthat when I grew I should be a writer. Between the ages of about 1_seventeen and twenty-four I tried to abandon this idea, but I did sowith the conscience that I was outraging my true nature and that 2_soon or later I should have to settle down and write books. 3_I was the child of three, but there was a gap of five years 4_on either side, and I barely saw my father before I was eight. For this and other reasons I was somewhat lonely, and I soon developed disagreeing mannerisms which made me unpopular throughout my 5_schooldays. I had the lonely childs habit of making up stories andholding conversations with imaginative persons, and I think from 6_the very start my literal ambitions were mixed up with the feeling of 7_being isolated and undervalued. I knew that I had a facility with words and a power of facing in unpleasant facts, and I felt that this created 8_a sort of private world which I could get my own back for my failure 9_in everyday life. Therefore, the volume of serious i.e. seriously 10_intended writing which I produced all through my childhood and boyhood would not amount to half a dozen pages. I wrote my firstpoem at the age of four or five, my mother taking it down to dictation.1， 在 grow 后加 up, 考固定短语2， 改 consience 为 consciousness 考词语区别，consience 翻译为“良心，道德心”, consiousness 翻译为“意识”3， 改 soon 为 sooner，sooner or later 是固定短语4， 在 child 前加 middle, 考上下文理解。 作者是三个孩子句中的那位5， 改 disagreeing 为 disagreeable ，disagreeing 只能作动名词， 不能作形容词。disagreeable mannernisms 令人讨厌的习惯6， 改 imaginative 为 imaginary, 考词语区别 imaginative 翻译为“ 有想象力的”，imaginary 翻译为“想象的，虚构的”7， 改 literal 为 literary , 考词义区别， literal 翻译为“字面的”，literary 翻译为“文学方面的”8， 去掉 face 后的 in，face 接宾语时是及物动词。考动词的基本用法9， 在 world 后加 in 或者改 which 为 where, 考定语从句10， 改 Therefore 为 However 或者 Nevertheness, 考语境。2010 年改错So far as we can tell, all human languages are equally complete and perfect as instruments of communication: that is, every language appears to be well equipped as any other to say 1_the things their speakers want to say. 2_There may or may not be appropriate to talk about primitive 3_peoples or cultures, but that is another matter. Certainly, not all groups of people are equally competent in nuclear physics or psychology or the cultivation of rice . Whereas this is not the 4_fault of their language. The Eskimos , it is said, can speak aboutsnow with further more precision and subtlety than we can in 5_English, but this is not because the Eskimo language (one of those sometimes miscalled primitive) is inherently more precise and subtle than English. This example does not come to light a defect 6_in English, a show of unexpected primitiveness. The position issimply and obviously that the Eskimos and the English live in similar 7_ environments. The English language will be just as rich in terms 8_for different kinds of snow, presumably, if the environments in whichEnglish was habitually used made such distinction as important. 9_Similarly, we have no reason to doubt that the Eskimo language could be as precise and subtle on the subject of motor manufacture or cricket if these topics formed the part of the Eskimos life. 10_2010 年专八真题改错参考答案以及分词1 be 后插入 as; asas 引导的比较级2 their 改为 its; its 代替 every language3 There 改为 It; It 此处作为形式主语，真正的主语是后面的不定式4 Whereas 改为 But ； 语境需要表示转折的连词， whereas 表示对比5 further 改为 much further 不能修饰比较级6 come 改为 bring; (sth)come to light , bring sth to lightbring to light the defect of English =bring the defect of english to light 揭示英语的缺陷7 similar 改为 different; 根据语境应该用 different8 will 改为 would; 虚拟语气9 as important 去掉 as; 10 the part 去掉 the 或者改 the 为 a be/become/form (a) part of 是固定短语09 改错 The previous section has shown how quickly a rhyme passesfrom one school child to the next and illustrates the further difference (1)_between school lore and nursery lore. In nursery lore a verse, learnt in early childhood, is not usually passed on again when the (2)_little listener has grown up, and has children of their own, or even (3)_grandchildren. The period between learning a nursery rhyme andtransmitting it may be something from twenty to seventy years. With (4)_the playground lore, therefore, a rhyme may be excitedly passed (5)_on within the very hour it is learnt; and in the general, it passes (6)_between children of the same age, or nearly so, since it is uncommon for the difference in age between playmates to be more than five years. If ,therefore, a playground rhyme can be shown to have beencurrently for a hundred years, or even just for fifty, it follows that it (7)_has been retransmitted over and over; very possibly it has passed (8)_along a chain of two or three hundred young hearers and tellers, andthe wonder is that it remains live after so much handling, (9)_to let alone that it bears resemblance to the (10)_答案分析：(1) the further difference 改为 a further difference（此次应该用不定冠词表示泛指）(2) 改 when 为 until, 结构 not.until 翻译为“直到才 ”(3)their 改为 his（代词与前文 a little listener 在单复数上保持一致）(4)something 改为 anything 此处指二十到七十的任何时段(5)therefore 改为 however （根据上下文逻辑关系）(6) in the general 去掉 the （习惯用法 in general 表示总的来说，一般不用冠词）(7) currently 改为 current （这里起的是表语的作用，需要形容词而不是副词）(8) it has passed 改为 it has been passed （与分号前的被动保持一致）(9) live 改为 alive alive 翻译为“ 鲜活的”，一般作补语； live 翻译为“现场转播的；活的”，一般作定语(10) to let alone 改为 let alone (let alone 为习惯搭配，意思是 “更不用说” ）2008 改错 The desire to use language as a sign of national identity is avery natural one, and in result language has played a prominent _1_part in national moves. Men have often felt the need to cultivate _2_a given language to show that they are distinctive from another _3_ race whose hegemony they resent. At the time the United States _4_split off from Britain, for example, there were proposals thatindependence should be linguistically accepted by the use of a _5_different language from those of Britain. There was even one _6_ proposal that Americans should adopt Hebrew. Others favouredthe adoption of Greek, though, as one man put it, things wouldcertainly be simpler for Americans if they stuck on to English _7_ and made the British learn Greek. At the end, as everyone _8_ knows, the two countries adopted the practical and satisfactorysolution of carrying with the same language as before. _9_Since nearly two hundred years now, they have shown the world _10_that political independence and national identity can be completewithout sacrificing the enormous mutual advantages of a commonlanguage.20081. in result 改成 in consequence， 2 moves 改成 movements.3 distinctive 改成 distinct 或 different4 在 time 后加 when5 accepted 改成 realized6 those 改成 that7 删除 on,8 At 改成 In9 carrying with 改成 carrying on with10 now 改成 ago07 改错From what has been said, it must be clear that no one can make very positive statements about how language originated. There is no material in any language today and in the earliest 1_records of ancient languages show us language in a new and 2_emerging state. It is often said, of course, that the language 3_originated in cries of anger, fear, pain and pleasure, and the 4_necessary evidence is entirely lacking: there are no remote tribes, no ancient records, providing evidence of a language with a large proportion of such cries 5_than we find in English. It is true that the absence of such evidence does not disprove the theory, but in 6_other grounds too the theory is not very attractive. People of all races and languages make rather similar noises in return to pain or pleasure. The fact that 7_such noises are similar on the lips of Frenchmen and Malaysians whose languages are utterly different, serves to emphasize on the fundamental difference 8_between these noises and language proper. We maysay that the cries of pain or chortles of amusement are largely reflex actions, instinctive to large extent, 9_whereas language proper does not consist of signsbut of these that have to be learnt and that are 10_wholly conventional.1, 改 and 为 or, any languagages today or recordsof ancient languages 是并列成分，在否定句中用 or2, 改 show 为 showing, 现在分词作定语3， 删除 the, 表示泛指4， 改 and 为 but, 根据语境此处是转折5，改 large 为 larger, 后面有 than, 应该用比较级6， 改 in 为 on, on other grounds “ 基于其它理由”，为固定搭配7，改 return 为 response , in response to “对作出反应 ”8，删除 on, emphasize sth emphasize 是及物动词 9，在 large 前加 a, extent 是可数名词，前面要加冠词。 “to a large extent“翻译为“在很大程度上”10，改 these 为 those those that/who 为固定形式2006 改错We use language primarily as a means of communication withother human beings. Each of us shares with the community in which welive a store of words and meanings as well as agreeing conventions as 1_to the way in which words should be arranged to convey a particular 2_message: the English speaker has in his disposal vocabulary and a 3_set of grammatical rules which enables him to communicate his 4_thoughts and feelings, in a variety of styles, to the other English 5_speakers. His vocabulary, in particular, both that which he uses activelyand that which he recognizes, increases in size as he growsold as a result of education and experience. 6_But, whether the language store is relatively small or large, the systemremains no more than a psychological reality for the individual, unlesshe has a means of expressing it in terms able to be seen by another 7_member of his linguistic community; he bas to give the system aconcrete transmission form. We take it for granted the two most 8_common forms of transmission-by means of sounds produced by ourvocal organs (speech) or by visual signs (writing). And these are 9_among most striking of human achievements. 10_1, 改 agreeing 为 agreed agreed conventions 翻译为“习俗”2，words 前加 the, 此处为特指3，改 in 为 at at ones disposal 为固定短语，翻译为“由某人做主”4， 改 enables 为 enable，定语从句与先行词 vocabulary and a set of grammatical rules 保持一致5，删除 the, 此处需要泛指6，改 old 为 older, 此处需要比较级7， 改 seen 为 understood，system 应该是被理解8， 删除 it take sth for granted take it for granted that9, 改 or 为 and ,语境需要并列关系而不需选择关系10，most 前加 the, 形容词最高级中 that 一般不能省略2005 改错 The University as BusinesA number of colleges and universities have announced steeptuition increases for next year much steeper than the current, very low rate of inflation. They say the increases are needed because of a loss in value of university endowments heavily investing in common 1 _ stock. I am skeptical. A business firm chooses the price that maximizes its net revenues, irrespective fluctuations in income; and increasingly the 2 _ outlook of universities in the United States is indistinguishable from those of 3 _ business firms. The rise in tuitions may reflect the fact economic uncertainty 4_ increases the demand for education. The biggest cost of being in the school is foregoing income from a job (this is primarily a factor in 5 _ graduate and professional-school tuition); the poor ones job prospects, 6 _ the more sense it makes to reallocate time from the job market to education, in order to make oneself more marketable. The ways which universities make themselves attractive to students 7 _ include soft majors, student evaluations of teachers, giving students a governance role, and eliminate required courses. 8 _ Sky-high tuitions have caused universities to regard their students as customers. Just as business firms sometimes collude to shorten the 9 _ rigors of competition, universities collude to minimize the cost to them of the athletes whom they recruit in order to stimulate alumni donations, so the best athletes now often bypass higher education in order to obtain salaries earlier from professional teams. And until they were stopped by the antitrust authorities, the Ivy League schools colluded to limit competition for the best students, by agreeing not to award scholarships on the basis of merit rather than purely of need-just like business firms agreeing not to give discounts on their best 10 _ customer.1. investing 应改为 invested，过去分词作定语2. 在 irrespective 和 fluctuations 之间加上介词 of。Irrespective of 是一固定用法，意指“不论，不管，不顾， ”等，此处指公司不顾收入的波动变化。3. 把 those 改为 that， that 此处代替 outlook4在 fact 和 economic 之间力口上关系代词 that。这是一个同位语从语， that 在同位语从句中是不能省略的.5把定冠词 the 去掉, in school 表示上学这个抽象意义6把形容词 poor 改为其比较级 poorer。这句中的 poor 与后面的 more 形成一对比较关系，表示“越越”7在 ways 和 which 之间加上一个介词 in。8这里应该用动词的lng 形式，即 eliminating，以便使句型结构与前面的 giving(students a governance role)保持一致，否则句子结构和意思都显得不正确。9将 shorten(缩短；使变短) 改为 reduce/lesson/weaken。此处属于用词不当。10将 to give discounts on 改为 to give discounts to their best customer。意为实业公司给最好的客户提供优惠。Give discounts to sb 为固定短语 2004 改错One of the most important non-legislative functions of the U.S Congressis the power to investigate. This power is usually delegated to committees - eitherstanding committees, special committees set for a specific (1)_purpose, or joint committees consisted of members of both houses. (2)_Investigations are held to gather information on the need forfuture legislation, to test the effectiveness of laws already passed,to inquire into the qualifications and performance of members andofficials of the other branches, and in rare occasions, to lay the (3)_groundwork for impeachment proceedings. Frequently, committeesrely outside experts to assist in conducting investigative hearings (4)_and to make out detailed studies of issues. (5)_There are important corollaries to the investigative power. Oneis the power to publicize investigations and its results. Most (6)_committee hearings are open to public and are reported (7)_widely in the mass media. Congressional investigationsnevertheless represent one important tool available to lawmakers (8)_to inform the citizenry and to arouse public interests in national issues.(9)_Congressional committees also have the power to compeltestimony from unwilling witnesses, and to cite for contemptof Congress witnesses who refuse to testify and for perjury ofthese who give false testimony. (10)_1.,在 set 后加 up, set up“建立、成立”是固定短语2.答案：consisted consisting/composed3.答案：in on【详细解答】固定搭配 on .occasions4.答案 rely 后加 on【详细解答】固定搭配 rely on sb. to do something5.答案：make out make【详细解答】make out 意思是“辨认出”，而此处意思是“对.做详细的研究”，故用“make detailed studies of.” 即可。6.答案：its their【详细解答】此处指代的是“investigations”, 故用复数。7.答案： public the public【详细解答】the +adj. 可表示某一类人，此处意思是“面向公众”，故应用“the public”。8.答案：nevertheless therefore/ thus【详细解答】此处不是表示意思的转折，而是与前文构成因果关系，故可改为 therefore 或 thus。9.答案：interests interest【详细解答】 此处看成不可数名词为佳10.答案：these those【详细解答】those 指代 witnesses , 即指代名词复数做定语从句的先行词，而 these 不行2003 改错Demographic indicators show that Americans in the postwar period were more eager than ever to establish families. They quickly brought down the age at marriage for both men and women and brought the birth rate to a twentieth century height after more than a hundred (1)_ years of a steady decline, producing the “baby boom.” These young (2)_ adults established a trend of early marriage and relatively large families that went for more than two decades and caused a major (3)_ but temporary reversal of long-term demographic patterns. From the 1940s through the early 1960s, Americans married at a high rate (4)_ and at a younger age than their Europe counterparts. (5)_ Less noted but equally more significant, the men and women who (6)_ formed families between 1940 and 1960 nevertheless reduced the (7)_ divorce rate after a postwar peak; their marriages remained intact to a greater extent than did that of couples who married in earlier as well (8)_ as later decades. Since the United States maintained its dubious (9)_ distinction of having the highest divorce rate in the world, the temporary decline in divorce did not occur in the same extent in (10)_ Europe. Contrary to fears of the experts, the role of breadwinner and homemaker was not abandoned.1. 答案： heighthigh， high 作为名词翻译为“最高水平 ”，又如 reach an all-time high2 答案：删除 a【详细解答】 此处 steady decline 指稳定下降的行为、过程而不是其结果，为不可数名词，故应去掉定冠词 a。3 答案：went 后加 on【详细解答】 go on 为固定搭配，意为“持续”。4 答案：highhigher【详细解答】 后面有 than，此处应为比较级。5 答案：EuropeEuropean【详细解答】 根据上下文，此处应用形容词作定语修饰名词 counterparts。6 答案： more【详细解答】 由上下文可知，more 与 equally 矛盾，故应去掉。7 答案：neverthelessalso【详细解答】 由上下文可知，此处讲的内容与前部分内容之间为递进关系，而非转折关系。8 答案： thatthose【详细解答】 由上下文可知，此处所指代的应为前面复数形式的 marriages，故指示代词也应该用复数形式。9 答案： SinceAlthough（或 While）【详细解答】 从逻辑上讲，此处应表达让步关系，而非因果关系。10 答案：into【详细解答】 to extent 为固定搭配，意为“ 到程度”2002 改错There are great impediments to the general use of a standard in pronunciationcomparable to that existing in spelling (orthography). One is the fact that pronunciation is learntnaturally and unconsciously, and orthography is learnt 1._deliberately and consciously. Large numbers of us, in fact, remain throughout our lives quite unconscious with what our speech sounds 2_like when we speak out, and it often comes as a shock when 3_we firstly hear a recording of ourselves.