On Differences between Chinese and Western Dietary Cultures 英语专业毕业论文 (2).doc

毕业设计(论文)题 目 ：on differences between chinese and western dietary cultures 姓 名 ： 0000 班级、学号 ： 0000000000000 系 (部) ： 经济管理系 专 业 ： 商务英语 指导教师 ： 000000 开题时间 ： 2008-4-10 完成时间 ： 2009-11-10 2009 年 11月 10 日16目 录毕业设计任务书1毕业设计成绩评定表2答辩申请书3-5正文6-20答辩委员会表决意见21答辩过程记录表22on differences between chinese and western dietary cultures一、课题(论文)提纲0.引言1. 中西饮食观念的差异1.1泛食主义者与实用主义者1.2讲排场和随意简单2. 中西宴会礼仪的差异2.1出席时间的差异2.2餐具的差异3. 中西饮食内容的差异3.1美味与营养3.2菜名的差异4. 饮食文化差异表现方面4.1观念方面4.2对象方面4.3方式方面4.4归属方面4.5性质方面二、内容摘要饮食是人类生活、生存与发展的必需，可是由于中西方文化传统的差异，导致了中西方饮食文化在观念、对象、方式、归属与性质方面产生了差异，研究这些差异，找出可以融会贯通的地方，促进中西文化交流。通过对中西饮食文化差异的分析，我们可以了解中西方各自的文化传统；同时能对中国文化进行改善与创新。饮食文化的差异也是跨文化交际中影响交际结果的因素之一，从饮食观念、晏会礼仪、饮食内容等方面寻找中西方饮食文化的差异.饮食文化通过跨文化的交流，将会博采众长，不断完善发展，并实现中西文化的交融.三、参考文献1 林语堂.生活的艺术m.北京:外语教学与研究出版社,1998. 论中西饮食文化差异 2 毕继万.跨文化非语言交际m.北京:外语教学与研究出版社,1999. 3 edward t hall. the silent languagem.new york: anchor books,1990.4 卞浩宇.论中西饮食文化的差异j.南京林业大学学报:人文社会科学版,2004(2).5网址： /forum/view_52842.htmlon differences between chinese and western dietary cultures00000abstract: diet is absolutely necessary in the daily life. because of the differences between chinese and western cultural traditions, chinese and western diet cultures are different in concept、target、pattern、attribution and nature. we study these differences and find out the points that can be digested, in order to facilitate the cultural communication between china and the west. by analyzing cultural differences between chinese and western food, we can understand their own cultural traditions; at the same time, carry out improvement and innovation of chinese culture. differences in diet culture are also one of the factors affecting the result of communication in cross-cultural communication. we should find differences between chinese and western food culture from the food concept、banquet and etiquette、dietary content etc. diet culture will constantly improve itself and achieve a blend of eastern and western cultures through cross-cultural communication.key words：diet culture; cultural tradition; differences；cross-cultural communication0. introductionthere is a saying that people regard food as the sky”. thats to say, food is an indispensable condition for the survival and development of human beings. there are two desires in life: one is feasting themselves to survive; and the other is the lust of men and women, which helps the mankind to carry on the family line. facing the two desires, chinese pay more attention to the former, while the westerners tend to the latter. such phenomenon affects the cultural trend. diet is actually the contents of our daily lives, but why we call it culture? that is because the diet has special status in the chinese culture, and there is a great diet distinction between china and the west. as one of the worlds ancient nations, china has a history of diet almost as long as that of chinese civilization. but in western countries, ancient thinkers devoted less attention to food problem than the chinese philosophers did, and there is even no aware of it to the heaven degree. on the contrary, they recognized and interpreted the world in the perspective of the lust or love of men and women more. whether the awareness of original sin of christianity, adam and eve legend, or ancient greek philosophy (such as platos dialogue) who considered the personal relationships “love” as the love of ontology of beauty, and regarded it as a reality thinking of philosophy, all these ideas become the basis of western philosophers cultural thoughts. all these had potential effects on the development of western culture and westerners characters. receiving the influence of respective cultural tradition, the chinese and western dietary culture has had different characteristic. the differences in concepts, targets, patterns, attribution and nature had reflected the different dietary cultures in different state characteristic; such characteristic has enriched the research value of dietary culture. studying these cultural differences, we can find out a joint enhancing the communication between china and the west through a comprehensive study of the subject. it may be a great help to the communication of the chinese and western cultures. 1. differences between chinese and western diet concepts western diet tends to be scientific and rational, but the chinese diet tends to be art and sentimental. cooking is from diet; the origin of food is a life-sustaining nutrition. therefore, the focus of western diet is only the extension of the original diet practicality. the emphasis on the flavor of chinese cuisine caters the diet to the arts field.1.1 pan-food activists and pragmatistsin china, the form of eating implies a rich psychological and cultural significance as well as peoples awareness and understanding to gain a more profound social significance, has already evolved into a kind of social and psychological adjustment. there are many scholars of the chinese people of this unique hunger breeds discontent concept called the pan-food-ism cultural inclinations. language is the carrier of culture and mirror that reflects culture. this pan-food-ism tendency in chinese culture has been most fully reflected.chinese people focus on heaven and man, and westerners focus on people-oriented. chinese people believe that cooking is an art, while the westerners insist on cooking the meals throughout the usefulness of features, from a nutritional point of view, the importance of food on human health. lin yutang once said: the concept of a westerners diet is different from that of a chinese. the anglo-american people eat only to fill the biological machine with fuel, to ensure its normal operation. as long as they can maintain good health、be strong enough to fight against bacteria or disease attacks, the other aspects are insignificant. 1.2 pomp and arbitrary simpleby be thrifty on housekeeping and hospitality on treating guest, the chinese are very particular about the pomp, usually a formal dinner has at least 7or 8 dishes, not including the cold、 snacks at the beginning, the dessert in the middle and the staple food at the end (noodles, rice, etc.). the more valuable the dishes are, the more they can reflect the hosts hospitality. western grand feast is usually nothing but six dishes, in which only two can be regarded as food, the rest is foil. general banquets、meals are easier. it can be seen that the west dont emphasize the variety or quantity of food much, instead they tend to create a diverse and free form. the owner must do everything possible to create a relaxed, harmonious and joyful atmosphere, so that guests can enjoy the freedom of the good time. they will gather and share a meal as an opportunity to communicate. food, of course, is essential, but not the most important thing, the same with pomp.2. differences between chinese and westerns in banquet etiquettechina and the west are fastidious about dinner etiquette; cultural differences arise because of their different party etiquette. more attention should be paid to differences in party etiquette that make cross-cultural communication better.2.1tableware differencethere are differences in the choice of eating utensils under the influence of different cultures, ethnic groups. the chinese people use chopsticks while westerners use knives and forks. chinese like peaceful and stable life and are against aggression because of the long term impact of farming culture. western countries, due to the impact of hunting culture, are assertive or aggressive and willing to take risks. chinese people like to use a round-table 、chopsticks for meal, reflecting the harmony; westerners generally use square table，and the knife and fork is portrayed as a sense of the brutal killing furious. but with the development of economic exchanges between chinese and western ，there is not so much significant difference between the uses of tableware. there are more and more westerners who learned to use chopsticks to eat chinese food.2.2 on the time differenceedward hall, a well-known american anthropologist and one of the founders of intercultural communication, proposed the concept of human time. there are two kinds of cultural patterns, namely, unity of time (monochronic2time or m2time) and the time diversification (polychronic2time或p2time)3. differences in the content of chinese and western food3.1 taste and nutritionthe chinese people regard the pursuit of delicious enshrined as the primary purpose of eating. the chinese people attach too much importance to the taste, but pay no attention to nutrition. while the westerners neglect cooking flavor, or at least dont regard it as the primary purpose. as the western thinking is different from that of chinese, western diet has heavy emphasis on science and nutrition, and nutrition acts as the supreme criterion. eating is to a man what fueling is to a machine. such thing as follow are just right: considering protein、fat、carbohydrate、vitamins and all kinds of inorganic elements and the supply of calories, whether or not their consumption of nutrients is able to be fully absorbed without side effects.all these matter a lot while cooking, while the color、smell and taste of the dishes is junior. france，which is second to none in the western on diet, has a food culture that is in many ways similar to ours, but when exposed to nutritional problems, the two sides are opposite.3.2 differences in names of dishesmany chinese name of the dish often contains much historical and cultural information. dongpo meat, for example, it is cooked according to the great writer su dongpos recipes in legend. gongbaojiding, according to legend it is based on a special diet made by an official in qin dynasty, whose official position is gongbao. with the continuous development of the catering industry, the content of the dishes are also changing and new name are continually introduced to the dish. in contrast, western dish names are much simpler, usually cleared at a glance. take kfc (kentucky fried chicken) restaurant, which is popular all over the world, for example. its easy to know from the name that this is a fried chicken shop. the food it provides such as fried chicken、spicy chicken wings、french fries、hamburgers、and the newly released volume of mexican chicken、seafood soup, almost are all named with cooking methods or in raw materials.4. the performance of differences on diet cultural 4.1 differences in conceptsfirst, the chinese and western diet have differences that cannot be ignored in concepts. nobody could deny that the western diet is a rational concept. not the color of food、incense、flavor and shape, but nutrition must be assured. it cares about the intake of calories、 vitamins、protein and so on during a day. compared with the chinese diet, western diet tastes stereotyped, as simple as chewing the candle, but the sense tells them: we must eat them all because of the nutrition. and then they put it bluntly, just like refueling machine. the concept of western diet is compatible with the whole western philosophy. metaphysics is the main feature of western philosophy. such kind of philosophy brings vitality to western culture, so the natural sciences, psychology and methodology are achieving a rapid development. in some other aspects, such philosophy proposition is a significantly obstacle, such as the dietary culture, which is the inevitable thing to drop behind, and just the metaphysics of methodology marks everywhere.chinese diet is a sense of beauty diet. when people sample dishes, they often say this dish is delicious, and that dish is not delicious. but if you ask what is meant by delicious, why tasty and what are the aspects of delicious, i am afraid that it will be difficult to answer. this shows that which chinese people hanker on a diet is just the “mood” that is difficult for one to express. even using the color, flavor, shape and implement which people often said to make the realm reification, i am afraid it is still difficult to include all. 4.2 differences in targetsall diet cannot be cooked without vegetables. the word dish is the same with the word“vegetable”in chinese, so it always has something to do with the plants. according to a survey by a western plants scholar, there are 600 varieties of vegetables in china, six times that of the west. in fact, in chinese dishes, vegetable dish is usual food. meat dishes enter the normal diet only on holidays or higher living standards, so since ancient times, there was a saying of fresh vegetables. chu mandarin language: common people eat fresh vegetables, fish only offered in the worship. it is said that fresh vegetables are mainly consumed by the civilian, who are able to eat meat only in worship. vegetarian diet takes the dominant position in the normal structure. chinese people consider vegetables as main dish. it has inextricably linked with the advocacy of buddhists. they deem animals as living things and plants as dead thing. so, they advocate vegetarianism. westerners do not seem to have such a habit. they uphold a cultural origin of nomadic, seafaring nation. according to the characteristics of the significant differences between chinese and western diet targets, the chinese character is called the plant character, while the westerners is animal character. in response to the cultural behaviors, westerners love adventure、exploration、conflict，while the chinese people only like to live banally. 4.3 differences in dietary patternsthe chinese and western dietary patterns are very different, and these differences affect the national character. in china, a celebration, no matter what, there will be only one form, in which people sitting together, sharing one feast. round table is used in banquet. it creates a unity of form, which is courtesy, comity atmosphere. cakes are set in the center of the table. it is the object for people to appreciate and taste, and it is also an intermediate of communication. people toast each other and share the vegetables, which reflect the mutual respect between people in the face of the good things, also show the virtues of comity. although from a healthy point of view, this approach has obvious deficiencies, but in our national happy mentality, it reflects the classical chinese philosophy area of harmony impact for future generations. it is helpful to facilitate the collective emotional exchanges and consequently difficult to reform.the difference between buffet dinners, which is popular in the west, is more obvious. this method is to display all food, and everybody not only picks his or her places to eat, but also walk freely. this approach would provide the emotional interaction between individuals. they never need to say everything on the table. this also shows a western personality and self-respect. however, continuously eating without communication lacks real affective tone compared with chinese people. 4.4 differences in diet attributionthere are differences between chinese and western diet attribution. during the underdevelopment era of diet, these two trends have only one aim to live and never be hungry. when the dietary culture is full developed, the tendency is shown in this different purpose: the former is in the development of nutrition, the latter is expressed as the stress on the flavor. mencius said: people have the same interest in flavor. interests points out the key from nutrition to arts. such interests are from the meaning of flavor. in china, eating doesnt mean having enough. it is about nutrition. sometimes we eat though we are full. we are overloaded with food. why? to be blunt, it is to appreciate the art of cooking. we can also say that it is the temptation of delicious for the enjoyment of taste. watching the rational diet in the west, it is not only waste, but also harmful to the men body. in fact, herbalist doctors are also opposed to overeat, claiming dietary restraint. but the dialectics tell us chinese, occasionally overload once we are comfortable, we can absorb and store. qigong masters at the situation of non-eat and non-drink at home is still in good spirits, although their weight loses, but human body is intact. herbalist doctors also advocate winter nutrition. 4.5 differences in the naturethe nature of the chinese and western diet are inosculated with the respective lifestyle and the pace of life. in the west, people do the duplication of pipeline operations, and implement piece-wage system, so the paces of their lives are so fast. people fall into the mechanical method either intentionally or unintentionally, and believe that work is work, and game is game. mechanical lives led to oneness of diet or a single blind about diet, and eat beefsteak and potatoes every day. monotonous diet is the same as work, the purpose of which is to fulfill the incident, naturally with no interest, and all these have nothing to do with taste. but chinese is just opposite. the game is work, and the work is of a game”. such life manner emerges in diet. only in such an atmosphere can work be meaningful, and it will have more creativity and artistry of chinese cuisine. we believe that with the development of society, the cultural differences between chinese and western dietar