中外商业银行国际贸易融资业务的比较及其原因分析

中外商业银行国际贸易融资业务的比较及其原因分析 摘要面对国际贸易迅猛增长带来的贸易融资的巨大发展机遇，中外资商业银行都 将风险小、收益高的国际贸易融资业务作为了竞争的焦点。文章通过从西方商业银行和 我国商业银行国际贸易融资产品种类和结构、流程和机构的设置、风险管理、贸易融资 创新四个方面进行比较，并分析存在这些差距的原因。对提升我国银行国际贸易融资能 力有重要的意义。 关键词国际贸易融资 中外资商业银行 比较 根据世界贸易组织（wto）最新公布的数据。2010 年我国全年货物进出口总额己 达到 297276 亿美元，同比增长 34.7，2011 年我国进出口总额为 36421 亿美元，同 比增长 25.5%。国际贸易的不断发展从客观上为商业银行贸易融资业务的开展提供了广 阔的空间，加之商业银行依赖利息收入的传统银行业务正面临严峻挑战，国际贸易融资 也就成为外资银行和我国商业银行竞争的焦点。比较是分析与竞争对手差距的有效手段， 通过对西方商业银行国际贸易融资和我国商业银行国际贸易融资的对比，找出存在这些 差距的原因。从而使我国商业银行国际贸易融资得到更好的发展。 一、中外商业银行国际贸易融资业务的比较 现代商业银行起源于西方，西方国家商业银行发展的历史比我国商业银行的历史 悠久。相比较而言，我国商业银行对国际贸易融资涉足不深。 1.国际贸易融资产品种类和数量的比较 中外商业银行提供的国际贸易融资产品种类在数量和种类上基本一致，以汇丰银 行和中国银行为例：汇丰银行国际贸易融资种类有进口贷款，提货担保，出口融资，福 费廷，应收账款融资，进口信用证，信用证通知。中国银行国际贸易融资种类包括融付 达，杂币进口汇利达，付款汇利达，海外代付，进口押汇，提货担保，汇出汇款项下融 资，出口押汇，打包贷款，出口贴现，福费廷，国际保理，出口信用保险项下融资等。 但中外商业银行办理各种业务的频率却有差别。国内商业银行办理的贸易融资业务是以 出口打包贷款、进出口押汇等传统方式为主，约占贸易融资总量的 70 。而西方商业 银行对新兴国际贸易融资业务的使用比较多。我国商业银行虽然提供了新兴的国际贸易 融资业务服务，但是能够审批通过的很少。而我国福费廷、结构性贸易融资等业务的发 展滞后使得目前国内商业银行难以提供全面的福费廷及结构性贸易融资产品。 2.国际贸易融资业务风险管理的比较 西方商业银行通过市场化的运营，形成了较为完善的国际贸易融资业务的风险 控制体系。西方商业银行对国际贸易融资风险控制的主要方式是将其纳入统一授信管理。 通过风险测定、风险锁定、风险转移和风险化解将国际贸易融资风险降到最低水平。我 国商业银行的风险审查基本上限于对财务风险审查。相对于西方商业银行，我国商业银 行的风险识别和控制能力薄弱。所以在国际贸易融资创新领域发展得比较慢。例如我国 的保理实物中，由于银行内部风险管理水平有限，提供无追索权保理业务的情况很少， 大部分为有追索权的保理业务。国内银行福费廷实务中使用固定利率提供中长期融资， 对于经营福费廷业务的银行来说风险较大。 3.国际贸易融资业务创新的比较 西方商业银行一直走在国际贸易融资发展的前沿，经过市场的磨练摸索出了一 套有效的风险控制方法，并能够根据不断变化的需求来提供各类融资服务。例如汇丰银 行推出了无纸信用证，使得信用证通知更加方便；恒生银行推出了 hexagon 电子桌面银 行，通过该电子桌面银行客户可迅速开立、查阅及修改信用证，简化客户与银行之间有 关贸易事宜的沟通，更可监察所指定的进出口押汇账户交易及其状况等。随着国际贸易 量的增加我国商业银行在国际贸易融资创新上也有了一定的发展，像国际保理，福费廷 等新型业务在也得到了发展。我国商业银行根据国际贸易的需求提出了结构性贸易融资， 无抵押融资服务等。但由于我国商业银行的风险控制能力薄弱，仍然难以满足中小企业 融资的需求。 4.国际贸易融资流程和机构设置的比较 西方商业银行采取严格的审贷分离原则，实行直线式管理体制。贷款的审批权一 般由各级信贷管理员、审查员或信贷总监独立行使。信贷审批决策机制大致上分为委员 会制和个人负责制。西方商业银行对国际贸易融资采取专业化经营，如汇丰银行、花旗 银行都成立了以事业部为组织的国际贸易部门。而我国商业银行采取逐级审批的“金字 塔试”的业务审查。在全面风险管理下，国际贸易融资采取风险管理部、公司业务部、 结算业务部“三位一体”的决策程序。三部门处于不同的业务阶段并各司其职。并且我 国商业银行没有针对国际贸易融资设立专门的部门，而是将国际贸易融资流程分布到各 个不同的部门。 二、中外商业银行国际贸易融资存在这些差距的原因 1.国际贸易融资历史的长短 西方商业银行已有 400 多年的历史，在上世纪资本主义推行的对外扩张政策使许多 发展得比较好的商业银行将业务扩张到了海外，较早的进行了跨国经营。我国商业银行 商业化经营仅有 20 来年的历史，国际化程度不高，经营体制、管理方法、经营理念、业 务范围、运作方法、员工素质等方面与西方商业银行还存在一定差距。 2.信息技术的运用水平 在国际贸易融资创新中，由于缺乏对客户企业的有效监督手段，商业银行进行国际 贸易融资创新时容易面临巨大的道德风险和逆向选择。西方商业银行对信息技术运用水 平较高，在国际贸易融资创新中建立起有效的风险控制系统，从而有效地避免相关的风 险，增加产品经营利润，从而起到提高国际贸易融资创新积极性的作用。而我国的信息 技术水平还不到位，缺乏一个国内商业银行信息互通共享的网络，无法实现客户分析、 差异化服务从而对国际贸易融资的风险把控不够。 3.办理业务的效率 效率对国际贸易融资的作用是举足轻重的。国际贸易融资需要高效的支付和结算 手段为基础，同时规模效率也给国际贸易融资带来了许多优势。西方商业银行业跨国经 营，网点遍及全球使得其规模效益高，同时西方商业银行拥有良好的内部管理系统可以 提高办理业务的效率。而我国商业银行在层级机构的设置使得业务程序过于繁杂，从而 使得国际贸易融资不灵活，效率低。另外，我国的结算手段和支付手段与西方商业银行 存在着一定的差距。 4.国际贸易融资专业性人才的储备 国际贸易融资业务需要专业性人才。西方商业银行由于发展的比较久，培养和储 备了大量具有国际贸易实务、法律法规、金融财会等领域的专业性人才。而我国商业银 行涉外业务总量占比小，相应的国际贸易融资方面的专业性人才也比较少，经验相对来 说比较少。导致在国际贸易融资业务的开展方面，我国商业银行就不如西方商业银行效 率高。 5.国际贸易融资涉及的法律法规的认识 商业银行国际贸易融资业务的发展必须要严格遵守相关法律、法规及国际惯例。西 方商业银行对国际贸易融资有着较深的研究与发展，对国际贸易融资各个环节所涉及到了 法律风险比较了解，提高了国际贸易融资开展的效率。而我国，对国际贸易融资涉足不深， 经验不足，对国际贸易融资的法律法规及国际惯例认识还不完善，导致在开展国际贸易融 资时阻碍重重，抑制了国际贸易融资的发展。 虽然外资银行在国际贸易融资方面有着许多的优势，但对我国商业银行的发展提 供了许多的经验来借鉴。为提升我国商业银行国际贸易融资业务能力我国商业银行应该立 足本国的实际情况开展国际贸易融资创新、培养国际贸易融资专业性人才、提升内部管理 水平、积极借鉴国外商业银行贸易融资的优点，使国际贸易融资成为我国商业银行。 Comparison and analysis of international trade financing business of commercial banks in China and foreign countries Abstract in the face of the rapid growth of international trade a great opportunity for the development of trade financing to bring in foreign commercial banks, therisk small, high income, international trade financing business is the focus of competition. This article through carries on the comparison from four aspects of western commercial banks of China and international trade financing product type and structure, process and organization, risk management, trade finance innovation, and analyzes the reasons for these differences. There is an importantsignificance to promote our country bank international trade financing ability. keyword comparison of foreign commercial banks in the financing of international trade According to the World Trade Organization (WTO) released the latest data. In 2010 Chinas annual total import and export volume has reached2972760000000 US dollars, an increase of 34.7%, in 2011 Chinas total import and export volume was $3642100000000, a year-on-year growth of 25.5%. To provide a broad space for the development of international trade from the objective of trade financing business of commercial banks, commercial banks rely on interest income in the traditional banking business is facing severe challenges, the international trade financing has become the focus of foreign banks and Chinese commercial banks competition. Comparison is an effective method to analyze the gap with competitors, through to the western international trade financing of commercial banks and commercial banks of our country in international trade financing comparison, find out the reasons for thesedifferences. The development of the international trade financing of commercial banks in China to get better. A comparison between China and foreign countries, international trade financingbusiness of commercial bank The modern commercial bank originated in the west, the development ofcommercial banks in western countries than the history of the Commercial Bank of our country has a long history. In comparison, our country Commercial Bank of international trade finance, not in the deep. Comparison of 1 international trade financing product variety and number of Chinese and foreign commercial banks to provide international trade financeproducts are basically the same in the number and types, to HSBC and Chinesebank for example: HSBC international trade financing loan guarantee delivery,import, export financing, forfaiting, accounts receivable financing, import letter of credit, letter of credit notification. Chinese bank types of international tradefinancing including pay up, mixed money import payment Huili, Huili, overseas payment, import bill advance, delivery against bank guarantee, outward remittance financing under, export financing, packing loan, export discount,forfeiting, international factoring, export credit insurance financing under etc But the Chinese and foreign commercial banks for a variety of business but have different frequency. Domestic commercial bank for trade financing is mainlyexport packing credit, import and export trade and other traditional methods,accounting for about 70% of total trade financing. While the use of western commercial banks on the emerging international trade financing business more.Although Chinas commercial banks to provide the new international trade financing business services, but few can be approved. And the development of Chinas forfaiting, structured trade financing business to lag caused the present domestic commercial banks to provide comprehensive Forfaiting and structured trade financing products. Comparison of 2 international trade financing business risk management Western commercial banks by market operation, risk control system to form a more perfect international trade financing business. Western commercial banks on the main way of international trade financing risk control is incorporated into the unified credit management. The risk measurement, risk, risk transfer and riskof locking the international trade financing risk is reduced to the lowest level.Review of risks of commercial banks in China is largely limited to the financial riskreview. Compared with western commercial banks, risk identification and control ability of the Commercial Bank of our country is weak. So in the internationaltrade financing innovation develops relatively slow. For example, Chinasfactoring real, since the level of Bank Internal Risk Management Co., provide non recourse factoring business rarely, mostly recourse factoring. Domestic banksForfaiting practice in the use of fixed rate to provide long-term financing forbusiness, forfaiting bank risk. The 3 international trade finance business innovation comparison Western commercial banks have been walking in the forefront of the development of international trade financing, through the market honed worked out a set of effective risk control methods, and various financing services to provide according to the changing demand. For example, HSBC launched apaperless credit card, the Credit advised more convenient; the Hang Seng Bank launched the hexagon electronic desktop bank, the electronic banking customerscan quickly open the desktop, access and modify the letter of credit, simplify the relevant trade matters relating to communication between the customer and thebank, can monitor the designated import and export trade account transactionsand status. With the increase in the volume of international trade of Chinas commercial banks in the international trade finance innovation also had certain development, like the international factoring, forfaiting and other new business indevelopment has been. The Commercial Bank of our country put forward a structural trade financing according to the need of the international trade,unsecured financing services etc But because of the risk of the Commercial Bank of our country control ability is weak, is still difficult to meet the financing needs of smes. Comparison of 4 international trade financing process and mechanism Western commercial banks to take strict separation of separation principle, implements the straight line management system. Loan approval right by all levels of credit administrator, inspector or credit director the independent exercise. Credit decision mechanism is generally divided into the committee system and the system of personal responsibility. Western commercial banks to take the professional management of international trade financing, such as HSBC, Citibank established a division for the organization of the Department of international trade. Chinas commercial banks to take level approval “Pyramid“ business review. In the comprehensive risk management, risk management department, business department, business department “three-in-one“ decision procedure of international trade financing. The three sector in different stages and their business. And our commercial banks do not for international trade financing to set up a special department, but the international trade financing process is distributed into different departments. The reasons for these differences, two Chinese and foreign commercial bank international trade financing 1 the length of the history of international trade financing Western commercial banks have 400 years of history, in the foreign policy of expansion of the capitalism caused many to the development of a better commercial banks to expand to overseas, earlier of transnational business. Chinas commercial banking business of the business only 20 years of history, the degree of internationalization is not high, there is a certain gap between the management system, management method, management philosophy, business scope, operation method, the quality of staff and other aspects of western commercial banks. 2 information technology application level In the international trade finance innovation, because of the lack of effective supervision means to customers of enterprises, vulnerable to the adverse selection and moral hazard of huge commercial bank international trade financing innovation. Western commercial banks on the use of information technology level, establish effective risk control system in the international trade finance innovation, so as to avoid the risk effectively, increase product operating profit, so as to improve the international trade finance innovation positive role. But our countrys level of information technology is not in place, the lack of an information sharing of domestic commercial bank network, unable to realize customer analysis, differential service to international trade financing risk control is not enough. 3 for operational efficiency The efficiency of international trade financing is play a decisive role. International trade financing needs and efficient payment and settlement method, at the same time scale efficiency but also to the international trade financing has brought many advantages. Western commercial banks transnational business outlets throughout the world, the scale benefit is high, at the same time, western commercial banks have a good internal management system can improve the efficiency of business. Set up our country commercial bank in the hierarchical mechanism makes the business procedure is too complicated, which makes the international trade financing is not flexible, low efficiency. In addition, Chinas settlement means and means of payment and the western commercial banks have a certain gap. The 4 international trade finance professional talent reserves International trade financing business need professional talents. Western commercial banks due to the development of a long time, training and reserve the professional talents with international trade practice, laws and regulations, financial accounting field. But our country commercial bank, foreign business volume accounted for a small, professional talents in international trade financing corresponding is relatively small, relatively little experience. Result in the international trade financing business, Chinas commercial banks as the western commercial bank efficiency. Understanding of the laws and regulations related to the 5 international trade financing The development of international trade financing business of commercial bank must strictly abide by the relevant laws, regulations and international practice. Western commercial banks have a deep research and development of international trade financing, on all aspects of international trade financing to understand legal risk, improve the efficiency of international trade financing development. But in China, the international trade financing not in the deep, lack of experience, the laws and regulations and international practice in international trade financing is not perfect, resulting in the development of international trade financing obstacles, inhibit the development of international trade financing. Although foreign banks in terms of international trade financing has many advantages, but the development of Chinas commercial banks provide a lot of experience to learn from. In order to improve the ability of international trade financing business of Commercial Bank of our country Commercial Bank of our country should be based on the actual situation in the countrys international trade finance innovation, cultivation of talents, international trade finance raising the level of internal management, actively learn from the advantages of foreign commercial banks to trade financing, the financing of international trade has become Chinas commercial banks. 汇款方式的适用性 Buyers and sellers of a good business reputation, to know about each other (including other national political, legal, foreign exchange control), the case of mutual trust, or between domestic and foreign parent companies, subsidiaries of Multi-National Corporation between different payment settlement, remittance is one of the most settlement ideal. 汇款方式的风险 Remittance business in international trade is mutual trust and business reputation both based on, if the advance payment, the importer may export contract and can not be receiving even could not accept the risk of goods; if it is cash on delivery, the risk may be due to the importer exporter of default and can not be recovered payment or not to the payment. 温馨提示 Bank select credibility, good service fast, correct remittance route provide the correct beneficiarys name, account, bank SWIFT CODE (such as: ICBC Xiamen branch ICBKCNBJSMM) according to the purpose of remittance, select the expense way (BEN, OUR, SHARE) Note: SWIFT (Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication) 托收方式的利弊： The advantages and disadvantages of collection: A remittance procedures complicated, cost is relatively high capital remittance, the burden and risk mainly focus on the part of exporters, is a relative is not conducive to