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Going beyond the information given:Understanding other mindsRebecca SaxeBCSWhat do you see? Watch and then write.Do the words you used indicate:- Gender?- Goals or desires? (e.g. wants, tries)- Emotions? (e.g. happy, afraid) - Personality traits? (e.g. bully)Going beyond the information givenGoing beyond the information givenA hand reaching for a bottleHis intention: to drink the liquidHe believes the liquid is poisonHe wants to dieEtc.He believes Juliet is deadA “biological” motionWhat we see:What we understand:For understanding other minds: (a domain of mostly invisible entities!)FICTIONFalse BeliefsGoing beyond the information givenUnobservable Beliefs ( we both could see it plain as day. They were watching the Rookie, pitching his way out of another pinch. Yet I began to wonder: What picture did he summon up when, night after night, he heard the words Polo Grounds, full count, all the way to the backstop? . He had never been to a baseball game, never seen a bat or a glove, never been inside a ballpark or even watched a ball game on television. . No one Luke knew played baseball, no one talked about it; the words and situations were pure language, pure abstract lore. . But now I said “Polo Grounds“ or “full count“ and the words called up in my son a powerful reaction.Going beyond the information givenSo where does the concept of “belief” come from? “Theory of Mind”Deaf children:- of non-signer vs native-signer parentsTheory of Mind OR1. Meta-representation2. Inhibit reality, respond to belief3. FalsenessPhotographCameraGoing beyond the information givenSo where does the concept of “belief” come from? “Theory of Mind”Deaf children:- of non-signer vs native-signer parents- NOT delayed on false photograph tasksGoing beyond the information givenSo where does the concept of “belief” come from? “Theory of Mind”ACTIONSDESIRES- The World -BELIEFSWhat evidence?- certain kinds of failed prediction- “self-explanation”- How people talk - A special neural mechanism just for understanding minds?Going beyond the information givenSo where does the concept of “belief” come from? “Theory of Mind”Healthy brains:False Belief storiesSusie parked her sportscar in the driveway. In the middle of the night. Nathan moved her car into the garage to make room for his minivan. Susie woke up early in the morning.She expects to see in the drivea sportscar a minivanFalse Photo storiesA volcano erupted on this Caribbean island three months ago. Barren lava rock is all that remains. Satellite photographs show the island as it was before the eruption. In the photos the island is covered inrock vegetationGoing beyond the information givenSo where does the concept of “belief” come from? “Theory of Mind”Healthy brains:False Belief stories False Photo storiesIn 90% of individual subjects:Right temporo-parietal junctionGoing beyond the information givenSo where does the concept of “belief” come from? “Theory of Mind”Autistic children:- Suggests that “Theory of Mind” is not just about general intelligence- A disanalogy from scientific theories?Going beyond the information givenSo where does the concept of “belief” come from? “Theory of Mind”ACTIONSDESIRES- The World -BELIEFSAn intuitive Theory?- control and predict the world- generate explanations, satisfy need for knowledge- domain specific?- special neural mechanism?Going beyond the information givenACTIONSDESIRES- The World -BELIEFSAn intuitive Theory? Non-Theory alternative?Is there any alternative hypothesis?“Cells that read minds”?“Mirror neurons allow us to grasp the minds of others not through conceptual reasoning but through direct simulation. By feeling, not by thinking.“An alternative hypothesis:A class of cells in monkey MOTOR cortex:GraspMotor prep.Response during OBSERVATION: same action specificity!IntensityTimeA common code for own and others actions.Hand muscleWatching someone elses hand movingArm muscleArm movingMuscle responseAn alternative hypothesis:“Feeling” someone elses feelings.1. Being touched:2. A video of someone else being touchedBrain response:An alternative hypothesis:“Feeling” someone elses pain.Own pain:Significant others pain:An alternative hypothesis:An alternative hypothesis:Do we use “mirror neurones,” instead of an intuitive theory, to understand other minds?Lets take a breakAn alternative hypothesis:Do we use “mirror neurones,” instead of an intuitive theory, to understand other minds?Four arguments against:- A specific thought experiment- An argument from neuroscience- An argument from error- An argument from successAn alternative hypothesis:Do we use “mirror neurones,” instead of an intuitive theory, to understand other minds?What would a mirror neuron do?ACTIONTHOUGHTSThought experiment:An alternative hypothesis:Do we use “mirror neurones,” instead of an intuitive theory, to understand other minds?Four arguments against:- A specific thought experiment- An argument from neuroscienceAn alternative hypothesis:Do we use “mirror neurones,” instead of an intuitive theory, to understand other minds?An argument from neuroscience:A group of brain regions involved in “Theory of Mind”Anatomically and functionally distinct from the “Mirror system”Your friend Louis is getting very high grades in high school. He is taking AP Biology, AP Chemistry, AP Calculus, and AP Biochemistry.After he graduates Louis wants to study medicine and his ambition is to become a neurosurgeon. While you are having a drink together, he tells you that he just received a letter informing him that he was accepted to a premed program at a prestigious university.* Will Louis have positive or negative feelings with regards to his acceptance?positive / negativeBackgroundMental StateOutcomeFeeling Question(see Terwogt and Rieffe 2003).A recent experiment:Your friend Louis is getting very high grades in high school. He is taking AP Biology, AP Chemistry, AP Calculus, and AP Biochemistry.After he graduates Louis wants to study medicine and his ambition is to become a neurosurgeon. While you are having a dr