解破学21总论

HUMAN ANATOMYLecturer: Dr. Jianhua ZhangHunan University of Arts and Sciences 1Myofibril (肌原纤维 )+核 +横小管 +肌质网 +膜Myofilaments (肌丝 )A muscle fiber 肌纤维Myosin(肌球蛋白 ) Actin (肌动蛋白 )Troponin (肌钙蛋白 )Tropomyosin (原肌球蛋白 )Thin filaments(细肌丝 ) Thick filaments (粗肌丝 )v Question: What are the structure of the muscular fibers?2v1.The General Description.v2.The Reference Lines and Regions of the Abdomen.Part II SplanchnologyContent3 The general descriptionv The definitionv Splanchnology is the science that deals with the study of morphology and structures of the visceral(内脏的 ) organs. vSynonymvSplanchnology： 内脏学vViscera： 内脏4Viscera includes the following groupsViscera4 SystemsOther structuresAlimentary systemRespiratory systemUrinary systemGenital systemEndocrine systemPleura 胸膜Peritoneum 腹膜Perineum 会阴5v Perineum 会阴v 广义会阴 ：是指盆膈以下封闭骨盆下口的全部软组织。包括尿生殖区和肛区。耻骨联合下缘尾骨尖坐骨结节尿生殖区肛 区v The male perineum v The female perineum6v 狭义会阴 : 在男性系指阴囊根与肛门之间的部分。阴囊肛门会阴7v 狭义会阴 : 在女性系指阴道前庭后端与肛门之间的部分，又称产科会阴，分娩时注意保护。胎头大阴唇胎头扩张时的会阴8v The main functions of the viscera(内脏 )v Performing the metabolism.v Reproducing offspring.v Secreting some hormones to regualate some activities.9v The general structure of the viscera(内脏 )v According to their morphological characteristics, the visceral organs can be divided into two principal types:The tubular organ The parenchymatous organVisceral organs10Tubular organ中空性器官Parenchymatous organ实质性器官Tubular wall管状壁Tubular cavity管状腔Mucous layer粘膜层Submucosa 粘膜下层Muscular layer肌层Serosa layer外膜实质： 小叶状的结构与功能部分间质： 分隔实质成小叶状VisceraTypes11Tubular Organ中空性器官中空性器官 12v The tubular viscus (中空性器官 )13Parenchymatous Organ实质性器官实质性器官 14v In order to observe and describe the relative locations and the arrangements of the internal organs, it is necessary to mark reference lines on the surface of the thorax and to subdivide the abdomen into regions. The reference lines and regions of the abdomen15Reference lines in the thoraxReference lines in the abdomenReference lines in the backv The common used reference linesv There are more than 10 reference lines in the thorax and abdominal regions.Reference lines16Median linesAxillary linesSternal linesHorizontal lineMidclavicular line锁骨中线Scapular line肩胛线Paravertebral line脊柱旁线Anterior median line前正中线前正中线Posterior median line后正中线后正中线Anterior axillary line腋前线腋前线Midaxillary line腋中线腋中线Posterior axillary line腋后线腋后线Lateral sternal line胸骨线胸骨线Parasternal line胸骨旁线胸骨旁线Subcostal line肋下线肋下线Transtubercular line齐髂结节线齐髂结节线Reference lines17v The lateral sternal line 胸骨线v Vertical line just through the lateral border of the widest part of the sternumv The midclavicular line 锁骨中线v Vertical line through the midpoint of the clavicle.v The anterior median line 前正中线v Vertical line through the median of the sternumv The parasternal line 胸骨旁线v Vertical line through the midway between the lateral sternal line and the midclavicular line.18v The Reference Line of the Thorax (胸部标志线胸部标志线 ) Anterior median line Sternal line Parasternal line Midclavicular line1920v The anterior axillary line 腋前线v Vertical line through the anterior axillary fold(襞、褶 ).v The posterior axillary line 腋后线v Vertical line through the posterior axillary fold(襞、褶).v The midaxillary line 腋中线v Vertical line through the middle of the axilla(腋 ).21 Anterior axillary line 腋前线 Middle axillary line腋中线 Posterior axillary line 腋后线2223v The scapular line 肩胛线v Vertical line through the inferior angle of the scapula.v The posterior midian line 后正中线v Vertical line through the spines(脊柱 ) of the thoracic vertebrae.v The scapular: skpjul a. 肩的 ,肩胛骨的24 Posterior median line后正中线 Scapular line 肩胛线2526v The regions of the abdomen Quadrant regions 四分法Nine regions 九分法v There are two ways to divide the abdomen into regions.Two ways2728 Quadrant regions 四分法v The abdomen is divided into four quadrants by the vertical and horizontal planes through the umbilicus(脐).29Umbilical region 脐区Lateral region 腹外侧区Pubic region 耻区Epigastric region 上腹部区Hypochondriac region 季肋区Inguinal (iliac) region 腹股沟区 Nine regions 九分法The abdomen is divided into nine different reg