选举人团制度

选举人团制度篇一：令人费解的选举人团 美国选举人团制度令人费解的选举人团 美国选举人团制度 美国的总统选举制度都不是直选，而是实实在在的间接选举。 相对简单的初选 先说两党的初选。以爱荷华州为例，看似选民在选举某个总统候选人，其实则是在选举本州的党代表到全国代表大会上为该候选人投票。以民主党而言，全国今年的党代表一共有 4049 名，在爱荷华州的名额是 57。这 57 名代表中，有 12 名是“超级代表（Super-delegates） ”，这些包括州政府高官、党领导、国会议员等的“超人”将自动成为党代表。另外 45 名代表将在初选中选出。爱荷华州是按照选票比率来分配党代表名额的。比如说，奥巴马获得了 38%的选票，因此他将可以指定 17 名（4538%）效忠于他的党代表到全国代表大会上投票。以此类推，其他候选人也将可以指定不同数量的代表去为自己投票。这些代表，将参加八月份的民主党全国代表大会。另外，和普通代表不同，超级代表最终会投哪位候选人的票，将由代表们自己决定。 需要指出的是，各州选举的形式各有不同，比如爱荷华就采用党团会议 （Caucuses）的形式，而新罕布什尔州（New Hampshire）采用的是初选（Primary）的形式。另外，各州分配代表的规则也有不同，比如说，有的州就规定，获得最多选票的候选人将可以通吃该州的所有代表名额。但是，不论形式如何不同，候选人都需要取得 4049 票中的多数票（2025） ，才能成为民主党的最终候选人。因此，随着各州初选的展开，各候选人将逐渐积累代表名额。不用等到 8 月份，就可以知道谁首先能取得多数票。就像五局三胜制的比赛，谁首先赢了三局，比赛结果也就明朗了。 选举人团制度源于何处？优劣之处何在？美国为何不采用直接选举这种更简单的制度？ 美国各州的选举人团由选举人票组成。各州的选举人票的数目，是各州的众议员人数（大致与各州人口成比率）和参议员人数（各州不论大小都是两名）相加的总和。由于华盛顿特区没有众议员和参议员，该区直接被赋予了 3张选举人票。按照这种算法，XX 年美国的选举人票一共是538 张，人口最多的加州，有 55 张。加州选民在投票的时候，不是直接投给某位总统候选人，而是投给候选人指定的 55 位选举人。 为了简单起见，如今的选票上已经不写明 55 个人的名字，而是直接写某某的“选举人” 。某位候选人如果赢得了加州的多数大众选票，这位候选人将赢得加州的 55 张选举人票， 各州的选举人，将在每年的一月份统一投票，正式选举总统。 但是由于 11 月大选之后，各州的选举人票归哪位候选人已经很清楚，所以不用等到一月份，全世界都已经知道下一任美国总统是谁了。很例外的情况是，一月份投票的时候可能出现不忠的选举人（faithless electors） ，也就是原本是代表某个党的候选人去投票的选举人，最后却投票给了另外一个党的候选人。这样的情况，美国历史上曾经出现过。不过，美国很多州都有惩罚不忠选举人的法律。不忠选举人毕竟是少数，他们也尚未改变过美国的选举历史。XX 年的大选中，戈尔赢得了%的大众选票，布什的大众选票比率是%。按照大众选票，戈尔应该当选总统。但是戈尔的选举人票是 266，布什的选举人票是 271。由于大众选票不具有法律效应，最终布什成为了第 43 届美国总统。 七年后，戈尔在自己的奥斯卡获奖纪录片The Inconvenient Truth中，对 XX 年的选举结果旧事重提 。在一部宣扬环境保护的纪录片中加入自己的选举经历，可以想见，戈尔对当年的结果一直耿耿于怀。 选举人团制度，来源于 200 多年前的美国宪法。美国独立战争的时候，13 个英国殖民地为了取得独立，临时组成了一个团体。独立战争胜利之后，13 个殖民地的代表于 1787 年在费城召开会议，决定制定一部新的宪法来取代战争前的临时法案（Articles of Confederation） 。新宪法中重要的一部分，就是确定选举总统的程序。 1787 年的美国，还没有政党，按照当时的交通条件，也不可能有全国性的选举活动。战争的时候，各殖民地可以抱成一团，战争过后，宪法设计人需要考虑的是，怎样设计出一个联邦政府，让 13 个殖民地能在战后自愿地加入联邦。于是宪法设计者才设计出了众议院和参议院制度，既顾及了人口多少（众议员数量由各州人口数量决定） ，也兼顾了各州的权利（参议员每州一律两名） 。在宪法的前言中，也特别说明，宪法必须要至少九个殖民地的民众投票通过才能成立。不支持宪法的殖民地，在联邦之外另组织政府。 在总统选举上，宪法设计者考虑过多种选择，比如说，由联邦议会推举总统，或者由各殖民地议会推举总统，或者由全国民众直接选举。由于很容易受到贿赂影响、并被外国势力操纵，由议会选举总统这种方式很快被否决。而直接选举这种形式，最终可能出现的结果是，很多人口稀少的州将不愿意加入联邦。 回过头来看 XX 年的大选。戈尔最终在佛罗里达以少于布什不到 1000 张大众选票的结果输于布什，但在全国的绝对大众选票数量上，戈尔比布什多%，也即 54 万张。 如果采取大众选票制度，戈尔根本不必和布什在佛罗里达州争那不到 1000 的选票，1000 和 50 多万相比微不足道，所以即使输了佛罗里达，戈尔照样能当选。但是在选举人团制度下，输了佛罗里达就不只意味着输了 1000 张选票，而是输了该州 25 张宝贵的选举人票。要知道，在佛罗里达之前，戈尔和布什的选举人票是 266 比 246，布什是在赢了佛罗里达的 25 张选票之后，才以 271 对 266 险胜。 戈尔比布什多 50 多万张大众选票，但是布什赢得了30 个州的 271 张选举人票，戈尔仅仅赢得了 20 个州加华盛顿特区的 266 张选举人票。 是该由赢得更多大众选票的人当选总统？ 还是该由赢得更多州和更多选举人票的候选人当选？ 按照美国宪法设计者的最终方案，在选举人团制度下，候选人如果要赢得全国的总统大选，即需要赢得足够多的大众选票（布什虽然在相对数量上少于戈尔%，但是%这个绝对数量已经具有“足够”的代表性） ，也需要赢得更多选举人票的支持。 反过来说，如果要赢得多数选举人票，候选人必须要有足够（虽然可能不是相对多数）的大众选票。 所以说，选举人团制度即顾及了选票的数量，也顾及了选票的分布均衡。如果只注重第一点，那么在选举中将永远是那些取得人口最多的州支持的候选人占优势。在美国这个州与州之间分化非常明显的联邦国家，人口少的州将被排除在话语权之外，所谓联邦者，也将不再成立。 独立参选人胜算几何？ 纽约市长布伦伯格（Michael Bloomberg）在初选阶段宣布退出共和党而成为独立人士。如果作为独立人士参选，从选举人团制度上来看，其赢得选举的胜算有几成？ 前面已经说过，1787 年的时候，美国还没有党派。今日的民主党，其前身是在 18 世纪 90 年代出现的由杰斐逊和麦迪逊领衔的民主共和党 （Democratic- Republican Party） 。而今日的共和党，则要等到美国内战前才出现。共和党的第一位总统，不是别人，正是大名鼎鼎的林肯。不过如今的共和党和林肯时期的共和党已经有了天壤之别，所以不能因为布什和林肯同属一党，就把他们相提并论。在没有党派时期设计出来的选举人团制度，给如今党派政治中的独立候选人和两党之外其他党派的候选人出了一道难题。在选举人团制度下，哪怕两党之外的某位候选人能赢得 20%以上的大众选票，他可能依然连一张选举人票也拿不到。比如 1992 年大选中，佩罗（Hey Ross Perot）就赢得了近乎 20%累计 XX 万的大众选票，但是在选举人票上他依然毫无进账。原因是，佩罗在不同州都可能赢得部分大众选票，但是无法在任何一个州中赢得大多数的大众选票而赢得这个州的选举人票。 理解了选举人团制度，也就可以理解为何这个制度会“歧视”两党之外的其他候选人。美国各州的大部分选民，不是注册的共和党成员，就是民主党成员。选民虽然可以变换自己的党派，但是一般情况下，如果不是对自己的党派彻底绝望，他们不会把票投给其他党派的候选人。 所以，布伦伯格想当选，起码需要具备两个条件：第一，占大部分选举人票的州的选民对民主党和共和党都感到绝望；第二，这些绝望的选民们对布伦伯格而不是对可能有的其他独立候选人情有独钟。 由此可见，选举人团制度巩固了美国的两党政治。其好处是使得美国政体更加稳定；其可能的劣处是独立候选人们经常抱怨的政治门槛的提高。而两党政治是否能更好地服务美国社会，又是另外一个宏大的话题了。 篇二：美国选举人团制度President Electoral College System XX106XX XXX xx 大学 xxx 学院 20xx 级政治学 Abstract：In the President Election,electoral college system is an important part since the foundation of the United elector college system was build under the principals of separation of power，it has many advantages and influenced for 200 years and kept the stability of handover. But with its inner disadvantages，this system is facing lots of challenges and pressures in modern politics and society. Keywords： President Election；Electoral College；Winner takes all；American politics President ElectoralCollege System The president election, is indirect election,which means that it is not the voters of the country but the electoral college which elected by voters of the country that represent the voters and elect the president. At present, the sum of federal electoral votes are 538,the president candidate should gain more than 270 of them to become the next president of United States. There are 538 electors from 50 states,which include two parts. One part is the number of the federal senators,and each state has 2 votes. Another part is the number of the congressmen and each state has one vote nearly per 500,000 people. The electors of each state will assembly in the state parliament and elect the president and vice president candidates after the second Wednesday of December. In the president election，there is the winner-take-all system. In a word,in the vote of each state,if one party win more than half of the ballots of this state,then all ballots of the electoral college in this state. For example, in XX, Obama won half ballots of California and therefore took all ballots of the electoral college in California,while his competitor McCain gain nothing in California. The winner-take-all system has greatly influenced the parties strategy of election campaign and as each party secure its own advantage states, small states became the hot area to compete because it is vital to keep ballots of senators in small states.of ElectoralCollege System In 1787,the constituent assembly established the electoral college system. In the constituent assembly, after the confirm of presidents independence,how to elect the president became a big question. There are conflicts of two democratic rules in politics,one rule is the populism，the other is the federalism. The populism emphasizes the strong centralized administration,and one citizen has one ballot,the president election should be in national level and the one who gain majority ballots will be the next president. The federalism emphasizes the equal of every state and the president election should be on state level. The represents of the assembly basically agreed to build the representative government which reflects the will of the people but they didnt want this government became a direct democracy which every citizen could directly join in the decision of public policies. There put up three plans and representatives discussed those plans under the system of checks and balance. The first plan is to let the parliament elect the president,which is practical and effective. But this plan may damage the independence of president and the parliament will become too strong in politics,therefore this plan was abandoned. The second plan is direct election of all citizen. But at that time the population and traffic difficulties made it impossible,what is worse,the politicians fear the tyranny of the majority,and this plan was abandoned later. The third plan is one kind of compromise plan and became the electoral college system. and Disadvantages of ElectoralCollege System The United States is a republic under the separation of powers system, the independence and counterbalance of executive power,legislative power and judicial power are basic rules in political system. The electoral college system is part of presidential system and receive no influence from legislative power or judicial power,but at the time when the electoral college couldnt elect president, the parliaments will elect president and vice president instead. Meanwhile，the electoral college system combine the federalism,gives each state the privilege to elect the electoral college and request the respect and truth to the president,the candidate must gain the absolute majority ballots of electoral college and become the next president. In a word,the electoral college system defend the checks and balances system,and maintains the independence of stability of presidential system.There are also some disadvantages of electoral college this system violate the majority rule and against the will of the people,sometime the candidates who gain less popular votes win the election. In the history there are three presidents that were not the one that most people liked. In XX, gained 500,000 popular votes less than his component but at the end he won the election instead. Secondly,there are disloyal electors. In the history,there are more than 140 times that the electors against the will of the people. Unlike the founding fathers of the ,at present the electoral college are not the people that can distinguish the right person to be the president but the representatives who are loyal to their party in each state. Although parties request elector keep their words and obey the will of popular but there is no legislative constraint in most states and could not stop the disloyal behaviors. In 20th century,there were 7 disloyal behaviors, though those behaviors didnt influence the final results,there was potential danger that could change the result. In 1976,if 5560 popular votes in Ohio were given to Ford,Carter may lose the elector votes in Ohio and only gained 272 elector votes,if there are 2 or 3 disloyal electors,the final result of election would ,the electoral college system contains the distrust to the popular,it couldnt fit the modern democracy of the United States. At the time of founding fathers of United States,there are reasons to build the electoral college system to prevent the manipulation among election,keep equal of large states and small states,and protect the system form irrational majority,depend on the wisdom and experience of elite class. But today the geographic obstruction,information block,and distrust among states are gone,direct election is mature. Reference